ch. 4 human dev

Joint attention develops around: the same time as theory of mind. 2 years of age. 6 months of age. 1 year of age.

1 year of age.

Zane's ability to rotate objects in his mind is increasing rapidly, as is his ability to add numbers without writing them down. He is MOST likely just over _____ years of age. 20 11 8 14

8

Which statement is NOT a proposal of the overlapping-waves model? Children use multiple strategies at any one age. With age and experience children rely on increasingly more advanced strategies. Children develop only through discovering new strategies. Development involves changes in the use of strategies.

Children develop only through discovering new strategies.

Which statement does NOT describe one of Vygotsky's phases of internalizing speech? Children's behavior is controlled by their own private speech. Children's behavior is controlled by other people's statements. Children's behavior is controlled by their own thoughts. Children's behavior is controlled by societal expectations

Children's behavior is controlled by societal expectations

Which person is MOST likely to use private speech? David, a 5-year-old Sue, an adult following simple directions Paxton, a teenager who is watching a television show without really paying attention Caroline, an adult reading a book

David, a 5-year-old

Which famous psychologist(s) is/are frequently identified as founding the dynamic-systems approach? Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky Esther Thelen and Linda Smith Ann Brown and Elliott Aronson

Esther Thelen and Linda Smith

Which statement is NOT a reason for the longevity of Piaget's theories? His theories are very broad, extending from infancy through adolescence. His theories are completely correct. His theories encompass diverse topics of development. His theories are intuitively plausible.

His theories are completely correct.

Which statement does NOT describe a frequent criticism of Piaget's theory? Infants and young children are less cognitively competent than Piaget recognized. Piaget understates the contribution of the social world to cognitive development. Piaget's stage model depicts children's thinking as being more consistent than it is. Piaget is vague about the mechanisms that give rise to children's thinking and that produce cognitive change.

Infants and young children are less cognitively competent than Piaget recognized.

There are only two cookies left in the cookie jar. One of the cookies is broken into two pieces. Janet, age 4, begins to cry when her brother Justin gets the broken cookie and she gets the whole one. According to Piagetian theory, what is the MOST likely cause of Janet's distress? Janet cannot assimilate. Janet is demonstrating egocentrism. Janet does not have object permanence. Janet has not mastered the concept of conservation.

Janet has not mastered the concept of conservation.

Which theorist is often credited with founding the sociocultural approach to child development? Lawrence Kohlberg Jean Piaget Erik Erikson Lev Vygotsky

Lev Vygotsky

Which is a major difference between the formal operational stage and the three previous stages? The formal operational stage can sometimes be attained before one of the three previous stages. Not all individuals reach the formal operational stage. The formal operational stage does not exhibit qualitative change. The formal operations stage has a broad applicability across topics and contexts.

Not all individuals reach the formal operational stage.

Colleen scores well on tests of executive function in early childhood. Which later achievement is NOT likely to be linked to this early success? She will have a good job and make a good income as an adult. She will enroll in college. She will have good grades in high school. She will have a happy marriage

She will have a happy marriage

Which statement BEST illustrates the difference between sociocultural theories of development and Piagetian and information-processing theories? Sociocultural theories emphasize peers, whereas Piagetian and information-processing theories emphasize parents and teachers. Sociocultural theories emphasize teachers, whereas Piagetian and information-processing theories emphasize peers. Sociocultural theories emphasize interactions, whereas Piagetian and information-processing theories emphasize the child's own efforts. Sociocultural theories emphasize the child's own efforts, whereas Piagetian and information-processing theories emphasize parents.

Sociocultural theories emphasize interactions, whereas Piagetian and information-processing theories emphasize the child's own efforts.

Core-knowledge theorists suggest that children develop naïve theories of domains like physics, psychology, and biology, and that these theories bear resemblance to more advanced, formal theories in those areas. Which statement does NOT describe one of those similarities? They explain many phenomena in terms of a few fundamental principles. They identify fundamental units for dividing relevant objects and events into a few basic categories. They sequence events in terms of the most salient, physical alterations that can be observed. They explain events in terms of unobservable causes.

They sequence events in terms of the most salient, physical alterations that can be observed.

Which example illustrates guided participation? a parent encouraging a child to participate in extracurricular activities a parent teaching a child to draw by having the child draw each of the individual lines needed a teacher assigning group work by having children count off by fives a teacher showing Sesame Street to her class to help them learn their letters

a parent teaching a child to draw by having the child draw each of the individual lines needed

When Jesse, a small child, sees a black and white spotted animal toy, he calls it a "cow" despite its floppy ears and upturned tail. His mother tells him it is a "dog." He now realizes that ears and tails are more important than color when distinguishing between animals. His new realization is an example of: equilibration. accommodation. assimilation and accommodation. assimilation.

accommodation.

Core-knowledge theories depict children as _____ learners. delayed scaffolded active passive

active

In which way are dynamic-systems theories similar to Piagetian theory? an emphasis on early emerging competencies an emphasis on precise analyses of problem-solving activity an emphasis on children being strongly motivated to learn about the world around them an emphasis on the formative influence of other people

an emphasis on children being strongly motivated to learn about the world around them

In which way are dynamic-systems theories similar to sociocultural theories? an emphasis on early emerging competencies an emphasis on the formative influence of other people an emphasis on children's innate motivation to explore the environment an emphasis on precise analyses of problem-solving activity

an emphasis on the formative influence of other people

When children are in the sensorimotor stage, they are: between birth and 2 years old and know the world through their senses and actions. between 7 and 12 years old and become able to think logically. at least 12 years old, can think systematically, and are able to reason. between 2 and 7 years old and acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery.

between birth and 2 years old and know the world through their senses and actions.

Working memory is limited in: duration. capacity and duration. recall capacity.

capacity and duration.

Dynamic-systems theories propose that development involves: changes that occur over time in complex biological and physical systems. predictable stages with brief transitions. long periods of stability. brief periods of dramatic change.

changes that occur over time in complex biological and physical systems.

The assumption that children have some innate, or inborn, knowledge in areas that are evolutionarily important to survival is central to _____ theories of cognitive development. Piagetian information systems sociocultural core-knowledge

core-knowledge

Research that involves _____ is crucial to clarifying two of the main conceptual features of core-knowledge theories. placebo groups adults deception experimentation

deception

The first sign that infants are gaining the ability to form enduring mental representations is referred to in Piagetian theory as: deferred imitation. object permanence. the A-not-B error. symbolic representation.

deferred imitation.

Which of the theories of cognitive development does NOT address, as a major focus, how change occurs? dynamic-systems theories core-knowledge theories sociocultural theories information-processing theories

dynamic-systems theories

Which types of theories have been MOST recently developed? dynamic-systems theories Piagetian theories information processing theories sociocultural theories

dynamic-systems theories

Constructivism does NOT combine concepts from: dynamic-systems theory. Piagetian theory. information-processing theory. nativism.

dynamic-systems theory

The jigsaw approach refers to: formulating many hypotheses that fit together. having speakers take turns in a predetermined pattern. each child in a group has a particular expertise needed for the group to succeed. breaking a problem down into pieces that build on one another.

each child in a group has a particular expertise needed for the group to succeed.

Which type of identification is NOT an element of task analysis? identification of limited capacity that will inhibit achieving a solution identification of processing strategies for reaching a desired outcome identification of goals needed to perform a task identification of relevant information in the environment and prior knowledge relevant to achieving a goal

identification of limited capacity that will inhibit achieving a solution

In the context of dynamic-systems theory, "selection" as a mechanism for developmental change refers to: increasingly choosing more effective behaviors for reaching goals. selectively attending to the most meaningful things in the environment. selecting the most important social partners for supportive input. selecting the strategies that need practice.

increasingly choosing more effective behaviors for reaching goals.

Which example is NOT a cultural tool? values skills medications artifacts

medications

Xavier, a core-knowledge theorist, believes that children enter the world with specialized learning mechanisms, or _____, that allow them to quickly and effortlessly acquire information of evolutionary importance. encodings equilibrated concepts mental structures scaffolds

mental structures

Becca is just beginning to learn to walk. She practices often despite the fact that crawling would get her where she wants to go more quickly. This example supports dynamic-systems theorists' emphasis on children's: disconnect between thought and action. lack of planning and mindfulness. motivation to learn. inefficient and disorganized systems

motivation to learn.

The theory that infants have substantial inborn knowledge of important evolutionary domains is called: empiricism. constructivism. nativism. domain specificity.

nativism.

Soft assembly is a term that is used to refer to the: support given to a child's self-organization by social interactions. organization of abstract concepts, rather than physical items. developmental progression of adding new components one by one. organizational process of arranging components that are continually changing

organizational process of arranging components that are continually changing

Self-organization in dynamic-systems theories does NOT involve: memory. actions. other people. attention

other people.

A "developmental" approach to education is consistent with Piaget's theories because: educational content builds gradually as children steadily develop. families, teachers, and community members all work together to focus on the child. particular concepts are taught at specific ages, based on differences in cognitive level. each child learns at his or her own pace.

particular concepts are taught at specific ages, based on differences in cognitive level.

During which Piagetian stage are conservation concept studies MOST revealing of children's limitations? preoperational formal operational sensorimotor concrete operational

preoperational

Providing useful associations, improving encoding, and having the ability to determine what is and what is not possible are all ways in which _____ improves memory. rehearsal selective attention prior content knowledge mental rotation

prior content knowledge

In information-processing theories, encoding refers to the: increased general connectivity among brain regions. actions of the cortex and the cerebellum in processing memory. recall of specific facts and figures. representation in memory of specific features of objects and events.

representation in memory of specific features of objects and events.

Which idea is NOT one proposed by sociocultural theorists about how change occurs through social interaction? intersubjectivity guided participation social scaffolding selective attention

selective attention

Executive function is NOT comprised of: inhibiting actions. being cognitively flexible. sensory and perceptual processes. enhancing working memory.

sensory and perceptual processes.

Mario's mother is helping him to understand a story by asking him questions that help him fill in unstated aspects of the story. She is providing _____ to support his learning. accommodation intersubjectivity social scaffolding working memory

social scaffolding

Which theory emphasizes that children's development is a product of their surrounding culture and interactions with other people? Piagetian theory information-processing theories core-knowledge theories sociocultural theories

sociocultural theories

Piaget believed that development was: stage-like, with discontinuous leaps from one way of understanding the world to the next. determined entirely by one's biological/genetic contributions from their parents. gradual, with children's knowledge becoming increasingly organized. overlapping waves of understanding, with new ideas gradually overtaking old ideas and then being replaced.

stage-like, with discontinuous leaps from one way of understanding the world to the next.

According to information-processing theorists, cognitive development does NOT arise from: increases in the speed with which children execute thought processes. acquisition of new strategies and knowledge. expansion of the amount of information children can process at one time. sudden and distinct transitions from one strategy to another

sudden and distinct transitions from one strategy to another

Michael turns a blanket into a cape. His teddy bear becomes his trusted sidekick. The oversized refrigerator box is Michael's spaceship. According to Piaget, what characteristic is Michael displaying? symbolic representation deferred imitation object permanence conservation

symbolic representation

Which brain area takes a particularly long time to mature? the cerebellum the prefrontal cortex the temporal lobe the parietal lobe

the prefrontal cortex

Sociocultural theorists believe that: the symbol systems, skills, and values that children learn are consistent across cultures. children go through all of the answers listed. the process through which children learn is similar across societies. all children go through the same stages which apply broadly.

the process through which children learn is similar across societies.

According to information-processing theorists, planning is difficult for children because: they cannot think abstractly and hypothetically about the world around them. they have no need to inhibit the desire to solve the problem immediately in order to construct the best strategy. they tend to think they can solve a problem more effectively than their capabilities allow. their occipital cortex is not completely mature.

they tend to think they can solve a problem more effectively than their capabilities allow.

Piaget believed that, during infancy and toddlerhood, children: are fixated on toilet training. lack motivation to explore the world and mostly depend on their mother. thinking grows especially rapidly. can consider multiple dimensions of problems.

thinking grows especially rapidly.

Dynamic-systems theorists emphasize the role of action in development: throughout life. during adolescence. in infancy. starting in old age.

throughout life.

The inclination to teach others and the inclination to attend to and learn from others are: a core idea of Vygotsky's. seen at the formal operational stage of cognitive development. uniquely human. crucial to creating groups.

uniquely human.

In the context of dynamic-systems theory, variation as a mechanism for developmental change refers to the: combination of various inputs for learning. use of various behaviors to pursue the same goal. combination of various systems to achieve a goal. steady progression through various actions (e.g., crawling, walking, running).

use of various behaviors to pursue the same goal.

Vanessa has trouble remembering numbers even when she rehearses them. However, she continues to try the strategy because it is relatively novel for her. This practice is adaptive because: with practice, the strategy will become more efficient. she knows conceptually that it should be successful. it is not adaptive; her working memory is too poor. it is already the most efficient choice.

with practice, the strategy will become more efficient.