Ch. 51: Assessment and Management of Patients With Diabetes
A client with diabetes mellitus develops sinusitis and otitis media accompanied by a temperature of 100.8° F (38.2° C). What effect do these findings have on his need for insulin?
They increase the need for insulin.
A nurse knows to assess a patient with type 1 diabetes for postprandial hyperglycemia. The nurse knows that glycosuria is present when the serum glucose level exceeds:
180 mg/dL
A patient who is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes would be expected to:
Need exogenous insulin.
A patient has been newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and the nurse is assisting with the development of a meal plan. What step should be taken into consideration prior to making the meal plan?
Reviewing the patient's diet history to identify eating habits and lifestyle and cultural eating patterns
Which instruction about insulin administration should a nurse give to a client?
"Always follow the same order when drawing the different insulins into the syringe."
A client with type 1 diabetes has a highly elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb) test result. In discussing the result with the client, the nurse is most accurate in stating:
"It tells us about your sugar control for the last 3 months."
A client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus asks why he needs ketone testing when the disease affects his blood glucose levels. How should the nurse respond?
"Ketones will tell us if your body is using other tissues for energy."
Which instruction should a nurse give to a client with diabetes mellitus when teaching about "sick day rules"?
"Test your blood glucose every 4 hours."
A client has just been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. When teaching the client and family how diet and exercise affect insulin requirements, the nurse should include which guideline?
"You'll need less insulin when you exercise or reduce your food intake."
The short-acting insulin is withdrawn before the intermediate-acting insulin.
1/2 cup fruit juice or regular soft drink
What is the duration of regular insulin?
4-6 hours
A client is receiving insulin lispro at 7:30 AM. The nurse ensures that the client has breakfast by which time?
7:45 AM
A child is brought into the emergency department with vomiting, drowsiness, and blowing respirations. The father reports that the symptoms have been progressing throughout the day. The nurse suspects diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which action should the nurse take first in the management of DKA?
Begin fluid replacements.
Which clinical manifestation of type 2 diabetes occurs if glucose levels are very high?
Blurred vision
Which factors will cause hypoglycemia in a client with diabetes? Select all that apply.
Client has not consumed food and continues to take insulin or oral antidiabetic medications. Client has not consumed sufficient calories. Client has been exercising more than usual.
Which of the following is an age-related change that may affect diabetes? Select all that apply.
Decreased renal function Decreased vision Taste changes
Which of the following is an age-related change that may affect diabetes? Select all that apply.
Decreased renal function Taste changes Decreased vision
An older adult patient is in the hospital being treated for sepsis related to a urinary tract infection. The patient has started to have an altered sense of awareness, profound dehydration, and hypotension. What does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome
A nurse explains to a client that she will administer his first insulin dose in his abdomen. How does absorption at the abdominal site compare with absorption at other sites?
Insulin is absorbed more rapidly at abdominal injection sites than at other sites.
Which factor presents the most likely cause for weight gain in a diabetic client who is controlled with insulin?
Insulin is an anabolic hormone.
A nurse understands that a major concern with type 2 diabetes is:
Insulin resistance.
NPH is an example of which type of insulin?
Intermediate-acting
Which statement is correct regarding glargine insulin?
It cannot be mixed with any other type of insulin.
The nurse is describing the action of insulin in the body to a client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Which of the following would the nurse explain as being the primary action?
It enhances the transport of glucose across the cell membrane.
Which is a by-product of fat breakdown in the absence of insulin and accumulates in the blood and urine?
Ketones
A patient is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. What clinical characteristics does the nurse expect to see in this patient? Select all that apply.
Ketosis-pron Little endogenous insulin younger than 30 years of age
Which type of insulin acts most quickly?
Lispro
A characteristic of type 2 diabetes includes which of the following?
No islet cell antibodies
A nurse obtains a fingerstick glucose level of 45 mg/dl on a client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The client is alert and oriented, and the client's skin is warm and dry. How should the nurse intervene?
Obtain a repeat fingerstick glucose level.
Which of the following is a characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? Select all that apply.
Rapid onset Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine More common in type 1 diabetes
Lispro (Humalog) is an example of which type of insulin?
Rapid-acting
The nurse is teaching a client about self-administration of insulin and about mixing regular and neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin. Which information is important to include in the teaching plan?
When mixing insulin, the regular insulin is drawn up into the syringe first.
During a class on exercise for clients with diabetes mellitus, a client asks the nurse educator how often to exercise. To meet the goals of planned exercise, the nurse educator should advise the client to exercise:
at least three times per week.
A client tells the nurse that she has been working hard for the past 3 months to control her type 2 diabetes with diet and exercise. To determine the effectiveness of the client's efforts, the nurse should check:
glycosylated hemoglobin level.
A client with type 1 diabetes asks the nurse about taking an oral antidiabetic agent. The nurse explains that these medications are effective only if the client:
has type 2 diabetes.
Which would not be observed in a client with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?
hyperconduction of electrical stimulation along nerves
A client with a history of type 1 diabetes is demonstrating fast, deep, labored breathing and has fruity odored breath. What could be the cause of the client's current serious condition?
ketoacidosis
A nurse is preparing the daily care plan for a client with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. The priority nursing concern for this client should be:
providing client education at every opportunity.
A nurse is assigned to care for a postoperative client with diabetes mellitus. During the assessment interview, the client reports that he's impotent and says he's concerned about the effect on his marriage. In planning this client's care, the most appropriate intervention would be to:
suggest referral to a sex counselor or other appropriate professional.
A nurse is caring for a diabetic patient with a diagnosis of nephropathy. What would the nurse expect the urinalysis report to indicate?
Albumin
A client has been diagnosed with prediabetes and discusses treatment strategies with the nurse. What can be the consequences of untreated prediabetes?
All options are correct: cardiac disease, CVA, type 2 diabetes
For a client with hyperglycemia, which assessment finding best supports a nursing diagnosis of Deficient fluid volume?
Increased urine osmolarity
A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Which finding suggests that the client has developed hyperglycemia?
Increased urine output
Which of the following is a characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? Select all that apply.
• Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine• Rapid onset• More common in type 1 diabetesHINT: BUN and 1 rhyme -----DKA is characterized by an elevated BUN and creatinine, rapid onset, and it is more common in type 1 diabetes. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) is characterized by the absence of urine and serum ketones and a normal arterial pH level.
A 60-year-old client comes to the ED reporting weakness, vision problems, increased thirst, increased urination, and frequent infections that do not seem to heal easily. The physician suspects that the client has diabetes. Which classic symptom should the nurse watch for to confirm the diagnosis of diabetes?
Increased hunger
A client with type 2 diabetes asks the nurse why he can't have a pancreatic transplant. Which of the following would the nurse include as a possible reason?
Underlying problem of insulin resistance
A client with diabetes comes to the clinic for a follow-up visit. The nurse reviews the client's glycosylated hemoglobin test results. Which result would indicate to the nurse that the client's blood glucose level has been well-controlled?
6.5%
Which factors will cause hypoglycemia in a client with diabetes? Select all that apply.
Client has not consumed food and continues to take insulin or oral antidiabetic medications. Client has not consumed sufficient calories. Client has been exercising more than usual.
A client's blood glucose level is 45 mg/dl. The nurse should be alert for which signs and symptoms?
Coma, anxiety, confusion, headache, and cool, moist skin
Which of the following insulins are used for basal dosage?
Glarginet (Lantus)
The nurse is educating a patient about the benefits of fruit versus fruit juice in the diabetic diet. The patient states, "What difference does it make if you drink the juice or eat the fruit? It is all the same." What is the best response by the nurse?
"Eating the fruit instead of drinking juice decreases the glycemic index by slowing absorption."
A nurse is teaching a client recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) about management of "sick days." The client asks the nurse why it is important to monitor the urine for ketones. Which statement is the nurse's best response?
"Ketones accumulate in the blood and urine when fat breaks down in the absence of insulin. Ketones signal an insulin deficiency that will cause the body to start breaking down stored fat for energy."
A client with diabetes mellitus must learn how to self-administer insulin. The physician has ordered 10 units of U-100 regular insulin and 35 units of U-100 isophane insulin suspension (NPH) to be taken before breakfast. When teaching the client how to select and rotate insulin injection sites, the nurse should provide which instruction?
"Rotate injection sites within the same anatomic region, not among different regions."
A 16-year-old client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes has a very low body weight despite eating regular meals. The client is upset because friends frequently state, "You look anorexic." Which statement by the nurse would be the best response to help this client understand the cause of weight loss due to this condition?
"Your body is using protein and fat for energy instead of glucose."
A physician orders blood glucose levels every 4 hours for a 4-year-old child with brittle type 1 diabetes. The parents are worried that drawing so much blood will traumatize their child. How can the nurse best reassure the parents?
"Your child will need less blood work as his glucose levels stabilize."
The nurse is administering lispro insulin. Based on the onset of action, how long before breakfast should the nurse administer the injection?
10-15 minutes
A nurse is preparing a continuous insulin infusion for a child with diabetic ketoacidosis and a blood glucose level of 800 mg/dl. Which solution is the most appropriate at the beginning of therapy?
100 units of regular insulin in normal saline solution
A nurse is teaching a client with diabetes mellitus about self-management of his condition. The nurse should instruct the client to administer 1 unit of insulin for every:
15 g of carbohydrates.
A health care provider prescribes short-acting insulin for a patient, instructing the patient to take the insulin 20 to 30 minutes before a meal. The nurse explains to the patient that Humulin-R taken at 6:30 AM will reach peak effectiveness by:
8:30 AM.
Which statement is true regarding gestational diabetes?
A glucose challenge test should be performed between 24 to 28 weeks.
Which clinical characteristic is associated with type 2 diabetes (previously referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)?
Blood glucose can be controlled through diet and exercise
A client is admitted with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). Which laboratory finding should the nurse expect in this client?
Blood glucose level 1,100 mg/dl
A nurse is caring for an older adult client who has type 2 diabetes mellitus. She suspects that the patient is exhibiting symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) instead of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). Which of the following are indicators of a diagnosis of DKA? Select all that apply.
Blood glucose level of 280 mg/dL Arterial pH of 7 Plasma bicarbonate level of 13 mEq/L
A nurse is preparing a client with type 1 diabetes for discharge. The client can care for himself; however, he's had a problem with unstable blood glucose levels in the past. Based on the client's history, he should be referred to which health care worker?
Dietitian
A client with long-standing type 1 diabetes is admitted to the hospital with unstable angina pectoris. After the client's condition stabilizes, the nurse evaluates the diabetes management regimen. The nurse learns that the client sees the physician every 4 weeks, injects insulin after breakfast and dinner, and measures blood glucose before breakfast and at bedtime. Consequently, the nurse should formulate a nursing diagnosis of:
Deficient knowledge (treatment regimen).
An obese Hispanic client, age 65, is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Which statement about diabetes mellitus is true?
Diabetes mellitus is more common in Hispanics and Blacks than in Whites.
Which of the following is a characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? Select all that apply.
Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine Rapid onset More common in type 1 diabetes
Which of the following would the nurse most likely assess in a client with diabetes who is experiencing autonomic neuropathy?
Erectile dysfunction
A client with type 1 diabetes mellitus is receiving short-acting insulin to maintain control of blood glucose levels. In providing glucometer instructions, the nurse would instruct the client to use which site for most accurate findings?
Finger
Which assessment finding is most important in determining nursing care for a client with diabetes mellitus?
Fruity breath
When the nurse inspects the feet of a diabetic, a tack is found sticking in the sole of one foot. The client denies feeling anything unusual in the foot. Which is the best rationale for this finding?
High blood sugar decreases blood circulation to nerves.
Which combination of adverse effects should a nurse monitor for when administering IV insulin to a client with diabetic ketoacidosis?
Hypokalemia and hypoglycemia
The nurse is preparing a presentation for a group of adults at a local community center about diabetes. Which of the following would the nurse include as associated with type 2 diabetes?
Insulin production insufficient
The nurse is describing the action of insulin in the body to a client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Which of the following would the nurse explain as being the primary action?
It carries glucose into body cells.
The nurse is assessing a patient with nonproliferative (background) retinopathy. When examining the retina, what would the nurse expect to assess? Select all that apply.
Leakage of fluid or serum (exudates) Microaneurysms Focal capillary single closure Explanation: Almost all patients with type 1 diabetes and the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes have some degree of retinopathy after 20 years (ADA, 2013). Changes in the microvasculature include microaneurysms, intraretinal hemorrhage, hard exudates, and focal capillary closure.
A nurse is teaching a diabetic support group about the causes of type 1 diabetes. The teaching is determined to be effective when the group is able to attribute which factor as a cause of type 1 diabetes?
Presence of autoantibodies against islet cells
Which clinical characteristic is associated with type 1 diabetes (previously referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)?
Presence of islet cell antibodies
A client who was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes 14 years ago is admitted to the medical-surgical unit with abdominal pain. On admission, the client's blood glucose level is 470 mg/dl. Which finding is most likely to accompany this blood glucose level?
Rapid, thready pulse
A client is admitted to the unit with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which insulin would the nurse expect to administer intravenously?
Regular
The diabetic client asks the nurse why shoes and socks are removed at each office visit. Which assessment finding is most significant in determining the protocol for inspection of feet?
Sensory neuropathy
Laboratory studies indicate a client's blood glucose level is 185 mg/dl. Two hours have passed since the client ate breakfast. Which test would yield the most conclusive diagnostic information about the client's glucose use?
Serum glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A1c)
A client with a tentative diagnosis of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) has a history of type 2 diabetes that is being controlled with an oral diabetic agent, tolazamide. Which laboratory test is the most important for confirming this disorder?
Serum osmolarity
Which category of oral antidiabetic agents exerts the primary action by directly stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin?
Sulfonylureas
A client with status asthmaticus requires endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Twenty-four hours after intubation, the client is started on the insulin infusion protocol. The nurse must monitor the client's blood glucose levels hourly and watch for which early signs and symptoms associated with hypoglycemia?
Sweating, tremors, and tachycardia
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the Islets of Langerhans and is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein. The nurse understands the physiologic importance of gluconeogenesis, which refers to the:
Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.
Which of the following factors would a nurse identify as a most likely cause of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in a client with diabetes?
The client has eaten and has not taken or received insulin.
A nurse educator been invited to local seniors center to discuss health-maintaining strategies for older adults. The nurse addresses the subject of diabetes mellitus, its symptoms, and consequences. What should the educator teach the participants about type 1 diabetes?
The participants are unlikely to develop a new onset of type 1 diabetes.
A nurse is preparing to administer two types of insulin to a client with diabetes mellitus. What is the correct procedure for preparing this medication?
The short-acting insulin is withdrawn before the intermediate-acting insulin
A nurse is preparing to administer two types of insulin to a client with diabetes mellitus. What is the correct procedure for preparing this medication?
The short-acting insulin is withdrawn before the intermediate-acting insulin.
Which information should be included in the teaching plan for a client receiving glargine, which is "peakless" basal insulin?
do not mix with other insulins
The nurse expects that a type 1 diabetic patient may receive what percentage of his or her usual morning dose of insulin preoperatively?
50% to 60%
After teaching a client with type 1 diabetes who is scheduled to undergo an islet cell transplant, which client statement indicates successful teaching?
"I might need insulin later on but probably not as much or as often."
A patient who is 6 months' pregnant was evaluated for gestational diabetes mellitus. The doctor considered prescribing insulin based on the serum glucose result of:
138 mg/dL, 2 hours postprandial.
When administering insulin to a client with type 1 diabetes, which of the following would be most important for the nurse to keep in mind?
Accuracy of the dosage
A client is admitted to the health care center with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The medical reports indicate a history of type 1 diabetes. The nurse suspects the client's symptoms to be those of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which action will help the nurse confirm the diagnosis?
Assess the client's breath odor
Which is the best nursing explanation for the symptom of polyuria in a client with diabetes mellitus?
High sugar pulls fluid into the bloodstream, which results in more urine production.
A client with diabetes mellitus is receiving an oral antidiabetic agent. The nurse observes for which symptom when caring for this client?
Hypoglycemia
When the nurse is caring for a patient with type 1 diabetes, what clinical manifestation would be a priority to closely monitor?
Hypoglycemia
The nurse is explaining glycosylated hemoglobin testing to a diabetic client. Which of the following provides the best reason for this order?
Reflects the amount of glucose stored in hemoglobin over past several months.
What is the only insulin that can be given intravenously?
Regular
Which may be a potential cause of hypoglycemia in the client diagnosed with diabetes mellitus?
The client has not eaten but continues to take insulin or oral antidiabetic medications.
A client receives a daily injection of glargine insulin at 7:00 a.m. When should the nurse monitor this client for a hypoglycemic reaction?
This insulin has no peak action and does not cause a hypoglycemic reaction.
The nurse is educating the patient with diabetes about the importance of increasing dietary fiber. What should the nurse explain is the rationale for the increase? Select all that apply.
May improve blood glucose levels Decrease the need for exogenous insulin Help reduce cholesterol levels
The nurse is preparing to administer intermediate-acting insulin to a patient with diabetes. Which insulin will the nurse administer?
NPH
