Ch. 6 Condensed
Assume that you wish to study the hypothesis that among career women between the ages of 30 and 50, career satisfaction is related to the adequacy of their relationship with their father during adolescence. If you had to use a convenience sample -- for example, in just one or two locations, -- what descriptive information should you try to obtain?
-age -socioeconomic level -place of employment -job description/titles
what is the recommended minimum number of subjects for a descriptive study?
100
what is the recommended minimum number of subjects in each group for experimental and casual comparative studies?
30
what is the recommended minimum number of subjects for a correlational study?
50
Assume that you wish to study the hypothesis that among career women between the ages of 30 and 50, career satisfaction is related to the adequacy of their relationship with their father during adolescence. To what target population would you want to generalize?
All career women between the ages of 30 and 50.
how big should samples be?
As large as the researcher can obtain
On a television talk show, a psychiatrist discussed his study of airplane hijackers at some length and pointed out that their outstanding characteristic (which he discovered through extensive psychiatric interviewing) was a consistent history of failure. His sample consisted of approximately 20 hijackers who were interviewed while in jail. Although not explicitly stated, it seems obvious that the population to whom he intended to generalize was "all hijackers." Would it be appropriate to generalize to this population? If not, why not?
No, it would not. Because only unsuccessful hijackers are included in the sample.
the degree to which a sample represents the population of interest.
Population generalizability
Suppose that a researcher conducted a study of student morale in a middle school. The researcher wanted to generalize the results to all middle school students in the district. Under which of the following conditions would ecological generalizability most likely have been threatened?
This is the first year in a new school building
Assume that you wish to study the hypothesis that among career women between the ages of 30 and 50, career satisfaction is related to the adequacy of their relationship with their father during adolescence. What population would be sufficiently accessible?
Those women in the local area who could be contacted and who would be willing to be interviewed.
The population from which the researcher can realistically select subjects for a sample, and to which the researcher is entitled to generalize findings.
accessible
When a __ variable can be identified that is related to the dependent variable or the variables being studied, the researcher can ensure a more representative sample by selecting participants from each category.
categorical
A __ sample is one obtained by using groups as the sample unit rather than individuals.
cluster
A researcher is interested in interviewing all the members of the New York City police force who do not live in the city. He gets a roster of the names of all officers on the force, randomly selects five police stations, and then conducts interviews of all officers in those stations.
cluster
If a researcher selected five schools at random and then interviewed each of the teachers in those five schools, the researcher used
cluster
The selection of groups of individuals, called clusters, rather than single individuals. All individuals in a cluster are included in the sample; the clusters are preferably selected randomly from the larger population of clusters.
cluster
__sampling is when a researcher selects intact groups of individuals to participate in the study.
cluster
a __ sample is one obtained by using groups as the sampling unit rather than individuals.
cluster
A __ sample is any group of individuals that is conveniently available to be studied
convenience
A graduate student enrolled in the Marriage and Family Counseling Program at Daytona University is interested in determining how other graduate students feel about the program. He interviews all of the students he has access to on a given Monday night when he takes one of his counseling courses.
convenience
A sample that is easily accessible.
convenience
what sample is any group of individuals that is conveniently available to be studied?
convenience
__generalizability has to do with generalizing to other settings and conditions.
ecological
The degree to which results can be generalized to environments and conditions outside the research setting.
ecological generalizability
The degree to which results of a study can be extended to other settings or conditions describes
ecological generalizability
refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to conditions or settings other than those that prevailed in a particular study.
ecological generalizability
The degree to which results are generalizable, to groups and environments outside the research setting.
external validity
refers to the extent that the results of a study can be generalized from a sample to a population.
external validity
The degree to which results can be generalized to environments and conditions outside the research setting.; The extent to which the results obtained from a sample are generalizable to a larger group.
generalizing
When a study is replicated, it is repeated with a __ and sometimes under __
new sample new conditions
A researcher is interested in interviewing alumni of San Simeon College who graduated between the years 1990 and 1996. He gets the roster of the names of these individuals from the alumni office, and mails a questionnaire to everyone on this roster.
no sample; the whole population is being studied
The selection of a sample in which every member of the population does not have an equal chance of being selected.
nonrandom
The character of being periodic; the tendency to recur at regular intervals.
periodicity
The group to which the researcher would like the results of a study to be generalizable; it includes all individuals with certain specified characteristics.
population
refers to all the members of a particular group. It is the group of interest to the researcher, the group to whom the researcher would like to generalize the results of a study.
population
The extent to which the results obtained from a sample are generalizable to a larger group.
population generalizability
refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to the intended population.
population generalizability
A nonrandom sample selected because prior knowledge suggests it is representative, or because those selected have the needed information.
purposive
A student enrolled in the Hotel and Restaurant Management School at Colorado State is researching the best restaurants in Denver based on the opinions of food critics. She begins by asking her advisor, who refers the student to four food critics who have written extensively on the subject and whom the student then contacts to interview for her study.
purposive
__ is a sample selected because the individuals have special qualifications of some sort, or because of prior evidence of representativeness
purposive
what sample consists of individuals who have special qualifications of some sort or are deemed representative on the basis of prior evidence.
purposive
Sampling may be either __ or __
random or nonrandom
Using random selection as the starting point for systematic sampling.
random start
Refers to conducting a study again; the second study may be a repetition of the original study, using different subjects, or specified aspects of the study may be changed.
replication
The best sample is one that is __ of the population
representative
The extent to which a sample is identical (in all characteristics) to the intended population.
representativeness
a sample that is similar to the population on all characteristics __'s the sample
represents
The group on which information is obtained.
sample
the __ is any part of a population of individuals on whom information is obtained
sample
The process of selecting a number of individuals (a sample) from a population, preferably in such a way that the individuals are representative of the larger group from which they were selected.
sampling
refers to the process of selecting the individuals who will participate (e.g., be observed or questioned) in a research study.
sampling
The distance in a list between individuals chosen when sampling systematically.
sampling interval
The proportion of individuals in the population that are selected for the sample in systematic sampling.
sampling ratio
A __ sample is a sample selected from a population in such a manner that all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected.
simple
A __ sample is one in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study.
simple
A sample selected in such a way that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. The group on which information is obtained.
simple
Another researcher is also interested in interviewing alumni of San Simeon College who graduated between the years 1990 and 1996. She gets the roster of the names of these individuals from the alumni office, selects the names of 100 individuals who graduated during these years using a table of random numbers, and then mails a questionnaire to everyone selected.
simple
is a sample selected from a population in such a manner that all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected.
simple
what are the 4 random sampling methods?
simple stratified cluster two-stage
When every member of the accessible population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study, the researcher is using
simple random sampling
A researcher surveying opinions about a university president first determines the proportion of the total faculty in each college in the university. She then randomly selects the same proportions for her sample.
stratified
The process of selecting a sample in such a way that identified subgroups in the population are represented in the sample in the same proportion as they exist in the population.
stratified
is a sample selected so that certain characteristics are represented in the sample in the same proportion as they occur in the population.
stratified
A selection procedure in which all sample elements are determined after the selection of the first element, since each element on a selected list is separated from the first element by a multiple of the selection interval; e.g., every tenth element may be selected
systematic
what sample is obtained by selecting every nth name in a population?
systematic
what are the 3 nonrandom sampling methods?
systematic convenience purposive
what lists and arranges numbers in no particular order and can be used to select a random sample.
table of random number
A table of numbers that provides the best means of random selection or random assignment.
table of random numbers
the actual population to whom the researcher would like to generalize
target
Educational researchers ultimately want the answer to a research question to pertain to the __ population
target population
The population to which the researcher, ideally, would like to generalize results.
target population
The purpose of stratified random sampling is to make certain that
the sample proportionately represents individuals from different categories of the population
A researcher is interested in identifying the attitudes of the physicians who work for Keyser Hospital toward the Republican plan for health care. She obtains a list of all the Keyser Medical Centers in southern California and randomly selects ten of these centers. Then she obtains a list of all the physicians at these centers and randomly selects eight physicians from each center to interview.
two stage
__sampling the clusters are selected first, then individuals are selected from each cluster.
two stage
A combination of individual random sampling and cluster random sampling.
two-stage
what sample selects groups randomly and then chooses individuals randomly from these groups.
two-stage
