Ch 4 questions

Which layer of the skin contains Ruffini corpuscles? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a epidermis b epididymis c dermis d hypodermis e subcutaneous layer

Ruffini corpuscles are in the reticular layer of the dermis and are responsible for detecting distortion and pressure.

Jenny is a long-distance runner. After a long run on a brisk October afternoon, she notices that her face is pale but the skin over her thighs is bright red. Explain the difference in her skin color in these areas.

The cold air against her face caused her blood vessels to constrict and reduce blood flow to this area to conserve heat. The blood vessels in the skin of her thighs dilated to increase blood flow to the skin in order to dissipate the heat produced by her muscles.

strucutre and location of the hair papilla

The hair papilla is the knob-like vascular indentation at the bottom of a hair follicle.

Match the gland with its description. Drag and drop options on the right-hand side and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE sebaceous gland only located in certain areas of the body apocrine sweat gland only located in certain areas of the body produce sebum merocrine sweat gland

The sebaceous gland produces sebum.The apocrine sweat gland is only located in certain areas of the body.The merocrine sweat gland is only located in certain areas of the body.

Which cell type provides immune protection within the epidermis? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Langerhans cells b fibroblasts c keratinocytes d adipocytes

a Langerhans cells

The hypodermal layer is also referred to as the ________. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a adipose layer b epidermal layer c muscle layer

a adipose layer

Which of the following is the active phase of hair growth? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a anagen b catagen c telogen

a anagen

Removal of ________ would block our ability to have goose bumps? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a arrector pili muscles b sweat glands c the epidermis d adipocytes

a arrector pili muscles

Which of the following would be most susceptible to a vitamin D deficiency? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a a 5-year-old child with dark skin living in New York b a 30-year-old male with fair skin working on a farm in Oklahoma c a 75-year-old dark-skinned woman suffering from dementia and living in a nursing home d a 60-year-old fair-skinned man working in an orange grove in Florida

c a 75-year-old dark-skinned woman suffering from dementia and living in a nursing home Her age and medical condition would most likely keep her indoors. Even if she did go outside in the sunshine, at her age her ability to produce vitamin D in the skin would be reduced.

Which of the following is the middle layer of the integumentary system? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a hypodermis b epidermis c dermis

c dermis

Damage to Merkel cells will affect your ability to ________. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a experience pain when being stuck by a needle at the doctor's office b produce pigment when your skin is exposed to sunlight c determine the shape of an object d kill invading microorganisms that enter the skin through a wound

c determine the shape of an object

The ________ is avascular, making it less likely to bleed from the skin. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a hypodermis b dermis c epidermis d reticular layer

c epidermis

Jimmy has just recently been diagnosed with type I diabetes. To make sure his blood glucose levels stay within normal limits, he must inject the hormone insulin subcutaneously after every meal. Which part of the integumentary system is Jimmy injecting this hormone into? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a epidermis b dermis c hypodermis

c hypodermis

What is the most common cell type within the epidermis? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a chondroblasts b osteoblasts c keratinocytes d fibroblasts

c keratinocytes

The inner portion of the hair shaft that is formed from cells located in the center of the hair matrix is called the ________. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a cuticle b cortex c medulla

c medulla

Which of the following glands produces a watery secretion? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a sudoriferous b apocrine c merocrine

c merocrine

If a person has a genetic mutation that affects the tyrosinase gene, they will be which of the following? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a unable to kill microorganisms that invade the skin b unable to produce the pigment carotene c more susceptible to sunburns and skin cancer d more likely to have dry and itchy skin

c more susceptible to sunburns and skin cancer

Which layer of the dermis is responsible for fingerprints? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a reticular b basal c papillary d stratum basale

c papillary Fingerprint impressions are made by the papillary ridges on the ends of the fingers and thumbs.

Which layer of the dermis is responsible for cleavage lines? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a papillary b subdermal c reticular d connective tissue

c reticular The reticular layer is the toughest layer of the skin and is composed of more densely packed collagen fibers. The orientation of the thick collagen bundles within this layer form what are known as cleavage lines.

Sebaceous glands secrete ________ onto hair follicles. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a water b proteins c sebum d carbohydrates

c sebum

Which stratum of the epidermis contains keratinocytes packed with keratohyalin granules? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a stratum basale b stratum spinosum c stratum granulosum d stratum lucidum e stratum corneum

c stratum granulosum The stratum granulosum gets its name due the keratohyalin granules present in the cells of this stratum.

What is the likely problem the patient is suffering from? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a heat stroke b blood disorder brought on by diarrhea c dehydration d hypohidrosis (inability to sweat)

d hypohidrosis (inability to sweat) Explanation The patient finally revealed that he went to a clinic that had written him a prescription for an antidiarrheal. The prescription drug was one that has potential for abuse, so the manufacturer put another drug inside that would produce unpleasant side effects to decrease the risk of abuse. That drug was an anticholinergic (atropine) that would cause things such as dry mouth. The prescribing physician and the pharmacy did not take his career into account so they neglected to warn him that this drug would dry up all of his secretions, including sweat. Our patient was working in very hot weather, but was unable to sweat because of a drug that stopped his diarrhea so that he could go to work.

Which of the following doesn't damage the skin and increase wrinkles? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a UV radiation b chemicals from cigarette smoke c decrease in granular secretions d increase in the growth of stratum basale cells

d increase in the growth of stratum basale cells

Which type of gland produces sebum? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a merocrine glands b apocrine glands c sudoriferous glands d sebaceous glands

d sebaceous glands

Which layer of the epidermis connects to the dermis? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a stratum lucidum b stratum granulosum c stratum spinosum d stratum basale

d stratum basale

While walking on the beach, John steps on a sharp sea shell. There is a cut on the heel of his foot. How many layers of epidermis did the shell pierce before reaching the dermis? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e 5

e 5 The heel of the foot contains thick skin, which is made of 5 layers of the epidermis.

Match the function of the integumentary system with its description. Drag and drop options on the right-hand side and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE protection related to changes in blood flow to the skin and excretion of sweat sensation can detect changes in pressure¸ pain¸ and temperature thermoregulation occurs in the skin in response to UV light vitamin D production skin acts as a barrier

protection skin acts as a barrier sensation can detect changes in pressure¸ pain¸ and temperature thermoregulation related to changes in blood flow to the skin and excretion of sweat vitamin D production occurs in the skin in response to UV light

Sort the strata of the epidermis from superficial to deep. Drag and drop options into correct order and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE stratum corneum stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum basale

stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale

location of the nail matrix

the point where the nail plate is formed.

layer of the epidermis where mitosis takes place.

the stratum basale or germinativum, where mitosis takes place. This is the layer of the epidermis where the stem cells reside. They divide by mitosis to produce the keratinocytes found in the stratum spinosum.

layer of the epidermis that is not found in thin skin.

the stratum lucidum

Your friend had to have her appendix removed. Several weeks after the operation, your friend has a noticeable scar running vertically on her abdomen near where her appendix would be. Why did a scar form after this operation?

the surgeon made his incision perpendicular to the lines of cleavage on the abdomen. This caused some gapping of the wound which would have resulted in a scarring. If the surgeon had made his incision parallel to the line of cleavage on the abdomen, there would have been minimal scarring after the wound healed.

Explain why the skin is an organ.

According the organizational scheme of the body, an organ is a group of tissues working together. The skin contains all four tissue types - epithelial, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue. The epithelial tissue is represented by the epidermis and glands which provide the main protective features and thermoregulation associated with the skin. The nervous tissue is represented by the free nerve endings, tactile discs, lamellated and Ruffini corpuscles and are responsible for the sensations associated with the skin. The connective tissue components are found in the dermis and hypodermis and provide structure and support to the skin. Finally, muscular tissue is represented by the arrector pili muscle associated with a hair follicle.

You cut your hand on a piece of paper; it hurt (ouch!) but did not bleed. Why?

Although pain receptors can be found as free nerve endings in the epidermis, blood vessels are only found in the dermis and hypodermis. In this case, the papercut only affected the epidermis, which hurt, but did not bleed.

While out shopping with your friends, you bought an amazing new pair of dress shoes. The shoes were a little snug at the store, but you bought them anyway thinking you could just "break them in" while wearing them. The next day, you wear them out to a party and after a night of dancing, you have terrible blisters on your feet. Some are bleeding while others are filled with fluid. How did these blisters form? Explain why some are bleeding while others are not.

Blisters form when shear stress causes separation in the layers of the epidermis or between the epidermis and dermis. The pocket that is formed fills with interstitial fluid. The blisters that are bleeding likely formed when shear stress separated the epidermis from the dermis. Blood vessels are located within the dermis, and so the dermis must be damaged in order for blood to be present. For the blisters that are just fluid-filled, damage is restricted to just the epidermal layers. In both cases, the blisters formed from wearing the ill-fitting shoes.

Keratinocytes are found in the ______. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a dermis b epidermis c hypodermis

Keratinocytes are the main cell type of the epidermis.

Match the following sensory receptors found in the skin with their function. Drag and drop options on the right-hand side and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE Meissner's corpuscle light touch¸ pressure¸ and vibration free nerve endings pain¸ tickle¸ and itch Merkel cells deep pressure and vibration lamellated corpuscle fine touch and pressure Ruffini corpuscles pressure and distortion of the skin

Meissner's corpuscle light touch¸ pressure¸ and vibration free nerve endings pain¸ tickle¸ and itch Merkel cells fine touch and pressure lamellated corpuscle deep pressure and vibration Ruffini corpuscles pressure and distortion of the skin

Molly has a condition in which her nail matrix produces a nail plate that contains more soft keratin proteins than hard keratin proteins. How might this condition affect the structure and function of her nails?

Molly's nails would be soft and not offer much protection for the tips of her fingers or toes.

Some medications can be delivered through the skin in the form of a patch. This is referred to as transdermal administration of a medication. Birth control and nicotine patches are some examples. Based on your understanding of the epidermis, which type of drugs - nonpolar or polar - would easily diffuse through the skin and could be administered in the form of a patch? Explain.

Nonpolar drugs would be more likely to diffuse. These types of medications, like the hormones in birth control patches, are lipid soluble and would be able to diffuse through the epidermis more easily than polar molecules.

Meredith is 5-years-old. She has a genetic condition known as xeroderma pigmentosum, which makes her extremely sensitive to UV light. If she goes outdoors, she must have all her skin covered and wear a hat and sunglasses. Based on her condition she is most likely to ________. Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a be extremely susceptible to skin cancer b be at risk for developing rickets c have blood calcium levels outside of the normal range d have very darkly pigmented skin

a be extremely susceptible to skin cancer b be at risk for developing rickets c have blood calcium levels outside of the normal range Explanation Xeroderma pigmentosumis a genetic disorder in which there is a decreased ability to repair DNA damage that is caused by ultraviolet (UV) light, there is increased risk of rickets (i.e. a diseased caused by Vitamin D deficiency), and a distortion of bones resulting in things like bowed legs (since she would lack Vitamin D which aids in calcium absorption from the small intestines).

Which is the outermost layer of a hair shaft? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a cuticle b stratum basale c papillary layer d hyaline layer

a cuticle The hair itself consists of three layers: an inner medulla, a middle layer called the cortex, and the outer cuticle, which resembles fish scales under a microscope.

When viewing a piece of skin under the microscope, Jeremy sees extensive dermal papilla. Where on the body do you think this piece of skin was taken from? Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a fingers b toes c face d arm e abdomen

a fingers b toes

By what process do sebaceous glands secrete substances? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a holocrine b metacrine c paracrine d epicrine

a holocrine

Which dermal layer contains densely packed collagen fibers and represents the toughest layer of the skin? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a reticular layer b papillary layer c cuticle d fascia

a reticular layer

Which of the following glands secrete their product directly into the hair follicle? Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a sebaceous glands b apocrine glands c merocrine glands

a sebaceous glands b apocrine glands The sebaceous gland secretes sebum and the apocrine gland secretes an oily, cloudy product directly into hair follicles. Although sebaceous glands are associated with every hair follicle, apocrine glands are only found in certain areas of the body. Merocrine sweat glands secrete their product directly onto the surface of the skin.

Which of the following strata is only found in thick skin? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a stratum lucidum b stratum basale c stratum spinosum d stratum granulosum

a stratum lucidum

Which of the following is a function of the skin? Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a sensory organ for pain¸ vibration¸ and changes in temperature b protection against excessive water loss c aids in the synthesis of vitamin D d involved in thermoregulation of the body

all of the above Each of the following are a function of the skin:Protection: A thin, flat organ that covers the entire body, the skin protects us from pathogens, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, chemical hazards, mechanical damage, and dehydration.Sensation: The skin contains many diverse types of sensory receptors that can detect pain, pressure, vibrations, and temperature changes.Vitamin D production: Vitamin D synthesis begins in the skin in response to UV radiation; vitamin D is an important molecule that promotes calcium absorption from the small intestine.Immunity: Aside from the skin's role as a physical barrier, antimicrobial proteins, and immune system cells are present in the skin to ward off microorganisms.Maintenance of body temperature: Changes in blood flow to the skin, as well as sweat secreted by sweat eccrine glands, help to regulate core body temperature.Excretion: Through sweat production, the skin can help to regulate fluid, electrolytes, and waste products in the blood. Although this role is minimal in a healthy person, it becomes more important in certain disease states.

Which of the following contributes to the appearance of aging skin? Select all that apply. Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a decrease in mitosis in stratum basale b decrease in the amount of collagen fibers in the dermis c decrease in elastic fibers in the dermis d decreases in adipose tissue in the hypodermis

all the above

Which of the following phases marks the end of the active phase for a hair follicle? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a anagen b catagen c telogen

b catagen

Stretch marks occur in what layer of the dermis? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a epidermis b dermis c hypodermis d muscular

b dermis

Melanocytes are found in the ______. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a dermis b epidermis c hypodermis

b epidermis

Damage to your free nerve endings will have the following effect ______. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a inability to detect deep pressure b inability to detect itching and tickling sensations c inability to feel pain d all of the above

b inability to detect itching and tickling sensations

Which cell type produces melanin? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a keratinocytes b melanocytes c melanoblasts d fibroblasts

b melanocytes

Which is the most superficial layer of the dermis? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a stratum balase b papillary layer c hyaline cartilage d stratum germanium

b papillary layer

Molly has red hair. What type of pigment is most likely to be deposited into her hair shaft as it is formed from the hair papilla? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a eumelanin b pheomelanin c carotene

b pheomelanin

Which of the following is a red-yellow pigment that contributes to the color of someone's skin? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a eumelanin b pheomelanin c carotene d melanin

b pheomelanin

Which stratum of the epidermis contains cells undergoing mitosis? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a stratum spinosum b stratum basale c stratum lucidum d stratum corneum

b stratum basale

Match the cell type with its function in the skin. Drag and drop options on the right-hand side and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE melanocyte produces the pigment melanin with protects the skin from UV light Langerhans cell found in the dermis¸ produces collagen and elastic fibers Merkel cell forms tactile disc in the epidermis Functions as an antigen presenting cell in the epidermis fibroblast

melanocyte produces the pigment melanin with protects the skin from UV light Langerhans cell Functions as an antigen presenting cell in the epidermis Merkel cell forms tactile disc in the epidermis fibroblast found in the dermis¸ produces collagen and elastic fibers