Ch 5 HSCI Protein

184-185 59. Jasmine is trying to lose weight. She has decided to try a diet that lets her eat unlimited amounts of protein. The protein that Jasmine eats that is above and beyond what she needs is _____. a. excreted as protein in her urine b. excreted as amino acids in her feces c. transformed into fat and stored in adipose (fat) tissue d. transaminated into lipids and circulated in lymph

c. transformed into fat and stored in adipose (fat) tissue

165 17. Which one of the following food lists provides the best sources of complete protein? a. Meat and dairy b. Breads and cereals c. Fruits and vegetables d. Rice and pasta

a. Meat and dairy

192 77. Which of the following vitamins or minerals would most likely be deficient in a vegan diet? a. Vitamin B12 b. Vitamin A c. Folate d.Magnesium

a. Vitamin B12

178 53. A food allergy is the likely result of the absorption of intact _____. a. amino acids b. dipeptides c. enzymes d. larger polypeptides

a. amino acids

193 82. When fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity, the condition is referred to as _____. a. ascites b. fatty liver c. bloating d. enlarged spleen

a. ascites

166 19. Protein quality is based on _____ and bioavailability. a. completeness of the protein b. sequence of amino acids c. number of amino acids d. structure of amino acids

a. completeness of the protein

163 6. Proteins can be classified as essential, nonessential, or _____ essential. a. conditionally b. partially c. temporarily d. provisionally

a. conditionally

184-185 62. When the body has ample glucose and energy, what happens to excess protein? a. Converted to lipids b. Stored in the muscles c. Stored in the protein pool in the body d.Converted to bone marrow

a. converted to lipids

184 60. When protein is needed for energy, the nitrogen-containing amino group is removed in a process called _____. a. deamination b. catabolism c. metabolism d. transamination

a. deamination

175 42. Variations in gene expression that occur without alterations in DNA sequence are called _____ modifications. a. epigenetic b. nutrigenomic c. nutrigenetic d. biogenetic

a. epigenetic

176-177 46. What hormone is released by some gastric cells when there is food in your stomach? a. Gastrin b. Pepsinogen c. Cholecystokinin d. Trypsin

a. gastrin

168 29. For transcription to happen, _____ must communicate the DNA code to organelles outside the cell nucleus. a. messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) b. messenger deoxyribonucleic acid (mDNA) c. transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) d. transfer deoxyribonucleic acid (tDNA)

a. messenger ribonucleic acid

187 74. What unit is used to express the RDAs for amino acids? a. mg/kg/day b. mg/day c. g/kg/day d. g/day

a. mg/kg/day

163 3. Proteins are unique in terms of their chemical structure when compared to carbohydrate and lipids because they contain _____. a. nitrogen b. oxygen c. hydrogen d. carbon

a. nitrogen

174 39. The master plan for all the proteins synthesized in the body can be found in the DNA located in a cell's _____. a. nucleus b. cytoplasm c. ribosome d. membrane

a. nucleus

163 5. What is another name for a chain of more than 12 amino acids that are bonded together? a. Polypeptide b. Tripeptide c. Polysaccharide d. Glycogen

a. polypeptide

170 33. The formation of a protein's secondary and tertiary structures is due to the attraction and repulsion of _____. a. positive and negative charges b. nuclei c. cell membranes d. mRNA molecules

a. positive and negative charges

174 38. One's genetic makeup or genotype _____. a. results from the expression of chromosomes after birth b. can be altered by changing one's diet c. is inherited from one's parents d. is remarkably similar to that of others of the same race

a. results from the expression of chromosomes after birth

169 23. What happens if the shape of a protein is altered? a. The functionality of the protein is affected. b. The nutritional value of the protein is decreased. c. The protein is destroyed. d. The nutritional value of the protein is increased.

a. the functionality of the protein is affected.

178 54. The majority of food allergies are caused by protein-containing foods such as eggs, milk, soy, peanuts, and _____. a. wheat b. beef c. pork d. walnuts

a. wheat

184 61. Consuming an entrée containing 700 kcalories, 30 grams of protein, 100 grams of carbohydrate, and 20 grams of fat would provide how many kcalories from protein? a. 120 b. 210 c. 240 d. 270

a.120

163 8. In total, humans need how many different amino acids? a. 14 b. 18 c. 20 d.24

c. 20

182 57. The immune system fights infection by producing proteins called _____. a. antigens b. antibacterial agents c. antibodies d. antimicrobials

c. antibodies

193,194 78. In industrialized countries such as the U.S., one would be most likely to see protein-energy malnutrition among _____. a. vegetarians b. athletes c. cancer patients d.teenagers

c. cancer patients

167 25. The three steps of protein synthesis, in the correct order from left to right, are: a. translation, transcription, and cell signaling. b. transcription, translation, and cell signaling. c. cell signaling, transcription, and translation. d. cell signaling, translation, and transcription.

c. cell signaling, transcription, and translation

177-178 50. The presence of small polypeptides and amino acids in the small intestine causes specialized cells there to release the hormone _____. a. gastrin b. pepsin c. cholecystokinin d. trypsin

c. cholecystokinin

180 55. Which of the following is an example of a structural protein? a. Hemoglobin b. Enzymes c. Collagen d. Glucagon

c. collagen

163 2. The peptide bonds that join amino acids together to form proteins are the result of a _____ reaction. a. hydrolysis b. catabolic c. condensation d. synthetic

c. condensation

173 37. Exposure to a heavy metal like mercury can alter proteins within a person's neurological system, resulting in difficulty walking. This is an example of _____. a. transamination b. deamination c. denaturation d. transcription

c. denaturation

185 64. The continuous breakdown and resynthesis of proteins is regulated mainly by _____. a. enzymes b. neural transmissions c. hormones d. muscular contractions

c. hormones

168,169 22. Cell signaling, transcription, and translation result in the production of thousands of different _____. a. mutations b. individuals c. polypeptides d. DNA strands

c. polypeptides

164 12. Which of the following is a nonessential amino acid? a. Isoleucine b. Leucine c. Proline d. Valine

c. proline

174 40. Mutations in DNA can influence the cell's ability to produce a functional _____. a. essential amino acid b. non-essential amino acid c. protein d. dispensable amino acid

c. protein

169 30. For translation to occur, the messenger RNA must bind to a(n) _____ in the cytoplasm. a. amino acid b. nucleic acid c. ribosome d. peptide

c. ribosome

177-178 45. Protein digestion involves the hormones gastrin, CCK, and _____. a. HCl b. pepsinogen c. secretin d. trypsin

c. secretin

187 67. Which of the following conditions is most likely to result in a negative nitrogen balance? a. Pregnancy b. Growth c. Stress d. Recovery from illness

c. stress

188 70. What is the most important fact to know in order to determine an adult's protein requirement? a. Their age b. Their height c. Their weight d.Their gender

c. their weight

164 10. The metabolic process used by the body to synthesize nonessential amino acids is called _____. a. reamination b. deamination c. transamination d. transmigration

c. transamination

189 75. MyPlate recommends _____ to _____ ounces of lean meat, poultry, or eggs per day. a. 1.5, 5 b. 2, 4 c. 3.5, 9 d. 4, 8

a. 1.5, 5

182 58. Which one of the following proteins helps draw fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the blood vessels? a. Albumin b. Hemoglobin c. Myoglobin d. Gastrin

a. Albumin

163 1. Proteins are macromolecules made from which of the following subunits? a. Amino acids b. Glucose c. Fatty acids d. Glycerol

a. Amino acids

166 20. Which of the following food combinations yields a complete protein? a. Beans and rice b. Rice and corn c. Potatoes and corn d. Tossed salad with nuts and cranberries

a. Beans and rice

188 68. According to the RDA, how much more protein would John, who weighs 95 kg, need each day than Bob, who weighs 80 kg? a. 9 g b. 12 g c. 15 g d. 18 g

b. 12 g

188 69. How many grams of protein would someone weighing 60 kg need each day? a. 44 b. 48 c. 52 d. 56

b. 48

163-164 7. How many different amino acids must humans get from their food? a. 7 b. 9 c. 11 d. 13

b. 9

193 79. Which type of malnutrition is characterized by a "skin and bones-like" appearance without the presence of severe edema? a. Ascites b. Marasmus c. Kwashiorkor d. Malnutrition of mild degree

b. Marasmus

166 18. Combining foods with incomplete proteins in order to obtain adequate amounts of all essential amino acids is called protein _____. a. combining b. complementation c. coupling d. compounding

b. complementation

178 51. The bulk of the absorption of amino acids occurs in the _____. a. stomach b. duodenum c. ileum d.jejunum

b. duodenum

194 81. Adults with PEM can experience extreme muscle loss because the muscle is broken down to provide _____ and energy. a. glycogen b. glucose c. glycerol d. glucosamine

b. glucose

177 48. Pepsinogen is considered to be a proenzyme because it is_____. a. active b. inactive c. gastric in origin d. intestinal in origin

b. inactive

165 15. Wheat does not contain enough lysine for humans to synthesize proteins from wheat alone. Thus, in wheat, lysine is considered to be a(n) _____. a. nonessential protein b. incomplete protein c. limiting amino acid d. inadequate amino acid

b. incomplete protein

165 16. Wheat does not contain enough lysine for humans to synthesize proteins from wheat alone. Thus, wheat is considered to be a(n) _____. a. nonessential protein b. incomplete protein c. limiting amino acid d. inadequate amino acid

b. incomplete protein

165 13. Meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, and _____ are especially good sources of proteins. a. fruits b. legumes c. vegetables d. whole grains

b. legumes

175 43. The study of how nutrition and genetics interact to influence health is called _____. a. epigenetics b. nutrigenomics c. nutrigenetics d. biogenetics

b. nutrigenomics

172 34. For some proteins to function, nonprotein components called _____ groups must be precisely positioned within the protein. a. promoter b. prosthetic c. stabilizer d. cofactor

b. prosthetic

177,178 49. Protein-digesting enzymes are released as _____. a. proenzymes b. proteases c. polypeptides d. amino acids

b. proteases

168-169 28. For protein synthesis to occur, DNA, mRNA, tRNA, _____ are required. a. cytoplasm, and peptides b. ribosomes, and amino acids c. the nucleus, and polypeptides d. chromosomes, and peptides

b. ribosomes, and amino acids

170 32. Polypeptide chains are twisted and folded into a three-dimensional shape called the protein's _____ structure. a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary

b. secondary

177 44. Where does the chemical digestion of protein begin? a. Mouth b. Stomach c. Duodenum d. Ileum

b. stomach

194 84. What did the DRI committee conclude regarding the association of high protein intakes with adverse health outcomes? a. Epidemiological studies provide no evidence of the relationship between intake and adverse outcomes. b. The relationship between intake and adverse outcomes is probably not causal. c. Experimental data support the relationship between intake and adverse outcomes. d. The DRI committee has not yet evaluated the research on this association.

b. the relationship between intake and adverse outcomes is probably not casual

189 71. According to the DRI committee, people who participate in high levels of exercise need _____ protein on a body-weight basis as compared to those who do not participate in high levels of exercise. a. less b. the same amount of c. more (but not significantly more) d. significantly more

b. the same amount of

167 24. The term _____-regulation is used to describe the "turning on" of protein synthesis by cell signaling. a. on b. up c. forward d. start

b. up

186 65. What does the body convert ammonia (NH3) to after it is released from deaminated amino acids? a. Uric acid b. Urea c. Ammonium d. Nitrogen

b. urea

189 73. If Mark needs 2400 kcalories per day, how much protein does he need to consume daily based on the AMDR recommendation for protein for adults? a. 40 to 150 grams b. 60 to 210 grams c. 80 to 120 grams d. 100 to 320 grams

b.60 to 210 grams

190 72. There is now research that suggests that physical activity, especially resistance exercise, may decrease a person's dietary protein requirements because physical activity may _____. a. inhibit the breakdown of amino acids and proteins b. stimulate the synthesis of proteins from lipids c. trigger the body to become more efficient in its use of amino acids and proteins d. stimulate the synthesis of proteins from complex carbohydrates

c. trigger the body to become more efficient in its use of amino acids and proteins

165 11. People born with an inborn error of metabolism called PKU cannot convert phenylalanine to _____. a. tryptophan b. casein c. tyrosine d. aspartame

c. tyrosine

163 4. Each amino acid molecule contains a structurally unique part called the _____ group. a. amino b. amine c. carboxylic acid d. R-

d. R-

178 52. Most amino acids enter your _____ and circulate to the _____. a. lymph, liver b. lymph, pancreas c. blood, pancreas d. blood, liver

d. blood, liver

194 83. There is growing evidence that very high consumption of red meat is associated with increased risk for some forms of _____. a. GERD b. heart disease c. obesity d. cancer

d. cancer

181 56. A(n) _____ is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not consumed or altered in the process. a. hormone b. amino acid c. protein d. catalyst

d. catalyst

168 26. Each strand of DNA is called a _____. a. gene b. translator c. translation d. chromosome

d. chromosome

165 14. Foods that contain relatively high amounts of all the essential amino acids in the appropriate proportions are considered to be _____ protein sources. a. complementary b. partially complete c. vegetable d. complete

d. complete

173 36. You are making a scrambled egg for breakfast. When you heat the egg, you are _____ the protein. a. destroying b. metabolizing c. hydrolyzing d. denaturing

d. denaturing

163-164 9. Amino acids that cannot be made by the body are called _____ amino acids. a. conditionally essential b. hydrolyzed c. a-keto d.essential

d. essential

168 27. Each _____ provides instructions as to how to assemble a particular protein. a. polypeptide b. amino acid c. translation d. gene

d. gene

177 47. Pepsinogen is converted into its active form pepsin by _____. a. peptidase b. gastrin c. chymotrypsin d. hydrochloric acid

d. hydrochloric acid

194 80. Causes of PEM in adults include _____. a. being vegetarian, excessive lipid absorption, menstruation, and obesity b. being vegan, food allergies, excessive urinary losses, and chronic fatigue syndrome c. periods of rapid growth, taking herbal supplements, and excessive fiber in the diet d. inadequate intake, protein malabsorption, excessive blood loss, and infection

d. inadequate intake, protein malabsorption, excessive blood loss, and infection

186 66. What organ converts ammonia (NH3) to urea? a. Small intestine b. Pancreas c. Kidney d. Liver

d. liver

172 35. _____ are often contained in the prosthetic groups needed for some proteins to function. a. Vitamins b. Enzymes c. Lipids d. Minerals

d. minerals

175 41. A particular genetic mutation that is present in at least 1% of the population is called a _____. a. mutant b. transformation c. condition d. polymorphism

d. polymorphism

185 63. The processes by which proteins are continuously broken down and resynthesized are collectively known as _____. a. protein synthesis b. protein homeostasis c. protein balance d. protein turnover

d. protein turnover

170,171 31. Which of the following types of anemia is caused by a single error in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin? a. Microcytic b. Macrocytic c. Pernicious d. Sickle cell

d. sickle cell

167 21. The process of protein synthesis involves three basic steps: cell signaling, transcription, and _____. a. denaturation b. translocation c. deamination d. translation

d. translation

192 76. Those who avoid all animal products are referred to as _____. a. lacto-ovo-vegetarians b. lactovegetarians c. vegetarians d.vegans

d. vegans