CH 5 Anatomy & Physiology

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Appearance of a permanent tan; bronzing

addisons disease

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.

allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps?

arrector pilli

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Cell remnants of the stratum corneum.

cornified keratinocytes

A bluish color in light-skinned individuals

cyanosis

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:

dermal papillae.

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.

diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

eccrine apocrine

Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system

epidermal dendritic cells

May indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy

erythemia

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.

external root sheath

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.

eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis

fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are?

fingernails are a modification of the epidermis

The dermis ________.

has two layers

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

in the axillary and anogenital area

Usually indicates a liver disorder

jaundice

The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin

keratin

The most abundant cells of the epidermis.

keratinocytes

If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?

lucidum

The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function

macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells

Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________.

male hormones

Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch

merkel cells

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth

nutrition and hormones

May indicate fear, anger, anemia, or low blood pressure

pallor

) An epidermal dendritic cell is a specialized ________.

phagocytic cell

________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires

porphyria

Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________.

produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties

Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________.

resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system

Acne is a disorder associated with ________.

sebaceous glands

Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?

squamous cell carcinoma

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable.

stratum corneum

The glands that serve an important function in thermoregulation

sudorifeous glands

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

the reticular layer

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct

Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?

Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin

Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?

Meissener corpuscles

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

Meissener corpuscles

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?

The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?

They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.

by hormones, especially androgens

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

by using the "rule of nines"

What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?

catastrophic fluid loss

The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax

ceruminous

Hair that lacks pigment and is often called "immature hair

vellus

Vernix caseosa is a ________.

whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands