Ch. 4 Review

A high score on the Individualism/Collectivism Index indicates: *a.* A culture that encourages individual ambition *b.* A culture that subjugates the individual to the group *c.* An affirmation of communal living *d.* A "we" mentality

*a.* A culture that encourages individual ambition

An individual with a high score on the Uncertainty Avoidance Index is most likely to: *a.* Adhere to tested patterns of behavior *b.* Seldom experience stress or anxiety *c.* Have minimal concern for security and rules *d.* Take an empirical approach to knowledge

*a.* Adhere to tested patterns of behavior

In the context of international marketing, a feature of culture is that it: *a.* Affects the way consumer prioritize the things they desire and the things they need *b.* Is irrelevant to the study of international marketing *c.* Has no effect on the way people choose what products they will purchase *d.* Exists from birth and cannot be changes

*a.* Affects the way consumer prioritize the things they desire and the things they need

Which of the following is the most likely reason for governments having relatively little impact on cultural values when compared to family, religion, school, and social media? *a.* Cultural values are usually set before and during adolescence *b.* Governments cannot influence the thinking and behavior of adults *c.* Governments are prohibited from propagating their views through media outlets *d.* Cultural values cannot be affected by the political economy

*a.* Cultural values are usually set before and during adolescence

When evaluating a situation, a Western is more likely to: *a.* Focus on the central figures and not see much of the background *b.* Report details about the background and the big picture *c.* Avoid all forms of confrontation and seek compromises as the only solution *d.* Approach it with a group and evaluate it based on the collective opinion of the group

*a.* Focus on the central figures and not see much of the background

Philip Parker said geography influences economies in what way? *a.* He contended that the latitude of a country strongly affects its per capita GDP *b.* He reported the indirect proportionality of a country's climate on its workers' wages *c.* He attributed the influence of transoceanic shipping to the success of American culture *d.* e claimed that innovation spread faster from north to south rather than east to west

*a.* He contended that the latitude of a country strongly affects its per capita GDP

In what way is the culture changing in most countries? *a.* It favors smaller families *b.* It disapproves of birth control technology *c.* It has increased birth rates *d.* It has fewer single-parent families

*a.* It favors smaller families

Which of the following is the geographical argument used by Jared Diamond to theorize why Euro-Asian cultures have sometimes dominated African and American cultures? *a.* It was easier for ideas and information to travel over the Silk Road instead of crossing the Sahara or the Isthmus of Panama *b.* Innovations spread more quickly from north to south rather than east to west *c.* There is a direct correlation between the per capita GDP of a country and its climate *d.* The use of ambient temperature of a country is a variable in market segmentation

*a.* It was easier for ideas and information to travel over the Silk Road instead of crossing the Sahara or the Isthmus of Panama

In most cultures, an infant's first experience with a social institution other than the home is most likely to be: *a.* Religious *b.* Operated by the government *c.* Educational *d.* A media enterprise

*a.* Religious

Interpersonal relationships are strongly affected by ____ such as family, religion, schools, social media, government, and corporations. *a.* Social institutions *b.* Institutions of conditioning *c.* Agencies of behavioral conditioning *d.* Agencies of cultural persuasion

*a.* Social institutions

In the context of thought processes, Asians: *a.* Tend to see the entire picture rather than just the foreground when evaluating a situation *b.* Focus on the central figures in a situation and perceive very little in the background *c.* Prefer to deal with situations as individuals rather than cohesive groups *d.* Are more inclined to take risks than are Westerners

*a.* Tend to see the entire picture rather than just the foreground when evaluating a situation

Which of the following statements about rituals is *true*? *a.* The most obvious rituals take place when people are experiencing turning points in their lives *b.* Rituals cannot be associated with day-to-day activities *c.* A standard set of business rituals has been established, which is the same everywhere in the business world *d.* They are basically the same in every culture

*a.* The most obvious rituals take place when people are

Which of the following statements regarding similarities among cultures is *true*? *a.* Two cultures that speak the same language might interpret certain phrases or words in a very different way *b.* Culture exists from birth and cannot be learned or passed on to succeeding generations *c.* Cultures that engage in cultural borrowing lack uniqueness and diversity *d.* Nationalities of similar heritage and race will typically respond in the same way to products and promotional messages

*a.* Two cultures that speak the same language might interpret certain phrases or words in a very different way

Which of the following statements regarding the practice of cultural borrowing is *true*? *a.* When people are introduced to a belief or practice from another culture and they approve of it, they incorporate it into their own culture *b.* Societies that engage in cultural borrowing always grow closer after contact *c.* Societies borrow ideas from each other and incorporate them into their own cultures, but they do not change or adapt them *d.* Societies that borrow from other cultures lack uniqueness in their own culture, since they have nothing unique to offer

*a.* When people are introduced to a belief or practice from another culture and they approve of it, they incorporate it into their own culture

The loss of various spoken languages is part of a general: *a.*Decrease in cultural distinctiveness around the world *b.* Increase in transaction costs between marketers and consumers *c.* Increase in linguistic distance between marketers and consumers *d.* Decrease in the political importance of language

*a.*Decrease in cultural distinctiveness around the world

Which of the following statement about cultural change is *true*? *a.* Most cultures maintain sanctity by avoiding the practice of cultural borrowing *b.* A marketer assessing a society should remember that cultures are constantly changing *c.* Cultural change is rare because culture is inherently static *d.* The most frequent cause of cultural change is war

*b.* A marketer assessing a society should remember that cultures are constantly changing

People from cultures with low Power Distance Index scores often say that ____ is a source of power *a.* Inheritance *b.* Achievement *c.* Social Status *d.* Manipulation

*b.* Achievement

Cultures that score high on the Power Distance Index: *a.* Are likely to believe that powerful people should be treated the same as everyone else *b.* Are often hierarchical *c.* Indicate an egalitarian society *d.* Believe that power is derived from an individual's knowledge and achievements

*b.* Are often hierarchical

Which of the following statements regarding cultural values is *true*? *a.* The ratio of male to female children in a country is independent of cultural values *b.* Cultural values can help marketers predict which consumers are most apt to buy something on impulse *c.* The geography of a country has negligible effect on the economic development and cultural values of a country *d.* Governments have the greatest effect on the cultural values of people

*b.* Cultural values can help marketers predict which consumers are most apt to buy something on impulse

Which of the following statements about the origins of culture is *true*? *a.* The culture of a country is independent of all kinds of geographical influences *b.* Historic events can affect technology, social institutions, culture, and how people behave *c.* The dominance of African and American culture over Euro-Asian culture is due to transoceanic shipping *d.* The political economy of a country has very little effect on the culture and ways of thinking of the people there

*b.* Historic events can affect technology, social institutions, culture, and how people behave

Which of the following statements regarding the EU is *true*? *a.* It simplifies marketing programs because products that sell in one country will sell well in all the other European territories *b.* It has led marketers to the false conclusion that there is such a thing as the "European consumer" *c.* It will create a common currency that will devalue the Asian market *d.* It will cause most Europeans to need and desire the same things

*b.* It has led marketers to the false conclusion that there is such a thing as the "European consumer"

Which of the following statements regarding international marketing is *true*? *a.* Innovations spread faster from north to south than east to west *b.* It is easier to communicate with consumers who can read and write than with people who can understand only symbols *c.* It is easier to gain entry into a country for foreign investment if local content from the host country is not used in any of the products *d.* Workers' wages are unaffected by the climate of a country

*b.* It is easier to communicate with consumers who can read and write than with people who can understand only symbols

Unlike individualism, collective societies: *a.* Accept individual ambitions and encourage personal independence *b.* Link people strongly together through close-knit group *c.*Embrace an "I" mentality *d.* Display loose ties among individuals

*b.* Link people strongly together through close-knit group

What change has happened to American culture in the context of social institutions? *a.* People are spending so many years in school that the country is falling behind other nations in productivity *b.* People are spending time with media such as televisions and the Internet instead of socializing with their families *c.* The country has overcome the detrimental effects of too much media *d.* Thought patterns and values are being molded by the government

*b.* People are spending time with media such as televisions and the Internet instead of socializing with their families

Which of the following is *true* of people from cultures that have low Power Distance Index scores? *a.* They prefer working in a hierarchical structure *b.* They usually think people should be treated equally, and they say power comes from knowledge *c.* They think those in positions of power should have special privileges *d.* They are likely to believe that power is coercive

*b.* They usually think people should be treated equally, and they say power comes from knowledge

Which of the following statements regarding the change in family as a social institution is *true*? *a.* The population of Japan is increasing dramatically as young adults marry early and have numerous children *b.* Women are delaying marriage, especially in Asia *c.* In the US, fewer women are having children outside of marriage *d.* India has mostly abandoned its tradition of arranged marriages

*b.* Women are delaying marriage, especially in Asia

Marketers adapt to changes in their business circumstances through: *a.* Isolation *b.* Coercion *c.* Innovation *d.* Assimilation

*c.* Innovation

Which of the following statements regarding cultural heritage is *true*? *a.* It exists from birth and cannot be learned or changed *b.* It is inherently static in nature *c.* It is one of the basic traits of human beings *d.* It cannot be borrowed from other societies

*c.* It is one of the basic traits of human beings

Which of the following statements regarding the concept of linguistic distance is *true*? *a.* Linguistic distance has nothing to do with a marketer's strategic entry plan *b.* Linguistic distance hinders the process of market Segmentation *c.* Large linguistic distances raise the price of international marketing *d.* Large linguistic distances streamline commerce among countries

*c.* Large linguistic distances raise the price of international marketing

Patterns of cultural behavior and interaction that are learned and repeated are known as: *a.* Habits *b.* Consumer behavior *c.* Rituals *d.* Beliefs

*c.* Rituals

Corporations alter cultures and prompt new ideas by: *a.* Stressing the use of ambient temperature as a market segmentation variable *b.* Supporting religious organizations and schools *c.* Skillfully distributing innovative products and services *d.* Using government propaganda in the various media vehicles

*c.* Skillfully distributing innovative products and services

Which of the following *best* described how birth control techniques have affected the lives of women in the past 50 years? *a.* They reduce job satisfaction in women *b.* Women can spend more time with their children *c.* Women have more time to spend on their careers *d.* They improve the job performance of women

*c.* Women have more time to spend on their careers

In the context of elements of culture, which of the following is a feature of language? *a.* Language cannot be thought of as a social institution or as anything of political importance *b.* France is one of the few countries that still cares about preserving its distinctive language *c.* Marketers need to learn only the basic elements of any given language *d.* Around the world, the number of spoken languages has been dwindling

*d.* Around the world, the number of spoken languages has been dwindling

In the context of feng shui, ____ refers to energy that supports life and travels through everyone's body and the environment, including the inside and outside of houses and places of employment. *a.* Taiji *b.* Taegeuk *c.* Sha ch'i *d.* Ch'i

*d.* Ch'i

Mastersource Inc., an electronics manufacturer, introduces products that resemble what is already present in the market in order to reduce cultural resistance. This scenario illustrates cultural: *a.* Insensitivity *b.* Borrowing *c.* Competence *d.* Congruence

*d.* Congruence

Which of the following is the most likely reason for government having relatively little influence on cultural values when compared to family, religion, school, and the media? *a.* Governments are prohibited from propagating their views through media outlets *b.* Governments cannot influence the thinking and behavior of adults *c.* Cultural values cannot be affected by the political economy *d.* Cultural values are usually set before and during adolescence

*d.* Cultural values are usually set before and during adolescence

Innovation most easily incorporated into a culture are those that: *a.* Create domestic competition in the market *b.* Cause the most dramatic change *c.* Create the most jobs for women *d.* Generate the most interest within society

*d.* Generate the most interest within society

The emergence of cola brands such as Mecca Cola and Arab Cola in the Middle East in the 2000s is a reflection of which of the following? *a.* A new wave of entrepreneurs *b.* The impact of the post-War baby boom *c.* A religious backlash to caffeinated beverages *d.* Historic events affecting culture

*d.* Historic events affecting culture

Which of the following statements about international marketing is *true*? *a.* Marketers expect consumers to have flexible cultural demands that adapt to market conditions *b.* Markets are static entities that do not evolve in response to cultural influences *c.* Marketers have no influence on a country's culture *d.* Markets are molded by a marketer's promotion and distribution system, the region's economy, and various cultural influences

*d.* Markets are molded by a marketer's promotion and distribution system, the region's economy, and various cultural influences

Which of the following statements regarding cultures that score high on the Individualism/Collectivism Index is *true*? *a.* Individuals from these cultures integrate well into cohesive groups and reflect a "we" mentality *b.* Individuals from these cultures seldom know how to work in groups *c.* The individual is less valuable than the group in these cultures *d.* Personal ambition and free will are values and encouraged in these cultures

*d.* Personal ambition and free will are values and encouraged in these cultures

Which of the following statements about individuals from cultures with high Power Distance Index scores is *true*? *a.* They tend to avoid all forms of hierarchy *b.* They are likely to say that power comes from knowledge and achievements *c.* They reflect more egalitarian views *d.* They tend to distrust people who are not part of their group

*d.* They tend to distrust people who are not part of their group

An individual who scores low on the Individualism/Collectivism Index is most likely to: *a.* Be highly independent *b.* Accept individual initiative *c.* Think in term of "I" instead of "we" *d.* Think in terms of "we" instead of "I"

*d.* Think in terms of "we" instead of "I"

Markets are a three-way interaction of *(3)* things and markets are constantly evolving, expanding, and contracting in response to these three things. What are they?

1. Marketing effort 2. Economic conditions 3. All other cultural influences

The 4 social institutions that most strongly influence values and culture are:

1. Schools 2. Churches 3. Families 4. The media

What are the *(5)* elements of culture?

1. Values 2. Rituals 3. Symbols 4. Beliefs 5. Thought processes

What technological innovation has had the greatest impact on institutions and cultural values in the past 100 years in the US?

Birth control

*T/F* The "planned change" marketing strategy involves introducing a product to an unprepared market and hoping for the best

False

Individuals learn culture from social institutions through ____ and ____

Socialization and acculturation

How do cultures react when they come in contact?

Some cultures grow closer together and some further apart with contact

The ____ Index focuses on assertiveness and achievement The ____ Index focuses on risk orientation The ____ Index focuses on authority orientation The ____ Index focuses on self-orientation

The *Masculine/Femininity* Index focuses on assertiveness and achievement The *Uncertainty Avoidance* Index focuses on risk orientation The *Power Distance* Index focuses on authority orientation The *Individualism/Collectivism* Index focuses on self-orientation

*T/F* Marketers must be aware of how their own cultures affect how they perceive other cultures

True

*T/F* The beliefs of one individual can seem amusing and silly to someone else

True

*T/F* Cultures unique in their own right are the result, in part, of imitating a diversity of others

True. We incorporate other cultures into our own, especially incorporating things that we have traded for. For example, consuming foods from other countries and using techniques invented in other countries, such as paper that was invented in China. We borrow cultural facets and adapt them to fit our needs, molding them into uniquely American habits, foods, and customs.

People make decisions about consumption and production through application of their ____

cultural-based knowledge

Humans make adaptations to changing environment through ____

innovation

Which types of government compete globally throughout most of the 20th century? o Communism o Democracy o Colonialism o Monarchy o Fascism

o Communism o Democracy o Colonialism o Fascism

Which of the following will cause the countries within the Eu to become increasingly similar in what they need, what they want, and how they behave in the economic market? o Countries depending more on each other, both economically and socially o Adoption of a common currency o Establishment of a common language o Global mass communications

o Countries depending more on each other, both economically and socially o Global mass communications

Which of the following have the greatest effect on values and cultures? o Families o Schools o The government o The media

o Families o Schools o The media

How has the availability of birth control affected families throughout the world? o The percentage of women aged 35-39 years who have married and divorced several times has increased o Families have fewer children o Many women are waiting longer to have children o A larger number of women are waiting longer before they get married

o Families have fewer children o Many women are waiting longer to have children o A larger number of women are waiting longer before they get married

Which types of government foundered during the 20th century? o Monarchy o Fascism o Communism o Oligarchy

o Fascism o Communism o *and colonialism*

Which of the following are advantages of cultural sensitivity in international marketing? o It enables communication between marketers and consumers o It reduces strife between marketers and their customers o It reduces the effect of a country's geography on the success of a product o It increases the possibility of a wide linguistic distance between consumers and the marketing campaign

o It enables communication between marketers and consumers o It reduces strife between marketers and their customers

Which of the following features are associated with cultures that score low on the Uncertainty Avoidance Index? o Not much anxiety and stress o Highly dislike ambiguity and avoid it when possible o Willing to take risks o Willing to put up people who deviate from normal behavior

o Not much anxiety and stress o Willing to take risks o Willing to put up people who deviate from normal behavior

Which of the following have the greatest effect on values and culture? o Schools o The government o Families o The media

o Schools o Families o The media

A culture is most likely to accept something new when ____. Check all that apply. o The innovation will not disrupt existing beliefs and behaviors very much o The innovation will create jobs o The innovation is available at an unusually low price o People have some reason to be quite interested in the innovation

o The innovation will not disrupt existing beliefs and behaviors very much o People have some reason to be quite interested in the innovation

Which of the following are characteristics of global marketers who understand cultural differences that affect their business operations? o They pay attention to cultural differences in markets they are attempting to enter o They expect consumers to have flexible cultural demand that adapt to market conditions o They anticipate changes in markets where they are presently doing business o They have limited influence on a country's culture and cannot bring about change

o They pay attention to cultural differences in markets they are attempting to enter o They anticipate changes in markets where they are presently doing business

In the context of cultural sensitivity, an international marketer should: o Understand how a culture began and what its essential beliefs are o Know how people resist change within their cultures o Appreciate wide linguistic distances o Recognize how cultures change

o Understand how a culture began and what its essential beliefs are o Know how people resist change within their cultures o Recognize how cultures change

Markets are constantly changing and are not ____

static