Ch. 6: Cultural Geography

____ is a distinctly ethnic religion, the determining factors of which are descent from Isreal, the Torah, and the traditions of the culture and the faith

Judaism

Cultural ____ occurs when the sharing of technologies, organizational structures, and cultural traits leads to fewer differences between cultures.

convergence

Swahili, Afrikaans, and Haitian are all examples of ___. These languages formed through the mixture of two or more preexisting languages and eventually became the first languages of their speakers

creoles

How people interact with, perceive, use, and impact the natural environment of an area are aspects of the study of

cultural ecology

Judaism and Japanese Shinto are examples of _____ religions.

ethnic

New immigrants usually settle in an area where other members of their ethnic group live. These areas are referred to as _____

ethnic enclaves

Indifference to or rejection of religion and religious beliefs

secularism

The ___ subsystem of culture is the sum of expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations of culture.

sociological

The ____ subsystem of culture is made up of material objects and the techniques of their use.

technological

The primary imprint of Islam on the cultural landscape is _____

the mosque

Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism are all examples of

universalizing religions

Which four traits are identified by geographers as the most prominent of the differentiating culture traits of societies and regions:

1. Religion 2. Ethinicity 3. Language 4. Gender

There are about ____ different languages spoken by the approximately 7 billion people on Earth.

6,900

Cultural ____ is the time gap between innovation of a new technology or social structure and its adoption by a culture.

lag

The cultural ____ is the Earth's surface as modified human activities.

landscape

Indo-European, Amerindian, Japanese-Korean, and Dravidian are all examples of _____

language families

A group of languages thought to have a common origin in a single earlier tongue is called a ____ ____

language family

The phenomenon of the simultaneous appearance of innovation in different areas is called _____

parallel innovation

In what ways has Christianity impacted the cultural landscape?

1. Cemeteries constitute significant land use within urban areas 2. Churches form the center of towns, villages, and cities

Which of these statements about culture are correct?

1. Culture displays a social structure 2. Culture is learned within a social group 3. Culture is a complex web of behaviors and attitudes

Which of these are considered trappings of civilization?

1. Math and astronomy 2. Social stratification 3. Writing 4. Metallurgy

Which of these traits can be used to examine cultural diversity?

1. Music 2. Language 3. Food 4. Religion

Which of the following can be barriers to cultural diffusion?

1. Religious taboos 2. Political restrictions

Which of these are examples of the impact of Buddhism on the cultural landscape:

1. Shrines 2. Pagodas 3. Buddha images

Match each of the three subsystems of culture with an appropriate example.

1. Technological: a house 2. Sociological: a government entity 3. Ideological: a religion

A language spreads geographically through _____

1. The occupation of new territories by speakers 2. It's adoption by new species

____ is the name given to a belief that life exists in all objects; ____ is a form of religion that involves community acceptance of an individual who, through special powers, can intercede with and interpret the spiritual world

Animism, Shamanism

Founded in northern India in the 6th century B.C, by Siddartha Gautama, ______ is a universalizing religion.

Buddhism

The far eastern ethnic religions represent mixtures of established belief systems with ____

Buddhism

____ refers to socially created distinctions between the roles of men and women in a society

Gender

Based upon the teachings of the prophet Mohammed, _____ is a monotheistic, universalizing religion

Islam

____ is an organized system of speech by which people communicate with one another.

Language

____ ____usually encourage the efficient exchange of ideas, so they tend to be centers of innovation.

Large cities

_____ geography is the study of the characteristics and spatial patterns of speech communities.

Linguistic

____ is the process by which a concept, practice, or innovation spreads from its point of origin to new territories.

Spatial diffusion

____ religions are faiths that claim applicability to all humans and seek to transmit their beliefs to all lands

Universalizing

The popularization of baseball as well as other recreational aspects of American culture in Japanese culture is an example of ___

acculturation

A culture ____ is an assemblage of functionally interrelated culture traits.

complex

The areas shown here that were the source regions of social and technical revolutions from which innovations diffused to exert an influence on surrounding regions are called _____

culture hearths

In the modern world, due to globalization, differences in technology between different societies are the result of ____

differences in national and personal wealth

A primary control on regional differences in gender roles is ____

differing levels of economic development

Unprecedented cultural development occurred after the end of the last ice age. Because cultures developed in different locations at different times, cultural ____ between human groups became evident.

divergence

The viewpoint that the physical environment determines cultural development is called ____

environmental determinism

Hinduism, with its intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, and artistic elements is an ____ religion.

ethnic

The term ____ is used to refer to the ancestry of a particular people who have in common distinguishing characteristics associated with their heritage.

ethnicity

An ____ is a suburban community with a significant concentration of a single ethnic group.

ethnoburb

The ____ subsystem of culture consists of the ideas, beliefs, and knowledge of a culture and the ways in which they are expressed.

ideological

Changes to a culture that result from ideas created within the social group itself are referred to as _______

innovation

The development of fossil fuel-based energy, Judaism, and democracy are all exampes of _____

innovation

English is an example of a _____ ______ , a language used habitually for communication between people who have different native tongues

lingua franca

Changes in technological systems that occurred as humans shifted from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to more sedentary lifestyles led to _____

major sociological changes

A ___ is a new language, often highly simplified, made up of a mixture of languages by speakers of those languages who are trying to communicate with one another.

pidgin

The idea that people, not environment, are the dynamic forces of cultural development is called

possibilism

What is the name used for the concept that cultural development is determined by people and not by the physical environment?

possibilism

A _____ is a value system that involves systems of formal or informal worship of and faith in the sacred and divine

religion

The spread of mobile phone technology around the world is an example of ___ ___, while the simultaneous invention of the telephone by Elisha Gray and Alexandar Graham Bell is an example of ____ ____.

spatial diffusion independent innovation

People who speak a common language are members of a ____

speech community

Languages usually include a ____ ____ and a number of distinct ____

standard language (accepted norms of syntax, vocab, and pronunciation) dialects (ordinary speech of subdivisions of society)

When a new idea or artifact is diffused to a new cultural group, it may undergo some sort of alteration to join it with the existing culture. The process is called

syncretism

Questions concerning the adaptive strategies used by different cultures in the daily cycle of existence are answered by examining the ____ of culture.

technological subsystem

Social scientists define culture as _____

the behaviors, understandings, and adaptations of a group of people.

New York, Birmingham, Sahara, and Wisconsin are examples of ____ that reveal the history of a culture

toponyms

Geographers use the term cultural ____ for the smallest distinctive items of culture such as languages or beliefs.

traits

With its message of salvation to all humankind, Christianity is an example of a _____ religion

universalizing

Cultural change is induced by:

1. spatial diffusion 2. acculturation 3. innovation

What is a culture system?

A collection of interacting culture traits and complexes shared by a group within a particular territory.

What is a culture realm?

A large segment of the Earth's surface having basic uniformity in its cultural characteristics.

What is a culture region?

A portion of the Earth's surface occupied by people sharing distinct cultural characteristics

____ is the process of joining old and new ideas and artifacts during cultural change.

Syncretism

What event occurred 12,000 to 13,000 years ago that led to a change a change from primitive hunting and gathering to more complex technological subsystems?

The end of the last ice age