Ch 42

Why are epithelial membranes not very thick?

Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur.

What structure do myelin sheaths form along?

axons

Which of the following types of epithelia would be likely to make up the tubules of the kidney?

cuboidal

It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded. As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The ___________ of his fingers grips the ball. His __________ sends instructions that trigger his ___________ to contract. His ______________ provides stability and transmits the force produced.

epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

Stimulus

fetus is pushed against uterine opening

The glands of vertebrates are derived from ____________ epithelium.

invaginated

In humans, which of these structures is not made of cartilage?

knee cap

Which is another name for bone cells that remain alive even after the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals?

osteocytes

Which term refers to muscles that are attached to bones, and cause bones to move at their joints when they contract?

skeletal muscles

When collagen is hydrolyzed it forms gelatin, the main ingredient of a jiggly dessert adored by children. What parts of a cow provide a rich source of collagen?

skin, tendons, and cartilage

What are epithelial cells with a flat, irregular shape and tapered edges called?

squamous

If the boys progressed into full-blown hypothermia, this would be a failure of which regulatory system?

temperature homeostasis

Response

uterine contractions increas

What is the approximate Q10 value for most enzymes?

2

Your professor asks you to explain the difference between a tendon and a ligament. How do you answer?

Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure bones to other bones.

Integrating Center

brain receives and compares stretch information

Muscles can carry out their unique motor function because they are the only cells which contain actin and myosin.

false

True or false: The axon of a neuron can only communicate with other neuronal cells.

false

Which of these is not a method used by ectotherms to affect body temperature?

increasing metabolic rate

When a dog's brain detects the need to dissipate excess heat and the dog begins to pant, the brain acts as the _________________, and the panting behavior acts as the ________________.

integrating center; effector

A bride-to-be is enjoying a manicure and a facial before her hair is styled for the wedding. What organ system is being pampered?

integumentary system

What feature of cardiac muscle helps the cells coordinate their contraction as a single unit?

intercalated disks rich in gap junctions

Which of the following epithelial tissues secretes mucous and is dense with cilia?

pseudostratified columnar

Which of these methods of heat transfer is not relevant to biological systems?

reflection

Which of the following systems is NOT directly involved with regulation and maintenance of the body's chemistry?

the reproductive system

Dogs use panting to dissipate excess heat. What part of their brain detects the need for this response and sends the signal to pant?

hypothalamus

Thermoregulation depends on monitoring of blood temperature. What structure acts as the mammalian temperature sensor?

hypothalamus

A couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, and they decide to see a fertility specialist. Which two organ systems will the specialist examine in this couple?

immune system

Damage to the integument may trigger action by cells of which system?

immune system

Which of the following statements about bone and its structure is NOT correct?

Bone tissue is not living because it contains inorganic calcium phosphate crystals.

A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from invaginated epithelium. How do you respond?

Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin.

All connective tissues share which of the following structural features? I-contain cells II-contain a matrix filled with extracellular material III-contain sarcomere units

I and II

If an animal suffered damage to the temperature sensor in its brain, what would be the result?

The integrating center would not receive inputs to compare to the set point. Body temperature could rise or fall to dangerous levels.

Why do some bread recipes suggest letting the dough rise in a warm place after kneading?

The metabolic rate of yeast speeds up at warmer temperatures, so more carbon dioxide is released and the dough rises more quickly

Due to a mutation in a smooth muscle gene, the blood vessels in the skin of a certain strain of mouse become dilated when temperature falls below a certain point. Based on the likely outcome of this mutation, what precautions should the researchers take to maintain the health of their mice?

The mouse room should be consistently maintained at a warm temperature.

In 1822, the Canadian fur trader Alexis St. Martin was accidentally shot with a musket. The shot entered his left chest, fractured a rib, damaged the lungs, lacerated the diaphragm, perforated the stomach, and finally exited his body. Amazingly he survived, but the hole in his belly never completely healed. This allowed Dr. William Beaumont direct access to his stomach for experiments, and led to his discovery of the importance of stomach acid in digestion. Which body cavities did the musket shot pass through?

The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the abdominopelvic cavity.

Which statement describes a home heating and cooling system that functions in a homeostatic way?

The thermostat keeps the temperature within a narrow range.

Connective tissue includes adipose tissue, tendons, bone, cartilage, and blood. What do all these tissues have in common?

They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material.

In your Ph.D. research, you use thin slices of brain tissue to study neuronal signaling. You attach an electrode to a single neuron, but cannot detect any activity. What is the most likely explanation?

When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from inputs from its dendrites.

Which of the following is not a level of organization in the vertebrate body?

bones

The characteristic that makes the muscle cells unique is the relative abundance and organization of

actin and myosin fibers.

A scout troop sets out on a backpacking trip. Soon, an unexpected storm gets them drenched, and the troop leaders discover that few boys have packed warm clothes. Several scouts start shivering uncontrollably, a sign of hypothermia. The leaders call off the trip and the group heads back to their cars. This shivering response was

an attempt to produce heat by burning large amounts of ATP.

Mechanisms that help generate heat and those that allow release of heat are an example of ____________________. Collectively, these mechanisms increase the __________________ of body temperature.

antagonist effectors; stability

The cell body of a motor neuron resides in the spinal cord, but it may control muscles a long distance away. In a giraffe, the ________ of a leg motor neuron may be six feet long!

axon

Which connective tissue has a fluid matrix?

blood

Although especially useful to the giraffe, the rete mirabile is similar to a countercurrent heat exchange system in other related mammals. Thus a mechanism for _________________ homeostasis is likely to have evolved from a mechanism previously used for __________________ homeostasis.

blood pressure; temperature

Vertebrate locomotion results from the contraction of muscles anchored to what other tissue?

bone

Which of these factors would have the least effect on heat transfer processes in animals?

bone density

Which muscle contraction is involuntary?

cardiac and smooth

Where is the nucleus of a neuron found?

cell body

A recovering stroke patient complained about strange smells in his room, but no cause could be found. The doctor diagnosed this as phantosmia, or olfactory hallucination, and said it was likely due to stroke-related damage to which tissue?

central nervous system

A patient has a disease with symptoms in the outer ear, nose, trachea and spine. Which cells are most likely to have a problem?

chondrocytes

Which is NOT a cell or fiber type found in loose connective tissues?

chondrocytes

Which of these is not part of loose connective tissue?

chondroitin

The giraffe, as the tallest living land animal, has several adaptations for its height. To prevent blood from pooling in the head when it bends down to drink, the jugular veins of a giraffe have multiple one-way valves. Furthermore, a web of arteries and veins in the neck called the rete mirabile ("wonderful net") slows the flow of blood into the brain. These specializations of the ______________________ act as mechanisms to maintain ______________________.

circulatory system; blood pressure homeostasis

You are researching a family with a heritable disease whose symptoms include hyper-flexible joints, pliable skin, stretchy ligaments, and fragile muscles that tear easily. You plan to use genetic testing to determine the cause of the disease. Which gene do you sequence first?

collagen

What tissue type produces the tough coverings that package organs?

dense irregular connective tissue

A recent study suggests the surprising idea that intestinal goblet cells present food antigens to dendritic cells to induce tolerance to food molecules. Thus, goblet cell dysfunction may be a cause of food allergies. If this is true, it illustrates the importance of coordination between which two organ systems?

digestive system and immune system

Goblet cell hyperplasia is associated with asthma. Based on their function, what is the likely outcome of an overabundance of goblet cells?

excess mucus production

If the connection between a gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct, the gland is called a(n) ___________ gland.

exocrine

What is cartilage composed of?

glycoproteins and collagen fibers

Which of these thermoregulation processes can be sustained for the longest period of time?

hibernation

The most abundant protein in mammals is collagen. This strong, ropelike molecule is particularly abundant in which tissue?

ligaments

Which of the following are the fundamental embryonic tissues called the "germ layers"?

mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

If the set point of the hypothalamus were to suddenly rise to 40°C (as in the induction phase of a fever), what would the initial response of the body be?

muscles contract to cause shivering

Low body temperature triggers adaptive responses to conserve heat. Once the integrating center detects that body temperature has risen, it will decrease these responses. What is this an example of?

negative feedback

If at the last minute the pitcher decides to throw a curveball instead, which tissue responds first?

nerve tissue

When we watch Olympic athletes perform, we are admiring the expert control of which systems working together?

nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

What are the cells that are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses called?

neurons

To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization. Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below. (1) As part of Fred's annual physical, the doctor examined his skin, fingernails and hair for signs of disease. Noticing an unusual lesion on his neck, the doctor referred Fred to a dermatologist. (2) Upon observing the lesion, the dermatologist said, "Yes, this looks like it could be a squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor in the epidermis of the skin." (3) The dermatologist carefully examined all of Fred's skin for signs of additional tumors, but did not find any. (4) The dermatologist removed the lesion and sent it for a biopsy. Under the microscope, the pathologist saw some cells with abnormal morphology and confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, he noted that the margins of the lesion were clear of abnormal cells, and the tumor had been successfully removed.

organ system, tissue, organ, cell

In adult vertebrates, which of these is not one of the four principal kinds of primary tissues?

supportive

In addition to the senses of vision, taste, smell, hearing, and touch, we also have a sense called proprioception. It tells us the position of our bodies, based in part on stretch receptors in muscles. Proprioceptors are part of the ______________ nervous system.

peripheral

Controversy surrounds the use of zinc-containing nasal sprays as a cold remedy, since they have been associated with anosmia (loss of smell). If true, this is likely due to the sprays damaging which tissue?

peripheral nervous system

Effector

pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus.

In mammals and some reptiles, the coelom is divided into smaller cavities that enclose the lungs, heart, and gut. What are these cavities called?

pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

Some animals allow their body temperature to conform to the environment. What is the old term for these animals, and what is the newer preferred term?

poikilotherms; ectotherms

You are an engineer at a power plant that creates large volumes of hot waste water, which disrupts the ecosystem of the river it drains into. Another part of the plant requires warm oil, and the plant uses large amounts of energy to heat it. Inspired by countercurrent exchange in whales, you save energy and benefit the environment by doing what?

running the oil pipes around the waste water pipes, to allow heat transfer from water to oil

Homeostasis is maintained using negative feedback loops. Which part of a negative feedback loop detects conditions?

sensor

Which of these animals has the highest metabolic rate per unit body mass?

shrew

Which of the following would not provide protection to the epidermis?

simple squamous epithelium

Which type of cells line the lungs and blood vessels?

simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following types of muscles are striated?

skeletal and cardiac

A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they?

skeletal muscle

Which of the following is most likely to function as a defense system?

the integumentary system

After yet another patron dripped sweat on her desk, the clerk at the gym complained, "It's gross working at a gym, with everyone sweating all the time." "Yes," the manager replied, "and it's probably costing us more for ______________, but I'll bet we're saving on _____________________."

the water cooler; air conditioning