CH. 5 LC
Plant sterols or stanols can interfere with:
cholesterol absorption **Plant sterols and stanols can lower cholesterol levels in the body.**
Foods from animal sources are generally high in saturated fatty acids and:
cholesterol. **Animal source foods are linked to greater risk of dementia.**
Lipids that contain one double bond in their structure are referred to as:
monounsaturated fatty acids.
When _____ fatty acids are consumed, the production of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids increases.
omega-3 **Omega-3 fatty acids are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.**
Which factor helps to distinguish between fatty acids?
the length of carbon chains **The length of the carbon chain distinguishes between short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain fatty acids.**
Which of the following is present in a chylomicron but not in a micelle?
triglycerides
What characteristic of a fat determines whether it is saturated?
whether the fat has single bonds **Saturated fats have greater amounts of hydrogen.**
Egg yolks are added to mayonnaise to prevent the oil and the water-containing ingredients from separating. What kind of molecule in egg yolks has this effect?
phospholipids **Phospholipids have a fat soluble and a water-soluble end.**
Which type of fat would melt (become liquid) at the lowest temperature?
polyunsaturated fats **Polyunsaturated fats have less hydrogen and more than one double bond.**
Anti-inflammatory _____ is elevated due to increased consumption of omega-3 fatty acids.
eicosanoid **Omega-3 fatty acids increase levels of DHA.**
If a fatty acid is chemically modified to make it less unsaturated, this will change the number of _____ atoms in the molecule.
hydrogen **The degree of saturation refers to the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule.**
What term in the ingredients list of the food label would indicate that a food contains trans fat?
hydrogenated **The process of hydrogenation creates unhealthy fat.**
Which enzyme breaks down triglycerides in the capillaries of adipose tissue?
lipoprotein lipase **Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down lipids.**
What clinical indicator can be used to monitor the amount of lipid in the blood?
lipoproteins **Lipoproteins are composed of lipid and protein.**
Products of lipid digestion, together with bile acids, assemble to form:
micelles **Micelles are formed from bile acids and products of lipid digestion.**
Which compound in the body makes it possible for dietary lipids to be digested in the aqueous environment of the small intestine?
bile acids **Bile acids emulsify lipids for digestion in the aqueous environment of the small intestine.**
What change in the structure of dietary lipids results in those lipids being harmful to health?
conversion of cis fatty acids to trans fatty acids
A fatty acid that is 18 carbons long and contains its first double bond at the third carbon molecule from the methyl end is called an:
omega-3 fatty acid. **Omega-3 fatty acids have first double bond at the third carbon molecule.**
A fatty acid that is 18 carbons long and contains its first double bond at the sixth carbon molecule from the methyl end is called a(n):
omega-6 fatty acid. Omega-6 fatty acid has its first double bond on the sixth carbon molecule.
Which of these fatty acids can be directly used to synthesize omega-3 eicosanoids?
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) **EPA is directly used to synthesize DHA by adding two carbons.**
Which of the following can be absorbed into the bloodstream rather than incorporated into a micelle?
glycerol *Glycerol is not a fat-soluble substance.**
Which part of a phospholipid allows a lipoprotein to be transported through the blood?
glycerol head **Glycerol is water-soluble.**
What are laboratory tests that measure cholesterol levels in the blood trying to determine?
heart disease risk **Cholesterol levels can determine risk of heart attack or stroke.**
Which of these types of oil would remain solid at the highest temperature? palm oil olive oil soybean oil canola oil
palm oil **Palm oil is high in saturated fat.**
What characteristic of a fat determines whether it is unsaturated?
whether the fat has double bonds **Unsaturated fatty acids will have double carbon bonds.**
Janice has high LDL cholesterol. What types of fats might she have in her diet that could contribute to her high cholesterol levels?
trans fat **Trans fat is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease.**
The main function of a lipoprotein is to:
transport lipids in the blood. **LDLs transport cholesterol, whereas VLDLs transport triglycerides.**
One of your friends is concerned about her dietary fat intake. What might you recommend to her?
Focus on consuming higher-quality fats, especially foods high in omega-3 fats. **Consuming foods high in omega-3 is beneficial for your health.**
Lipids need _____ to be transported from the intestine to the cells.
chylomicrons **chylomicrons are lipoproteins**
_____ is the densest of all the lipoproteins.
**HDL** has the greatest amount of protein.
Identify a benefit of consuming dietary fat in your diet.
Fats provide more satiety than carbohydrates.
Which food(s) will increase levels of omega-3 fatty acids and DHA?
Fish **fish oils are linked to reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease
High levels of this lipoprotein in the blood are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
LDL **LDL is considered the "bad cholesterol."**
Which of the following would decrease dramatically if triglycerides in VLDL were not broken down?
LDL **VLDLs convert to LDLs after they are broken down.**
Which represents a function of triglycerides?
Triglycerides provide energy. **Cholesterol produces estrogen and testosterone, assembles cell membranes, and produces vitamin D.
Which food source is highest in essential fatty acids?
Tuna **Tuna is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids.**
Which lipoprotein would increase MOST dramatically if someone ate a considerable amount of excess calories from carbohydrates that required the liver to synthesize fat for storage?
VLDL **VLDLs originate in the liver and primarily carry triglycerides.**
When cooking or baking, which fat would be the healthiest for cardiovascular health?
soybean oil **Soybean oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fat.**
Where does a chylomicron originate?
the small intestine **Chylomicrons transport dietary fats during absorption.**
Which diet was recently designed to specifically include foods that have proven cognitive benefits?
MIND **The MIND diet incorporates foods from the DASH diet and the Mediterranean diet.**
Which lipoprotein is associated with "good cholesterol?"
HDL **HDL carries excess cholesterol from the cells to the liver and is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.**
Which lipoprotein is made in the liver and contains very little lipid?
HDLs contain mostly protein.
Which statement BEST compares the functions of essential fatty acids? Omega-3 fatty acids increase heart disease risk, whereas omega-6 fatty acids decrease heart disease risk. All essential fatty acids increase LDL cholesterol. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease heart disease risk, whereas omega-6 fatty acids promote blood clotting and inflammation. There are no health benefits of consuming omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids.
Omega-3 fatty acids decrease heart disease risk, whereas omega-6 fatty acids promote blood clotting and inflammation. **Omega-3 fatty acids decrease blood clotting and inflammation and omega-6 fatty acids promote blood clotting and inflammation.**
Which statement BEST describes the function of omega-3 fatty acids? Omega-3 fatty acids can form bile acids. Omega-3 fatty acids can raise blood pressure. Omega-3 fatty acids can raise LDL cholesterol. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease heart disease risk.
Omega-3 fatty acids decrease heart disease risk. **Omega-3 fatty acids reduce blood clotting and inflammation.**
How are chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) similar?
They both transport primarily triglycerides. **Chylomicrons and VLDLs both transport primarily triglycerides to adipose tissue and cardiac and skeletal muscles.**
What characteristic of lipids is unique to phospholipids?
They contain a phosphate group. **Only one lipid category contains a phosphate group.*
Which statement describes a function of enzymes?
They facilitate chemical reactions in the body. **Enzymes facilitate chemical reactions and are a function of protein.**
Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered "good cholesterol?"
They pick up cholesterol from the body cells. **HDL delivers excess oil to the liver.**
_____ fatty acids are the MOST harmful to health.
Trans **Trans fatty acids are associated with increased risk of heart disease.**
Which statement BEST describes the process of lipid digestion? Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids, emulsified with bile, and then absorbed by the mucosal cell. Triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons and then broken down by lipases. Triglycerides are absorbed by the liver, packaged with bile acids in the gallbladder, and then released into the small intestine. Triglycerides are absorbed whole by the body.
Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids, emulsified with bile, and then absorbed by the mucosal cell. **Triglycerides must be emulsified and broken down for absorption to occur.**
What type of person might have difficulty digesting fats?
an individual who has their gallbladder removed **The gallbladder stores and releases bile, which aids in lipid digestion.**
To which compound(s) would linolenic acid be converted in the body?
anti-inflammatory eicosanoids **Linolenic acid converts to DHA and EPA.**
What structural characteristic is common to sterols but different from the other lipids?
carbon rings **No other lipids have interconnected carbon rings.**
Which lipoprotein will increase MOST quickly and dramatically after consuming a meal containing fat?
chylomicrons **Chylomicrons are required to carry all lipids consumed in our diet.**
Hormone-like _____ compounds, which are produced from essential fats, modulate blood pressure and inflammation in the body.
eicosanoid **Eicosanoid compounds are produced from essential fats.**
Pro-inflammatory _____ is elevated due to increased consumption of omega-6 fatty acids.
eicosanoids **Pro-inflammatory eicosanoids are synthesized by arachidonic acid.**
What portion of the lipoprotein is able to interact with both water and lipid molecules?
phospholipid **The phospholipid is on the outer layer of the lipoprotein.**
Which food would increase the production of inflammatory eicosanoids?
salad dressing **Salad dressing is high in omega-6 fatty acids.**
Which food would increase the production of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids?
salmon **Salmon is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acid.**
Fatty acids with no double bonds are called _____ fatty acids.
saturated **Saturated fatty acids have single carbon bonds.**