Ch. 5 Theories of development
According to Freud, in what order do the stages of child development occur?
1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Oedipal (Phallic) 4. Latency 5. Gential
A nursing student is listing various stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Which situation indicates that the individual has reached the Instrumental Relativist Orientation stage?
-"An individual identifies that there is more than one right view."
Behavior modification is basically designed to:
-alter current behavior patterns.
The nurse finds that a mother severely punishes her 2-year-old child. Which would the nurse advise the mother, according to Erikson's theory?
-Your child needs support and love or else he or she may develop feelings of shame and doubt.
Match each stage with the correct name for Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.
- 3,1,4,5,2,6 -Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation -Stage 2: Individualism and exchange (Instrumental relativist orientation) -Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationships (Good boy-nice girl orientation) -Stage 4: Social order (Society-maintaining orientation) -Stage 5: Social contract orientation -Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation
A nursing student gives different examples representing the components of human personality, according to Sigmund Freud. Which examples mentioned by the nursing student represent the component ego? Select all that apply.
-"A client is attracted to the nurse in charge but does not make any moves because there are other clients in the same ward." -"A client with insomnia wants to take an extra sleeping pill but refrains from doing so because the caregivers are present." -"A client wants to eat junk food but does not order it because the dietician is keeping track of his or her weight."
Which of these statements are true about an adolescent according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Select all that apply.
-"An individual's thoughts are influenced by moral decisions and behaviors." -"An individual expands his or her focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns."
A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Which information provided by the registered nurse regarding Postconventional Reasoning needs correction?
-"In this level, emphasis is given on social rules and a community-centered approach."
The registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Which information provided by the registered nurse regarding 'Preconventional Reasoning' needs correction?
-"In this level, the client sees moral reasoning based on his or her own personal internalization of societal and others' expectations."
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, in which order would the nurse prioritize his or her actions?
-1. Providing a warm bath to the client to promote a good night's sleep - 3. Assisting the client in getting out of bed to join family members for meals -2. Encouraging the client to talk about his or her fears and feelings -4. Praising the client for administering insulin accurately
A nurse is examining different situations that represent the superego component of human personality, as per Sigmund Freud. Which situations accurately represent superego? Select all that apply.
-A client having a craving for fruits does not steal them from the next client because that client needs it more. -A client controls the urge to eat candy because he or she knows that it will affect the blood sugar levels. -A client experiencing a stomachache refrains from stealing medications from a friend because it is illegal.
Which examples mentioned by the nurse belong to the third level of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-A client is depressed because his or her spouse has passed away. -A client wants to reconnect with old friends after being diagnosed with cancer. -A client never goes to family gatherings because he or she is not accepted by family members.
Which situations belong to the first level of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-A client is homeless. -A client reports feeling dizzy for 2 days. -A client reports that he or she is unable to consume food because of throat pain.
A nurse is evaluating different situations on the basis of the components of human personality as mentioned by Sigmund Freud. Which situations represent the id component? Select all that apply.
-A client wishes to go home and therefore slips out of the healthcare facility quietly without anyone noticing. -A client experiencing pain takes pain medication prescribed to a family member. -A client feels nauseous; therefore, he or she leaves work midway to go to a healthcare facility.
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which statement about conventional reasoning is true?
-A person wants to fulfill family expectations.
Which does the intimacy versus isolation stage of Erikson's theory of development include? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-An individual develops a sense of identity and deepens his or her capacity to love others and care for them. -An individual searches for meaningful friendships and an intimate relationship with another person. -An individual may develop fears, rejection, and disappointment if unable to establish companionship and intimacy.
Which activities would the nurse recommend to a middle-age adult client to find a sense of fulfillment, according to Erikson? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-Attending church functions -Becoming involved at a local hospital -Volunteering to coach for a grandchild's soccer team
Which is the similarity between the preoperational period and the formal operations period of Piaget's theory?
-Both periods explain the idea of egocentric thought in an individual.
What is the similarity between stages 5 and 6 of Kohlberg's theory?
-Both stages are associated with postconventional reasoning.
Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which member of the wedding party shows failure to meet their developmental crisis?
-Bride, aged 25 years, abruptly leaves the church just before the marriage ceremony starts
According to Piaget's theory, which of these is true about the period of formal operations? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-Children have the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities. -Children have a belief that their actions are scrutinized by imaginary audience.
Which situation would the nurse address first according to Maslow's hierarchy?
-Complains of sleeplessness due to pain postsurgery
According to Freud, which must occur before an individual is able to have a mature adult sexual relationship?
-Conflict resolution
The theorist who proposed a psychosocial theory that human development occurs as a result of interactions among the environment, culture, and the individual was:
-Daniel Levinson
According to the language/culture developmental theory of Lev Vygotsky, preschool-age children guide their own behavior by the use of:
-Disenchantment
According to Piaget, which statement describes the concrete operation stage?
-During this stage, children are able to perform mental operations
Which component of the human personality, according to Freud, allows an individual to judge reality accurately?
-Ego
An older adult was admitted to a long-term care facility for difficulties with activities of daily living. Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which intervention would the nurse use to assist the client to fulfill her or his developmental task?
-Engage the client in reminiscence about past achievements.
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory does an individual want to fulfill the expectations of one's immediate group?
-Good boy-nice girl orientation
Which situation would the nurse address to meet the safety and security needs of the client according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
-I do not want to talk to any stranger because I fear that they might take away my things.
Which statement made by the client indicates the identity versus role confusion stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-I like to dress like a boy even though my parents want me to dress like a girl. -I want to get a clear skin like my best friend -I do not want to become an engineer like my parents want me to be; I dream of becoming a pilot.
Which statements by a 17-year-old client who is diagnosed with leukemia reflects Piaget's cognitive processes associated with adolescence? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-I'm going to do my best to fight this awful disease. -Now I can't go to the prom because I have this stupid disease. -This illness is serious.
According to the language/culture developmental theory of Lev Vygotsky, preschool-age children guide their own behavior by the use of:
-Inner language
When the father of a 12-year-old says, "I must find some way to get my son to become serious about school. He just seems to want to play all the time." The parent is in the __________ stage of parenting behaviors described by Erik Erikson.
-Integrative
According to Erikson's theory, which suggestion would the nurse make to the parent of a preschooler who is worried about ongoing conflicts with the child because of strict behavior standards?
-You could cooperate with the child's desires within reason to avoid guilt and frustration for your child.
According to the theory of Lawrence Kohlberg, the health-care worker can anticipate that the moral development of a 2-year-old will follow the preconventional pattern by:
-Obeying rules to avoid punishment
Which activities would the nurse perform to meet the client's safety and security needs based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-Positioning the bed in a low position and keeping the side rails up -Monitoring vital signs, such as blood pressure to decrease the risk of falls -Observing a client who has suicidal tendencies to prevent adverse incidents
According to Piaget's cognitive theory, at which stage will fear of surgery have the most effect on preoperative teaching?
-Preoperational
According to Kohlberg's development of moral reasoning, at which phase of life would a child develop premoral orientation?
-Preschool
When the driver who is stopped for speeding tells the officer that he was rushing to an important appointment, this is an example of the defense mechanism of:
-Rationalization
The function of Freud's defense mechanism is to:
-Relieve anxiety
According to Kohlberg, children develop moral reasoning as they mature. Which action is most characteristic of a school-age child's stage of moral development?
-Rules are followed to gain recognition.
In which stage of Piaget's theory of growth and development does an infant develop an action pattern to deal with the environment?
-Sensorimotor
When the health-care worker praises a child for eating all of the meal and expresses disappointment when the child does not eat, the health-care worker is following the behavioral theory of:
-Skinner
A young adult tells the nurse, "Society needs to be educated regarding involving people affected with AIDS into the social sphere." According to Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, what stage does the statement indicate?
-Social contract orientation
An adolescent tells the nurse, "I do not go to parties that serve alcohol, not because my dad doesn't like it, but because I know this is not right." What STAGE does the statement indicate according to Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
-Society-maintaining orientation
According to Erikson's theory, which behaviors will the nurse notice in 13-year-old students? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-Such students want to know Who am I? -Such students show a marked preoccupation with body appearance.
Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which response is the most therapeutic to help an older adult who is struggling to achieve her or his developmental task?
-Tell me about your past accomplishments.
Which is true about the preoperational period of Piaget's theory?
-The child believes that everyone experiences the world exactly as he or she does.
Which statement is true of the middle childhood stage according to Kohlberg's development of moral reasoning? Select all that apply.
-The child develops a good boy-nice girl orientation. -The child is in the conventional level.
Which information would the nurse provide about the sensorimotor period of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-The child learns that he or she is separate from his or her parents or favorite toy. -The child develops a schema or action pattern for dealing with his or her environment. -The child learns about himself or herself and the environment through motor and reflex actions.
Which statement made by the nursing student needs correction about Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
-The fourth level contains love and belonging needs.
The nurse is examining different statements that represent the stages of psychosexual development, according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. Which statement indicates that the individual is aged between 6 to 12 years?
-The individual focuses on educational and social accomplishments
Which description by a student of the formal operations stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development indicates a need for further teaching? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-There is an absence of egocentric thought. -Reversibility in thought is the primary characteristic.
According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, mastery of which task increases a child's ability to cope with separation or pending separation from significant others?
-Trust
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory would a nurse ask a higher authority to reduce the treatment expenses of a low-income client?
-Universal ethical principle orientation
A nursing instructor asks a student about the development of adolescents according to Piaget's theory. Which statement made by the student about adolescents indicates a need for further education? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
-Using knowledge to achieve a goal is emphasized. -They have the ability to recognize different answers for different situations
A 73-year-old man scheduled for surgery tells the health-care worker that if things do not go well during surgery, he has lived a full life and has no regrets. The health-care worker recognizes that this statement is consistent with:
-achievement of the developmental task of integrity described by Erikson.
To promote a sense of industry in a hospitalized school-age child, the health-care worker should:
-ask the child to help pick up all the stuffed toys in the playroom.
The characteristic common to all developmental models is that:
-development is a continuous process throughout the lifespan.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that basic physiological needs must be met before the individual can reach full potential. An example of a physiological need being met is:
-drinking eight glasses of water a day and following a well-balanced diet.
The best advice to parents who want to encourage autonomy in their toddler would be to:
-encourage the toddler to do things for himself.
A school-age child who is helping his father wash the car is told by his father that he is leaving "streaks all over the windows." The child feels his father thinks he's stupid for not being able to wash windows correctly. This incorporation of "being stupid" into the child's self-concept illustrates an example of:
-looking-glass self (Cooley and Mead).
A 10-year-old child has demonstrated exceptional spelling ability in several school and community contests and is recognized in his school by teachers and peers for his ability. He believes he can win the state championship. This situation is representative of the concept of:
-mastery of environment; match between ideal and actual self (Rogers).
Psychodynamic developmental theories focus on resolution or development of: (Select all that apply.)
-personality traits. -psychological challenges.
According to Piaget, children typically solve problems by trial and error during the ____________ stage of development.
-sensorimotor
The behavior most characteristic of the concrete operations stage of cognitive development is:
-thought processes become increasingly logical and coherent.
Match each statement to the correct stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
1. The child develops an action pattern for dealing with the environment. (Sensorimotor) 2. The child develops egocentrism and animism.(Preoperational) 3. The child is able to describe a process without actually doing it. (Concrete operations) 4. The child demonstrates feelings and behaviors characterized by self-consciousness. (formal operations)
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which is the correct order of a child's behavior as he or she ages?
1. The child develops autonomy by making choices. 2. The child develops feelings of superego or conscience. 3. The child concentrates on work and play. 4. The child is concerned about appearance and body image.
