ch 4 fluid and electrolyte

A patient with a diagnosis of thyroid cancer is postoperative day 1 following a total thyroidectomy in which her parathyroid gland was also removed. When assessing for related electrolyte imbalances, what question should the nurse ask the patient? "Do you feel like you're having heart palpitations where your heart feels like it skips a beat?" "How would you rate your energy level right now?" "How thirsty are you feeling right now?" "Are you feeling any tingling in your hands or around your mouth?"

"Are you feeling any tingling in your hands or around your mouth?" Removal of the parathyroid can precipitate hypocalcemia, which often results in tetany. Arrhythmias, increased thirst, and fatigue are not common assessment findings associated with low serum calcium.

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with bulimia. The client is being treated for a serum potassium concentration of 2.9 mEq/L (2.9 mmol/L). Which statement made by the client indicates the need for further teaching? "I will take a potassium supplement daily as prescribed." "I can use laxatives and enemas but only once a week." "A good breakfast for me will include milk and a couple of bananas." "I will be sure to buy frozen vegetables when I grocery shop."

"I can use laxatives and enemas but only once a week." The client is experiencing hypokalemia, most likely due to the diagnosis of bulimia. Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration <3.5 mEq/L (3.5 mmol/L), and usually indicates a deficit in total potassium stores. Clients diagnosed with bulimia frequently suffer increased potassium loss through self-induced vomiting and misuse of laxatives, diuretics, and enemas; thus, the client should avoid laxatives and enemas. Prevention measures may involve encouraging the client at risk to eat foods rich in potassium (when the diet allows), including fruit juices and bananas, melon, citrus fruits, fresh and frozen vegetables, lean meats, milk, and whole grains. If the hypokalemia is caused by abuse of laxatives or diuretics, client education may help alleviate the problem.

A client is to receive hypotonic IV solution in order to provide free water replacement. Which solution does the nurse anticipate administering? 5% NaCl 0.45% NaCl 0.9% NaCl Lactated Ringer solution

0.45% NaCl Half-strength saline (0.45%) is hypotonic. Hypotonic solutions are used to replace cellular fluid because it is hypotonic compared with plasma. Another is to provide free water to excrete body wastes. At times, hypotonic sodium solutions are used to treat hypernatremia and other hyperosmolar conditions. Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline (0.9% NaCl) are isotonic. A solution that is 5% NaCl is hypertonic.

Which solution is hypotonic? Lactated Ringer solution 0.45% NaCl 5% NaCl 0.9% NaCl

0.45% NaCl Half-strength saline is hypotonic. Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline (0.9% NaCl) are isotonic. A 5% NaCl solution is hypertonic.

Which is considered an isotonic solution? 0.9% normal saline 0.45% normal saline Dextran in normal saline 3% NaCl

0.9% normal saline An isotonic solution is 0.9% normal saline (NaCl). Dextran in normal saline is a colloid solution, 0.45% normal saline is a hypotonic solution, and 3% NaCl is a hypertonic solution.

The weight of a client with congestive heart failure is monitored daily and entered into the medical record. In a 24-hour period, the client's weight increased by 2 lb. How much fluid is this client retaining? 1500 ml 1 L 1250 ml 500 ml

1 L A 2-lb weight gain in 24 hours indicates that the client is retaining 1L of fluid.

At which serum sodium concentration might convulsions or coma occur? 130 mEq/L (130 mmol/L) 142 mEq/L (142 mmol/L) 145 mEq/L (145 mmol/L) 140 mEq/L (140 mmol/L)

130 mEq/L (130 mmol/L) Normal serum concentration level ranges from 135 to 145 mEq/L (135-145 mmol/L). When the level dips below 135 mEq/L (135 mmol/L), hyponatremia occurs. Manifestations of hyponatremia include mental confusion, muscular weakness, anorexia, restlessness, elevated body temperature, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and personality changes. Convulsions or coma can occur if the deficit is severe. Values of 140, 142, and 145 mEq/L (mmol/L) are within the normal range.

At which serum sodium concentration might convulsions or coma occur? 142 mEq/L (142 mmol/L) 140 mEq/L (140 mmol/L) 130 mEq/L (130 mmol/L) 145 mEq/L (145 mmol/L)

130 mEq/L (130 mmol/L) Normal serum concentration level ranges from 135 to 145 mEq/L (135-145 mmol/L). When the level dips below 135 mEq/L (135 mmol/L), hyponatremia occurs. Manifestations of hyponatremia include mental confusion, muscular weakness, anorexia, restlessness, elevated body temperature, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and personality changes. Convulsions or coma can occur if the deficit is severe. Values of 140, 142, and 145 mEq/L (mmol/L) are within the normal range.

A client weighing 160.2 pounds (72.7 kg), who has been diagnosed with hypovolemia, is weighed every day. The health care provider asked to be notified if the client loses 1,000 mL of fluid in 24 hours. What weight would be consistent with this amount of fluid loss? 156.0 lbs (70.8 kg) 157.0 lbs (71.2 kg) 158.0 lbs (71.7 kg) 159.0 lbs (72.1 kg)

158.0 lbs (71.7 kg) A loss of 0.5 kg, or 1.1 lb, represents a fluid loss of about 500 mL. Therefore, a loss of 1,000 mL would be equivalent to the loss of 2.2 lbs (1 kg), bringing the client's weight to 158.0 lbs (71.7 kg).

The health care provider ordered an IV solution for a dehydrated patient with a head injury. Select the IV solution that the nurse knows would be contraindicated. b. 5% DW a. 0.9% NaCl d. 3% NS c. 0.45% NS

5% DW A solution of D5W is an isotonic IV solution that is contraindicated in head injury because it may increase intracranial pressure.

The nurse is caring for four clients on a medical unit. The nurse is most correct to review which client's laboratory reports first for an electrolyte imbalance? A 7-year-old with a fracture tibia A 52-year-old with diarrhea A 72-year-old with a total knee repair A 65-year-old with a myocardial infarction

A 52-year-old with diarrhea Electrolytes are in both intracellular and extracellular water. Electrolyte deficiency occurs from an inadequate intake of food, conditions that deplete water such as nausea and vomiting, or disease processes that cause an excess of electrolyte amounts. The 52-year-old with diarrhea would be the client most likely to have an electrolyte imbalance. The orthopedic client will not likely have an electrolyte imbalance. Myocardial infarction clients will occasionally have electrolyte imbalance, but this is the exception rather than the rule.

The Emergency Department (ED) nurse is caring for a client with a possible acid-base imbalance. The physician has ordered an arterial blood gas (ABG). What is one of the most important indications of an acid-base imbalance that is shown in an ABG? Carbonic acid Bicarbonate PaO2 PO2

Bicarbonate Arterial blood gas (ABG) results are the main tool for measuring blood pH, CO2 content (PaCO2), and bicarbonate. An acid-base imbalance may accompany a fluid and electrolyte imbalance. PaO2 and PO2 are not indications of acid-base imbalance. Carbonic acid levels are not shown in an ABG.

The actions of buffer systems allow the body to rapidly and effectively respond to alterations in the H+ concentration of body fluids. How do the kidneys primarily contribute to a stable balance between acids and bases? By selectively reabsorbing HCO3- ions, which in turn act as H+ ion receptors By controlling the process of erythropoiesis and consequent hemoglobin levels By regulating the combination of water and carbon dioxide, thus controlling levels of carbonic acid By regulating the ventilation rate and consequent blood levels of CO2

By selectively reabsorbing HCO3- ions, which in turn act as H+ ion receptors The kidneys' role in the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system is to reabsorb filtered bicarbonate. The bicarbonate ion acts as a H+ ion acceptor, and is responsible for buffering 90% of the hydrogen ions in blood. Hemoglobin is a minor contributor to buffering, and the kidneys regulate neither ventilation nor the combination of water with carbon dioxide.

A client reports tingling in the fingers as well as feeling depressed. The nurse assesses positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs. Which decreased laboratory results does the nurse observe when the client's laboratory work has returned? Calcium Iron Phosphorus Potassium

Calcium Calcium deficit is associated with the following symptoms: numbness and tingling of the fingers, toes, and circumoral region; positive Trousseau's sign and Chvostek's sign; seizures, carpopedal spasms, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, irritability, bronchospasm, anxiety, impaired clotting time, decreased prothrombin, diarrhea, and hypotension. Electrocardiogram findings associated with hypocalcemia include prolonged QT interval and lengthened ST.

The physician has prescribed 0.9% sodium chloride IV for a hospitalized client in metabolic alkalosis. Which nursing actions are required to manage this client? Select all that apply. Compare ABG findings with previous results. Document presenting signs and symptoms. Maintain intake and output records. Suction the client's airway. Administer IV bicarbonate.

Compare ABG findings with previous results. Maintain intake and output records. Document presenting signs and symptoms. Metabolic alkalosis results in increased plasma pH because of accumulated base bicarbonate or decreased hydrogen ion concentrations. The result is retention of sodium bicarbonate and increased base bicarbonate. Nursing management includes documenting all presenting signs and symptoms to provide accurate baseline data, monitoring laboratory values, comparing ABG findings with previous results (if any), maintaining accurate intake and output records to monitor fluid status, and implementing prescribed medical therapy.

The nurse is caring for a client in heart failure with signs of hypervolemia. Which vital sign is indicative of the disease process? Elevated blood pressure Low heart rate Subnormal temperature Rapid respiration

Elevated blood pressure Indicative of hypervolemia is a bounding pulse and elevated blood pressure due to the excess volume in the system. Respirations are not typically affected unless there is fluid accumulation in the lungs. Temperature is not generally affected.

A patient with a diagnosis of colon cancer has undergone a bowel resection with the creation of an ileostomy. The patient's ileostomy output has been unexpectedly high in the 2 days since surgery, and the patient's most recent blood work indicates a K+ level of 2.7 mEq/L. This potassium level should prompt the nurse to assess for which of the following physical manifestations? Shortness of breath, rales, and peripheral edema Dysphagia, tetany, and emotional lability Confusion and decreased level of consciousness Fatigue, cramps, and weakness

Fatigue, cramps, and weakness A serum potassium level of 2.7 mEq/L constitutes hypokalemia. Manifestations of hypokalemia include fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, leg cramps, decreased bowel motility, paresthesias (numbness and tingling), arrhythmias, and increased sensitivity to digitalis. Respiratory symptoms, dysphagia, and tetany are not typically associated with hypokalemia.

A patient's scheduled dose of furosemide (Lasix) 20 mg IV has recently finished infusing, and the nurse is preparing to administer metoclopramide (Reglan) 10 mg IV, which has just been ordered. Before administering this drug, the nurse should: Reassess the patient's allergy status. Aspirate 1 to 2 mL of blood. Flush the patient's IV tubing. Clean the area around the patient's IV cannula with normal saline.

Flush the patient's IV tubing. It is imperative to flush an IV device between doses of different medications to prevent the mixing of incompatible medications or solutions. Aspirating blood is not appropriate, and it is not necessary to reassess the patient's allergy status or clean the patient's IV site.

A nurse is caring for a client with metastatic breast cancer who is extremely lethargic and very slow to respond to stimuli. The laboratory report indicates a serum calcium level of 12.0 mg/dl, a serum potassium level of 3.9 mEq/L, a serum chloride level of 101 mEq/L, and a serum sodium level of 140 mEq/L. Based on this information, the nurse determines that the client's symptoms are most likely associated with which electrolyte imbalance? Hypokalemia Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia Hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia The normal reference range for serum calcium is 8.6 to 10.2 mg/dl. A serum calcium level of 12 mg/dl clearly indicates hypercalcemia. The client's other laboratory findings are within their normal ranges, so the client doesn't have hypernatremia, hypochloremia, or hypokalemia.

When the postcardiac surgery client demonstrates restlessness, nausea, weakness, and peaked T waves, the nurse reviews the client's serum electrolytes, anticipating which abnormality? Hyperkalemia Hypomagnesemia Hyponatremia Hypercalcemia

Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is indicated by mental confusion, restlessness, nausea, weakness, and dysrhythmias (tall, peaked T waves). Hypercalcemia would likely be demonstrated by asystole. Hypomagnesemia would likely be demonstrated by hypotension, lethargy, and vasodilation. Hyponatremia would likely be indicated by weakness, fatigue, and confusion, without a change in T wave formation.

The nurse is caring for a client who has been admitted with a possible clotting disorder. The client is complaining of excessive bleeding and bruising without cause. The nurse knows to take extra care to check for signs of bruising or bleeding in what condition? Hypomagnesemia Hypokalemia Hypocalcemia Dehydration

Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia or low serum calcium levels can affect clotting. Therefore, in this condition, the nurse should take extra care to check for bruising or bleeding. There is no such risk in dehydration, hypokalemia, or hypomagnesemia.

An elderly client takes 40 mg of furosemide twice a day. Which electrolyte imbalance is the most serious adverse effect of diuretic use? Hypernatremia Hypophosphatemia Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia

Hypokalemia Hypokalemia (potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L) usually indicates a deficit in total potassium stores. Potassium-losing diuretics, such as furosemide, can induce hypokalemia. Hyperkalemia refers to increased potassium levels. Loop diuretics can bring about lower sodium levels, not hypernatremia. Furosemide does not affect phosphorus levels.

With which condition should the nurse expect that a decrease in serum osmolality will occur? Hyperglycemia Influenza Uremia Kidney failure

Kidney failure Failure of the kidneys results in multiple fluid and electrolyte abnormalities including fluid volume overload. If renal function is so severely impaired that pharmacologic agents cannot act efficiently, other modalities are considered to remove sodium and fluid from the body.

A client hospitalized for treatment of a pulmonary embolism develops respiratory alkalosis. Which clinical findings commonly accompany respiratory alkalosis? Light-headedness or paresthesia Hallucinations or tinnitus Headache or blurry vision Abdominal pain or diarrhea

Light-headedness or paresthesia The client with respiratory alkalosis may complain of light-headedness or paresthesia (numbness and tingling in the arms and legs). Headache, blurry vision, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may accompany respiratory acidosis. Hallucinations and tinnitus rarely are associated with respiratory alkalosis or any other acid-base imbalance.

The nurse is caring for a patient with diabetes type I who is having severe vomiting and diarrhea. What condition that exhibits blood values with a low pH and a low plasma bicarbonate concentration should the nurse assess for? Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis

Metabolic acidosis Metabolic acidosis is a common clinical disturbance characterized by a low pH (increased H+ concentration) and a low plasma bicarbonate concentration. Metabolic alkalosis is a clinical disturbance characterized by a high pH (decreased H+ concentration) and a high plasma bicarbonate concentration. Respiratory acidosis is a clinical disorder in which the pH is less than 7.35 and the PaCO2 is greater than 42 mm Hg and a compensatory increase in the plasma HCO3 occurs. Respiratory alkalosis is a clinical condition in which the arterial pH is greater than 7.45 and the PaCO2 is less than 38 mm Hg.

The nurse on a surgical unit is caring for a client recovering from recent surgery with the placement of a nasogastric tube to low continuous suction Which acid-base imbalance is most likely to occur? Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis results in increased plasma pH because of an accumulated base bicarbonate or decreased hydrogen ion concentration. Factors that increase base bicarbonate include excessive oral or parenteral use of bicarbonate-containing drugs, a rapid decrease in extracellular fluid volume and loss of hydrogen and chloride ions as with gastric suctioning. Acidotic states are from excess carbonic acid and hydrogen ions in the system. Respiratory alkalosis results from a carbonic acid deficit that occurs when rapid breathing releases more CO2 than necessary.

A 64-year-old client is brought in to the clinic with thirsty, dry, sticky mucous membranes, decreased urine output, fever, a rough tongue, and lethargy. Serum sodium level is above 145 mEq/L. Should the nurse start salt tablets when caring for this client? No, start with the sodium chloride IV. No, sodium intake should be restricted. Yes, this will correct the sodium deficit. Yes, along with the hypotonic IV.

No, sodium intake should be restricted. The symptoms and the high level of serum sodium suggest hypernatremia, (excess of sodium). It is necessary to restrict sodium intake. Salt tablets and sodium chloride IV can only worsen this condition but may be required in hyponatremia (sodium deficit). Hypotonic solution IV may be a part of the treatment but not along with the salt tablets.

The nurse is adding the intake and output results for a client diagnosed with dehydration. The nurse notes a 24-hour intake of 1500 mL/day between oral fluids and intravenous solutions. The output total is calculated as 2800 mL/day from urine output, emesis, and Hemovac drainage. Which nursing action is best to maintain an acceptable fluid balance? Offer a prescribed antiemetic medication. Remove the Hemovac. Suggest a fluid restriction. Encourage oral fluids.

Offer a prescribed antiemetic medication. When calculating the intake and output of a client, it is essential to understand that the normal average intake is 2500 mL in adults. Ranges are often noted at 1800 to 3000 mL. Because the client is vomiting, offering a prescribed antiemetic medication would decrease the output from emesis and increase the input as the client may be more accepting of oral fluids. The client should be encouraged more oral intake once vomiting has subsided, but if not possible, intravenous fluids should be increased to avoid dehydration A fluid restriction could cause dehydration. Removing the Hemovac will decrease documented output but may lead to an internal infection from fluid accumulation.

Which is a correct route of administration for potassium? Intramuscular IV (intravenous) push Oral Subcutaneous

Oral Potassium may be administered through the oral route. Potassium is never administered by IV push or intramuscularly to avoid replacing potassium too quickly. Potassium is not administered subcutaneously.

The calcium concentration in the blood is regulated by which mechanism? Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Thyroid hormone (TH) Androgens Adrenal gland

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) The serum calcium concentration is controlled by PTH and calcitonin. The thyroid hormone, adrenal gland, or androgens do not regulate the calcium concentration in the blood.

Which electrolyte is a major cation in body fluid? Phosphate Bicarbonate Potassium Chloride

Potassium is a major cation that affects cardiac muscle functioning. Chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate are anions.

A client is being treated in the ICU 24 hours after having a radical neck dissection completed. The client's serum calcium concentration is 7.6 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L). Which physical examination finding is consistent with this electrolyte imbalance? Slurred speech Muscle weakness Presence of Trousseau sign Negative Chvostek sign

Presence of Trousseau sign After radical neck resection, a client is prone to developing hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia is defined as a serum value <8.6 mg/dL (<2.15 mmol/L). Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia include Chvostek sign, which consists of muscle twitching enervated by the facial nerve when the region that is about 2 cm anterior to the earlobe, just below the zygomatic arch, is tapped; and a positive Trousseau sign can be elicited by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the upper arm to about 20 mm Hg above systolic pressure; within 2 to 5 minutes, carpal spasm (an adducted thumb, flexed wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints, and extended interphalangeal joints with fingers together) will occur as ischemia of the ulnar nerve develops. Slurred speech and muscle weakness are signs of hypercalcemia.

A patient in the ICU starts complaining of being "short of breath." An arterial blood gas (ABG) is drawn. The ABG has the following values: pH = 7.21, PaCO2 = 64 mm Hg, HCO3 = 24 mm Hg. What does the ABG reflect? Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory acidosis Explanation: The pH below 7.40, PaCO2 greater than 40, and the HCO3 is normal; therefore, it is a respiratory acidosis, and compensation by the kidneys has not begun, which indicates this was probably an acute event. Option B is incorrect; the HCO3 of 24 is within the normal range so it is not metabolic alkalosis. Option C is incorrect; the pH of 7.21 indicates an acidosis, not alkalosis. Option D is incorrect; the pH of 7.21 indicates it is an acidosis but the HCO3 of 24 is within the normal range so it is not a metabolic acidosis.

A nurse is caring for a client admitted with a diagnosis of exacerbation of myasthenia gravis. Upon assessment of the client, the nurse notes the client has severely depressed respirations. The nurse would expect to identify which acid-base disturbance? Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis Respiratory acidosis is always from inadequate excretion of CO2 with inadequate ventilation, resulting in elevated plasma CO2 concentrations. Respiratory acidosis can occur in diseases that impair respiratory muscles such as myasthenia gravis.

A nurse reviews the arterial blood gas (ABG) values of a client admitted with pneumonia: pH, 7.51; PaCO2, 28 mm Hg; PaO2, 70 mm Hg; and HCO3--, 24 mEq/L. What do these values indicate? Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory alkalosis A client with pneumonia may hyperventilate in an effort to increase oxygen intake. Hyperventilation leads to excess carbon dioxide (CO2) loss, which causes alkalosis — indicated by this client's elevated pH value. With respiratory alkalosis, the kidneys' bicarbonate (HCO3-) response is delayed, so the client's HCO3- level remains normal. The below-normal value for the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) indicates CO2 loss and signals a respiratory component. Because the HCO3- level is normal, this imbalance has no metabolic component. Therefore, the client is experiencing respiratory alkalosis.

A client is diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The nurse should anticipate which laboratory test result? Serum creatinine level of 0.4 mg/dl Hematocrit of 52% Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 8.6 mg/dl Serum sodium level of 124 mEq/L

Serum sodium level of 124 mEq/L In SIADH, the posterior pituitary gland produces excess antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), which decreases water excretion by the kidneys. This, in turn, reduces the serum sodium level, causing hyponatremia, as indicated by a serum sodium level of 124 mEq/L. In SIADH, the serum creatinine level isn't affected by the client's fluid status and remains within normal limits. A hematocrit of 52% and a BUN level of 8.6 mg/dl are elevated. Typically, the hematocrit and BUN level decrease.

A patient with diabetes insipidus presents to the emergency room for treatment of dehydration. The nurse knows to review serum laboratory results for which of the diagnostic indicators? Sodium level of 137 mEq/L Potassium level of 3.8 mEq/L Potassium level of 6 mEq/L Sodium level of 150 mEq/L

Sodium level of 150 mEq/L Hypernatremia (normal serum sodium is 135 to 145 mEq/L) is consistent with increased fluid loss and dehydration in diabetes insipidus.

As the ICU nurse caring for a patient with multiple trauma from an ATV accident you draw arterial blood gases (ABGs) every 4 hours. What are you primarily assessing in this patient with the ABGs? The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system The patient's intracellular buffer systems The patient's electrolyte balance The patient's fluid balance

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system The body's major extracellular buffer system is the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system, which is assessed when arterial blood gases are measured. ABGs do not assess intracellular buffer systems, electrolyte status, or fluid balance.

Mrs. Kruger is a 53-year-old woman who has been admitted to the surgical unit following urethral sling surgery that was performed to treat her recurrent stress incontinence. The nurse notes that Mrs. Kruger was treated for breast cancer 3 years earlier and had a left unilateral mastectomy and axillary node biopsy performed. How will Mrs. Kruger's medical history affect the nurse's care during this admission? Mrs. Kruger should be placed on strict intake and output monitoring. The nurse should use Mrs. Kruger's right arm for IV access and blood pressure assessment. The nurse should monitor Mrs. Kruger closely for signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia due to her history of cancer. Venous access should be established using a central vein rather than a peripheral vein.

The nurse should use Mrs. Kruger's right arm for IV access and blood pressure assessment. Due to the interruption in the lymphatic system in patients who have had a mastectomy or lymph node removal, blood pressure measurements or IV therapy placement should not occur on the same side. Performing either of these procedures on the affected arm can cause fluid to back up in the arm and lymphedema can develop. However, a central venous catheter is not necessarily indicated. This patient's history does not suggest a heightened risk of hypercalcemia or indicate a need for strict ins and outs.

A nurse is providing client teaching about the body's plasma pH and the client asks the nurse what is the major chemical regulator of plasma pH. What is the best response by the nurse? renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system sodium-potassium pump ADH-ANP buffer system

bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system The major chemical regulator of plasma pH is the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates blood pressure. The sodium-potassium pump regulate homeostasis. The ADH-ANP buffer system regulates water balance in the body.

A client with emphysema is at a greater risk for developing which acid-base imbalance? respiratory alkalosis chronic respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis

chronic respiratory acidosis Respiratory acidosis, which may be either acute or chronic, is caused by excess carbonic acid, which causes the blood pH to drop below 7.35. Chronic respiratory acidosis is associated with disorders such as emphysema, bronchiectasis, bronchial asthma, and cystic fibrosis.

A client is taking spironolactone to control hypertension. The client's serum potassium level is 6 mEq/L. What is the nurse's priority during assessment? bowel sounds respiratory rate neuromuscular function electrocardiogram (ECG) results

electrocardiogram (ECG) results Although changes in all these findings are seen in hyperkalemia, ECG results should take priority because changes can indicate potentially lethal arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation. It wouldn't be appropriate to assess the client's neuromuscular function, bowel sounds, or respiratory rate for effects of hyperkalemia.

A client with cancer is being treated on the oncology unit for bilateral breast cancer. The client is undergoing chemotherapy. The nurse notes the client's serum calcium concentration is 12.3 mg/dL (3.08 mmol/L). Given this laboratory finding, the nurse should suspect that the client may be developing hyperaldosteronism. client's diet is lacking in calcium-rich food products. malignancy is causing the electrolyte imbalance. client has a history of alcohol abuse.

malignancy is causing the electrolyte imbalance. The client's laboratory findings indicate hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia is defined as a calcium concentration >10.2 mg/dL (>2.6 mmol/L).The most common causes of hypercalcemia are malignancies and hyperparathyroidism. Malignant tumors can produce hypercalcemia through a variety of mechanisms. The client's calcium level is elevated; there is no indication that the client's diet is lacking in calcium-rich food products. Hyperaldosteronism is not associated with a calcium imbalance. Alcohol abuse is associated with hypocalcemia.

The nurse is analyzing the arterial blood gas (ABG) results of a client diagnosed with severe pneumonia. Which of the following ABG results indicates respiratory acidosis? pH: 7.50, PaCO2: 30 mm Hg, HCO3-: 24 mEq/L pH: 7.20, PaCO2: 65 mm Hg, HCO3-: 26 mEq/L pH: 7.32, PaCO2: 40 mm Hg, HCO3-: 18 mEq/L pH: 7.42, PaCO2: 45 mm Hg, HCO3-: 22 mEq /L

pH: 7.20, PaCO2: 65 mm Hg, HCO3-: 26 mEq/L Respiratory acidosis is a clinical disorder in which the pH is less than 7.35 and the PaCO2 is greater than 42 mm Hg and a compensatory increase in the plasma HCO3- occurs. It may be either acute or chronic. The ABG of pH: 7.32, PaCO2: 40 mm Hg, HCO3-: 18 mEq/L indicates metabolic acidosis. The ABGs of pH: 7.50, PaCO2: 30 mm Hg, and HCO3-: 24 mEq/L indicate respiratory alkalosis. The ABGs of pH 7.42, PaCO2: 45 mm Hg, and HCO3-: 22 mEq/L indicate a normal result/no imbalance.

A client admitted with acute anxiety has the following arterial blood gas (ABG) values: pH, 7.55; partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2), 90 mm Hg; partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), 27 mm Hg; and bicarbonate (HCO3-), 24 mEq/L. Based on these values, the nurse suspects: respiratory alkalosis. metabolic alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. metabolic acidosis.

respiratory alkalosis. This client's above-normal pH value indicates alkalosis. The below-normal PaCO2 value indicates acid loss via hyperventilation; this type of acid loss occurs only in respiratory alkalosis. These ABG values wouldn't occur in metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis.

A patient with a history of poorly controlled type 1 diabetes has begun displaying the characteristic signs and symptoms of diabetic nephropathy. The patient's nurse recognizes that the patient is at risk of disruptions to fluid balance. What role do the kidneys play in the maintenance of normal fluid balance? Synthesizing and releasing angiotensin in cases of fluid volume deficit Secreting or withholding antidiuretic hormone in response to extracellular fluid volume Maintaining the correct concentration of H+ ions in the blood Selectively retaining needed substances and excreting waste products

respiratory alkalosis. This client's above-normal pH value indicates alkalosis. The below-normal PaCO2 value indicates acid loss via hyperventilation; this type of acid loss occurs only in respiratory alkalosis. These ABG values wouldn't occur in metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis.

A client is diagnosed with hypocalcemia and the nurse is teaching the client about symptoms. What symptom would the nurse include in the teaching? polyuria flank pain tingling sensation in the fingers hypertension

tingling sensation in the fingers Tingling or numbness in the fingers is a symptom of hypocalcemia. Flank pain, polyuria, and hypertension are symptoms of hypercalcemia.