CH 43

Imagine that a queen bee mated with two males instead of just one. Half of all her eggs will be fertilized by one male and the other half fertilized by the other male. How would this affect relatedness among colony members?

Female workers will be 50% related to their mother and related between 50-75% to all of her sisters.

Which statement about the navigational ability of homing in birds is accurate?

If a homing pigeon is fitted with a magnetic helmet, it would still find its way on a cloudy day.

Some protozoa sense their environment and move either toward a favorable or away from an unfavorable environment using random movement.

true

Which scenario would be considered an example of deceitful communication?

-a pheromone produced by an orchid that mimics pheromones produced by female insects (to attract male pollinators) -a cat puffing itself out to appear larger to a dog -pheromones produced by a predatory insect that mimics the sex pheromones produced by another species -the eyespots present on certain butterflies, which can deter predators

Communication has often evolved through co-opting and modifying behaviors used in another context. For example, the elimination of wastes can also be used:

-to advertise to other individuals in order to attract mates. -to strategically mark "ownership" of particular locations. -to let an intruder know where an individual's territory is in order to avoid a costly fight.

Which behavior would be considered an act of reciprocal altruism behavior in animals?

A well-fed female vampire bat shares a blood meal with one that has not fed, and may be fed by the other bat in return the following evening.

Young jays are known to eat many different types of insects and caterpillars. The caterpillars of monarch butterflies feed on milkweed plants and store toxic secondary compounds of milkweed in their tissues. Individuals that consume the caterpillars will become sick. Which statement represents an adaptation for a learned response to eating monarch butterfly caterpillars?

A young jay eats a monarch butterfly caterpillar and immediately regurgitates because there are toxins stored in the tissue of the caterpillar. The jay then avoids eating any others.

A group of scientists observed male Southern-masked weaver birds building their nests. Male weavers build nests using long blades of grass that hang from tree branches and making a small opening through which adults enter and exit the nest in order to feed their young. Adult males of this species build one or two nests before mating with a female who occupies the nest and lays her eggs. Younger adult males of this species also build nests. Which statement would provide the best evolutionary explanation for this behavior?

Different related species of weavers all build similarly shaped nests.

Honeybees use movement in specific patterns that convey information about the location of a food source. Which statement accurately describes the waggle dance?

Distance to the food source is conveyed by a waggle up the middle of the bee's circle.

Which statement is true regarding communication between males of the same species?

Males of the same species may communicate with each other to avoid fighting (e.g., by roaring at each other or by circling each other).

Grooming behavior is very important to maintaining social bonds but is also important for removing parasites. The removal of parasites through grooming contributes to overall health of the individual. Often individuals who are groomed by another individual will reciprocate and groom that individual at a later time or day. One individual stops grooming other individuals in the population but still receives grooming from other individuals. Which observation would you expect over time for the individual that stopped grooming others in the population?

Other individuals will stop grooming the individual that does not reciprocate the behavior.

Prairie dogs live in groups called towns. Prairie dogs will sound alarm calls when danger approaches so individuals can run for shelter in their burrows. This can be observed when alarm calls are given in response to coyotes walking through the area where there are burrows, predatory birds flying over the prairie dog town, rattlesnakes moving through the town, and even humans hiking by on a trail close to or through the town. Giving the alarm call and responding to the alarm call require energy. As a behavioral ecologist, you are making observations of a prairie dog town and alarm call frequencies. Which activity would represent habituation that would be least detrimental to members of the colony?

Reduced alarm call rates when humans hike along a trail near or through the town.

A group of scientists observed male Southern-masked weaver birds building their nests. Male weavers build nests using long blades of grass that hang from tree branches and making a small opening through which adults enter and exit the nest in order to feed their young. Adult males of this species build one or two nests before mating with a female who occupies the nest and lays her eggs. Younger adult males of this species also build nests. Which statement would provide the best adaptive explanation for this behavior?

There is variation among male weavers in nest quality, and those with the best nests are more likely to mate and reproduce.

Imagine there were additional experimental treatments by Tinbergen in his manipulation of objects around the nest openings of European digger wasps. Experimental NumberExperimental Design1Moved the cones away from the original nest hole in the same arrangement (as in the original experimental design).2Moved the cones away from the original nest hole in the same arrangement, and put a hole in the middle that resembles the nest opening.3Used models of cones that were similar, and moved those away from the original nest hole in the same arrangement.4Used models of cones that were similar, moved those away from the original nest hole in the same arrangement, and put a hole in the middle that resembles the nest opening.5Made an additional hole resembling the nest opening.Which result would cause Tinbergen to conclude that learning does not occur in European digger wasps? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices

Wasps return to each of the experimental set-ups (1-5) with equal frequency upon return from foraging.

Some species of orchids have a pattern on their petals that looks like females of specific fly species. Male flies arrive and land on the orchid thinking they are mating with a female. For the orchid, this deceitful communication could result in the orchid:

being pollinated by the fly species.

A male cricket creates sounds that we call "chirps" by rubbing one wing against the other. When is this considered an act of communication?

every time the chirp is heard by some other organism and that organism changes its behavior in response to the signal

Rats can learn to make any kind of association if repeated for a sufficient length of time.

false

A teacher has set up a demonstration in her class. She blindfolds some of her students and puts a space heater in the corner of the classroom. She tells the blindfolded students to find the warm spot in the class. Most of her students move randomly before (eventually) finding the space heater. The movements of the blindfolded students represent:

kineses

There is a population of flamingos in southern Spain that travels over 80 miles per day between their roosting sites (where they sleep) and their feeding sites. Observations of these birds have shown that they follow the dotted white line divider of a road that goes between these two sites. What does the dotted white line in the road represent?

map information

Lab mice often have small doors where food can be placed in a small chamber and then distributed into the mouse habitat when it is feeding time. A researcher constructs a new habitat where there is one lever that, when pushed, releases food into the habitat. A second lever, when pushed, does not cause food to be released into the habitat. The researcher observes the mice and their interactions with the levers and discovers it takes mice fewer than three minutes to associate pressing the lever with a food reward. Which type of learning best describes what happened in the mice?

operant conditioning, because a reward is given after pushing the lever

Hagfish are detritivores that are often found feeding on whale carcasses that have sunk to the bottom of the ocean. They have very strong chemoreceptors in their heads that can detect compounds released by decaying flesh. Once they detect these compounds, the hagfish swim in the direction of an increasing concentration gradient of these compounds. This is an example of using:

taxis.