Ch 5 PtII (Ch 41 & 42)
Leukocytes (white blood cells) account for about ________ of the cells in human blood. - 60% - 0.1% - 10% - 1%
1%
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location_____. - 1 (mouth/ esophagus) - 4 (small intestine) - 8 (gall bladder) - 5 (large intestine)
4 (small intestine)
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Most of the digestion of fats occurs in structure(s) _____. - 3 only - 3 and 4 - 1 and 4 - 4 only
4 only (small intestine)
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Bacteria that produce vitamins are found in the greatest concentration in location _____. - 4 (small intestine) - 3 (stomach) - 8 (appendix) - 5 (large instestine)
5 (large intestine)
A stroke volume of 70 mL/cycle in a heart with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute results in a cardiac output of about _____. - 50 milliliters per minute - 0.5 liters per minute - 50 liters per minute - 5 liters per minute
5 liters per minute
What is true about about mammalian red blood cells? - Red blood cells develop from lymphoid stem cells. - Red blood cells are also called leukocytes. - Red blood cells contain albumin. - A mature red blood cell is shaped like a biconcave disc because it has no nucleus. - Aged red blood cells are removed from the blood by the kidneys.
A mature red blood cell is shaped like a biconcave disc because it has no nucleus
Jim is suffering from congestive heart failure, in which blood flow is backed up in his lungs and excess fluid is escaping the blood and accumulating in his lung tissue. If untreated, increasing pulmonary edema will lead to death by suffocation. What is the most-likely cause of Jim's congestive heart failure? - Jim's right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) is not closing properly. - Contraction of his left ventricle is not keeping up with contraction of his right ventricle. - Contraction of his right atrium is not keeping up with contraction of his left atrium. - Jim's SA node is malfunctioning. - Jim's pulmonary semilunar valve is not opening properly.
Contraction of his left ventricle is not keeping up with contraction of his right ventricle
Animals with closed circulatory systems are more successful than animals with open circulatory systems. (FALSE) - True - False
False
The pancreas is involved in the digestion of _____. I) protein II) fat III) nucleic acids IV) carbohydrates - I and III - I, II, and IV - II, III, and IV - I, II, III, and IV
I, II, III and IV
Why is an open circulatory system less efficient than a closed circulatory system? - There is no heart to pump the blood in an open circulatory system. - Metabolic wastes cannot be removed from tissues in an open circulatory system. - Blood cannot be used to transport nutrients in an open circulatory system. -Open circulatory systems lack respiratory pigments that bind to oxygen. - It is more difficult to quickly deliver O2 to specific tissues when needed with an open circulatory system.
It is more difficult to quickly deliver O2 to specific tissues when needed with an open circulatory system
You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem? - Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers. - Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting. - There are too many antigens to allow clotting. - Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective.
Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective
What is the importance of consuming an adequate amount of proteins in the diet? - They are most commonly used to meet energy demands of cells. - They are used as cofactors for metabolic reactions and are required in minute quantities. - Proteins serve a variety of functions, and the body does not store excess quantities of protein. - Proteins are necessary to produce urea and other important metabolites.
Proteins serve a variety of functions, and the body does not store excess quantities of protein
If you place a small piece of a cracker on your tongue, what would you expect to happen? - The proteins in the cracker begin to be digested. - Salivary amylase degrades the starch from the cracker into maltose. - The vitamins in the cracker are immediately absorbed. - The flavor becomes less noticeable because the sugars are digested.
Salivary amylase degrades the starch from the cracker into maltose
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial organism that causes ulcers and digestive disturbances. How might they survive the acid pH of the stomach? - They take over the parietal cells. - They burrow under the mucus layer that covers the stomach epithelium. - They release chemicals that decrease acid production in the stomach. - They secrete buffers to neutralize acid.
They burrow under the mucus layer than covers the stomach epithelium
Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____. - a closed circulatory system - branched tracheae - a gastrovascular cavity - an open circulatory system
a closed circulatory system
Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body. This process is known as _____. - hydrolysis - absorption - ingestion - digestion
absorption
The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates _____. - temperature regulation - absorption - secretion - filtration
absorption
A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the _____. - activation of prothrombin to thrombin - conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen - synthesis of hemoglobin - production of erythropoietin
activation of prothrombin thrombin
An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system _____. - excludes the need for extracellular digestion - facilitates intracellular digestion - allows for specialized regions with specialized functions - allows extensive branching
allows for specialized regions with specialized functions
A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of greater than 260 mm Hg is likely to be _____. - an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart - an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain - a species that has very wide diameter veins - an animal that makes frequent, quick motions
an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain
Blood is pumped from the heart into the arterial system, which branches from arteries into fine ________. - arterioles - veins - capillaries - venules
arterioles
The liver produces ________ that functions in emulsification of fats. - glucagon - trypsin - bile - insulin - secretin
bile
The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the _____. - measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood - percentage of blood volume made up of platelets - measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries - blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic
blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic
The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the _____. - percentage of blood volume made up of platelets - measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood - blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic - measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries
blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic
Lymph hearts are pumping structures that drive lymph through the lymphatic system, returning it to the circulatory system at the large veins entering the heart. Researchers examined rate and strength of pumping of lymph hearts in two species of amphibians, a toad (Bufo marinus) and a frog (Rana catesbiana). During hemorrhage or dehydration, the volume of blood in the circulatory system falls. (E. A. DeGrauw and S. S. Hillman. 2004. General function and endocrine control of the posterior lymph hearts in Bufo marinus and Rana catesbiana. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77(4):594- 600.) Refer to the paragraph on lymph hearts. What effect would increasing lymph heart pressure have first? - Hemorrhage would increase. - Blood volume would decrease. - Hemorrhage would decrease. - Blood volume would increase.
blood volume would increase
Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal? - reversal of normal blood flow direction in arteries - destruction of red blood cells - inability of the right ventricle to contract - bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds
bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds
Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal? - bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds - reversal of normal blood flow direction in arteries - destruction of red blood cells - inability of the right ventricle to contract
bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds
Exchange of gases and metabolites between the blood and tissues occurs in the - arterioles. - arteries. - veins. - capillaries. - venules.
capillaries
The loudest sounds a nurse hears while listening to a patient's heart through a stethoscope are caused by - closing of the AV valves. - opening of the semilunar valves. - depolarization of the ventricles. - contraction of the ventricles. - contraction of the atria.
closing of the AV valves
All of the following are functions of the circulatory system EXCEPT - oxygen, nutrient, and waste transport. - creation of red and white blood cells. - temperature regulation. - hormone transport. - blood clotting and immune defense.
creation of red and white blood cells
Atria contract _____. - immediately after systole - just prior to the beginning of diastole - during diastole - during systole
during systole
Atria contract _____. - immediately after systole -during systole - during diastole - just prior to the beginning of diastole
during sytole
The cells that normally lack a nucleus and have a relatively short life span in humans are - neutrophils. - erythrocytes. - eosinophils. - lymphocytes. - basophils.
erthrocytes
The production of red blood cells is stimulated by _____. - erythropoietin - low-density lipoproteins - epinephrine - immunoglobulins
erythropoeitin
The production of red blood cells is stimulated by _____. - immunoglobulins - low-density lipoproteins - epinephrine - erythropoietin
erythropoietin
After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of _____. - fat - protein - sugar - water
fat
When a woman has her gallbladder removed, she should probably reduce her consumption of _____. - proteins and carbohydrates - fats - carbohydrates - proteins
fats
To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross _____. - four membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood - five membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell-to bind with hemoglobin - two membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood - one membrane-that of the lining in the lungs-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood
five membranes- in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and in
Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women because _____. - folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus - folic acid deprivation is a cause of heart abnormalities in a newborn - the fetus makes high levels of folic acid - folic acid supplies vitamins that only pregnant women can use
folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus
To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _____. - open circulatory system - four-chambered heart - two-chambered heart - hemocoel
four - chambered heart
To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas- exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _____. - hemocoel - four-chambered heart - open circulatory system - two-chambered heart
four-chambered heart
In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? - fishes - insects - annelids - frogs
frogs
Fish and crustaceans are similar in that both use ________ for gas exchange. - lungs - gills - the moist surface of their skin - tracheal tubes - the walls of the mantle cavity
gills
The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Why is this important? Smaller pieces of food _____. - are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food - are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food - do not taste as good as larger pieces of food - have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food
have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food
An decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _____. - give up more of its oxygen molecules - bind more oxygen molecules - increase its binding of H+ - release all bound carbon dioxide molecules
increase its binding of H+
Villi and microvilli in the small intestine _____. - neutralize stomach acid - increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption - emulsify lipid molecules - activate trypsinogen
increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption
Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with _____. - blood sugar that is abnormally high - increased activity of the immune system - sodium depletion - dehydration
increased activity of the immune system
What would be the physiological effect of an increase in the venous return to the heart? - increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart - increased secretion of ADH (vasopressin) - decreased cardiac output - decreased secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone - increased stroke volume
increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart
The process of obtaining food is known as _____ and requires specialized mouthparts. - digestion - excretion - absorption - ingestion
ingestion
If blood is going from the lungs to space 3, what is the name of space 3?
left atrium
A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order? - muscle glycogen, then fat, then liver glycogen - liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat - fat, then glycogen, then protein - glycogen, then protein, then fat
liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat
Myeloid stem cells give rise to all formed elements in the blood EXCEPT - basophils. - lymphocytes. - monocytes. - platelets. - erythrocytes.
lymphocytes
Which blood cell type is correctly matched to its function? - leukocytes—blood clotting - platelets—hematopoiesis - erythrocytes—immunity - leukocytes—oxygen transport - monocytes—defense against microorganisms
monocytes- defense against microorganisms
In an open circulatory system, blood is _____. - not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems - not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems - always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems - always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems
not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems
A nurse takes your blood pressure during your annual examination, and she enters a reading of 115/70 in your medical chart. These numbers mean that the - pressure in your brachial artery during ventricular contraction is 115, while the pressure during ventricular relaxation is 70. - pressure in the ventricles of the heart is 115 when the ventricles are contracting and 70 when the ventricles are relaxing. - nurse heard sounds through the stethoscope only when the pressure in your brachial artery was exactly 115 and again when it was exactly 70. - diastolic pressure is 115 and the systolic pressure is 70. - pressure in your brachial artery during ventricular contraction is 115 while the pressure during atrial contraction is 70.
pressure in your brachial artery during contraction is 115 while the pressure during atrial contraction is 70
In a vertebrate with a four-chambered heart, the structure(s) containing blood with the highest O 2 concentration is/are the ________. - right atrium - inferior vena cava - right ventricle - pulmonary veins - pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood? - pulmonary veins - systemic veins (such as the femoral vein in your leg) - pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
When the digestion and absorption of organic carbohydrates results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is _____. - eliminated in the feces - stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles - stored as starch in the liver - oxidized and converted to ATP
stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles
The blood pressure in your brachial artery is at its lowest during - the diastolic period. - exercise. - the systolic period. - the time the aorta is maximally stretched. - ventricular contraction.
the diastolic period
Among mammals, it is generally true that _____. - the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea - the trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach - after leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx - all types of foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth
the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea
Which part of a hemoglobin molecule binds to a molecule of O2 ? - the surface of an α globin chain - the copper atom wedged between an α and a β globin chain - the iron atom in the center of a heme group - the hydrophobic pocket between two α chains - the surface of a β globin chain
the iron atom in the center of a heme group
The left ventricle in mammals is more muscular than the right ventricle because - the left ventricle is always contracting to maintain a systemic blood pressure. - the left ventricle pumps blood with a higher hematocrit than the blood that leaves the right ventricle. - the right ventricle only pumps blood into the right atrium. - the left ventricle pumps more total blood than the right ventricle. - the left ventricle has to pump blood throughout the body at high pressure.
the left ventricle has to pump blood throughout the body at high pressure
If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT _____. - an alveolus - the pulmonary vein - the right atrium - the trachea
the pulmonary vein
If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT _____. - the right atrium - the trachea - the pulmonary vein - an alveolus
the pulmonary vein
The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels? - the pulmonary vein and the aorta - the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein - the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava - the veins from the right and left legs
the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein
Circulatory systems compensate for _____. - the need to cushion animals from trauma - temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue - the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system - the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances
the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances
Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because _____. - the nutrients are necessary coenzymes - only those animals use those nutrients - only certain foods contain them - these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients
these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients
In the blood clotting cascade mechanism, which specific enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin? - albumin - thrombin - renin - angiotensin - catalase
thrombin
A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____. - one capillary bed - three capillary beds - two capillary beds - four capillary beds
two capillary beds
Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes _____. - require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH - use water molecules when breaking bonds (hydrolysis) - require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source - are catalyzed by the same enzyme
use water molecules when breaking bonds (hydrolysis)
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? - left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation - vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery - vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein - pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit
vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? - vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein - vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery - pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit - left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation
vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery
Most simple invertebrates obtain their oxygen by diffusion directly from the surrounding - blood. - mud. - air. - water.
water
Which of the following solutes is NOT normally found in the plasma? - hemoglobin - globulins - albumin - ions - metabolites, wastes, and hormones
hemoglobin
Dorothy suffered a serious stroke that destroyed neurons in the swallowing center of her brain. This damage to her brain would prevent ________. - peristalsis - secretion of saliva - mastication - elevation of the soft palate - bolus formation by her tongue
peristalsis
The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the _____. - epiglottis - stomach - rectum - pharynx
pharynx
The liquid portion of blood that contains metabolites, wastes, hormones, ions, and a variety of proteins is called the ________. - edema - platelet - plasma - eosinophil - lymph
plasma
During exhalation, the diaphragm ________. - relaxes and moves up - contracts and moves down - contracts and moves up - relaxes and moves down
relaxes and moves up
In the digestive system, peristalsis is _____. - a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine - the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel - smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus - voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation
smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus
Which of the following animals is correctly paired with its feeding mechanism? - snake - bulk feeder -baleen whale - fluid feeder - clam - substrate feeder - aphid - suspension feeder
snake - bulk feeder
Saliva contains the hydrolytic enzyme, salivary amylase, which initiates the breakdown of the polysaccharide ________ into the disaccharide, maltose. - fructose - glucose - sucrose - cellulose - starch
starch
Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? - diastole of the right ventricle - systole of the left ventricle - diastole of the right atrium - systole of the left atrium
systole of the left ventricle
Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? - diastole of the right ventricle - systole of the left ventricle - systole of the left atrium - diastole of the right atrium
systole of the left ventricle
What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed? - the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small - the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas - more fluid entering the venous capillaries - an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed
the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas
The rate at which an animal consumes energy at rest is called ________. - glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis - rumination - the basal metabolic rate - fermentation
the basal metabolic rate
Mammalian, bird, and crocodile hearts have four chambers with two separate atria and ventricles to ensure ________ different circuits for blood flow. - two - three - four - eight
two