Ch. 6 Foot & Toes
The distal ends of metatarsals are termed the heads. The 5 heads form the ____ of the foot
"ball"
What is the IR size used for foot and toes?
10 x 12 (smaller can be used if patient anatomy allows)
___ phalanges, ____ metatarsals (bones of instep), ______ tarsals
14, 5, 7
What two metatarsal bases appear overlapped in the image of the AP Oblique projection of the foot, medial rotation?
1st & 2nd metatarsal bases
The foot consists of ___ bones
26
Which individual toes are best demonstrated using the AP Oblique projection with the foot rotated laterally?
3-5th toes
What is the SID?
40-48 inches
List the essential projections of the foot:
AP or AP Axial AP Medial Oblique Lateral
List the essential projections of the toes:
AP or AP Axial AP Oblique Lateral (mediolateral or lateromedial)
Where is the CR directed for AP Axial of toes?
Angled 15 degrees posteriorly (may be perpendicular if toes are elevated on 15 degree wedge sponge), entering 3rd MTP joint
The joints between phalanges are ____ joints
IP
Where is the CR directed for AP of toes?
Perpendicular, entering 3rd MTP joint
_______ occupy medial and central parts of the foot between the navicular, and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd metatarsals
The 3 cuneiforms
Congenital Clubfoot
abnormal twisting of the foot, usually inward and downward
Where is the CR directed for AP Axial of the foot?
angled 10 degrees toward heel to the base of the 3rd metatarsal
Jones Fracture
avulsion fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal
List the 7 tarsals
calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform
Sesamoid bones are small _____ bones found in the foot
detached
What is the part position for Lateral foot?
elevate knee to place patella perpendicular to table, dorsiflex foot 90 degrees from leg
What is the classification of metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints?
ellipsoidal
What is the part position for AP or AP Axial of the foot?
flex knee, plantar surface of foot on IR, long axis of foot aligned parallel
Decapitated foot
foot detached from tib/fib
Polydactly
having multiple digits on either the hand or foot
The talus occupies the ____ position and is the _____ largest. The talus articulates with ______
highest, second, calcaneus
What is the part position for AP or AP Axial of toes?
knee flexed with sole of foot on IR, long axis of foot aligned parallel
What is the part position for AP Oblique toes?
knee flexed, leg & foot medially rotated to place plantar surface of foot at 30-45 degree angle from plane of IR
What is the part position for AP Medial Oblique of the foot?
knee flexed, leg & foot rotated medially to place plantar surface 30 degrees from IR
What is the patient position for Lateral 3rd to 5th toes?
lateral recumbent on affected side
What is the patient position for Lateral great & 2nd toe?
lateral recumbent on unaffected side
The cuboid is on the ____ side between the ____ and the 4th and 5th metatarsals
lateral, calcaneus
The metatarsals are numbered 1-5 and named _____ to ______
medial to lateral
The ____ cuneiform is the largest and the ____ cuneiform is the smallest
medial, intermediate
The navicular is on the ___ side between the ____ and the 3 cuneiforms
medial, talus
In which direction (medially or laterally) should the foot be rotated for the AP Oblique projection to best demonstrate the cuboid and its related articulations?
medially
Calcaneus is also referred to as ____ and is the _____ tarsal.
os clacis, largest
Where is the CR directed for AP Oblique toes?
perpendicular to 3rd MTP joint
Where is the CR directed for Lateral great & 2nd toe?
perpendicular to MTP joint of great toe perpendicular to MTP joint of 2nd toe
Where is the CR directed for Lateral 3rd to 5th toes?
perpendicular to PIP joint of affected toe
Where is the CR directed for AP of the foot?
perpendicular to base of 3rd metatarsal
Where is the CR directed for Lateral foot?
perpendicular to base of metatarsals (mid-foot)
Where is the CR directed for AP Medial Oblique of the foot?
perpendicular to base of the 3rd metatarsal
The foot is divided into forefoot, mid-foot, and hind-foot. The forefoot includes ____ and ____. The mid-foot includes 5 ______ and the hind-foot includes ______ and ________.
phalanges & metatarsals, 5 tarsals, talus & calcaneous
The distal ends of the metatarsals articulate with __________, called the _______ joint.
proximal phalanges, metatarsophalangeal (MTP)
What is the patient position for Lateral foot?
recumbent on table, turned toward affected side until leg and foot are lateral
The superior surface of the foot is termed _______ and the posterior surface of the foot is termed __________
superior ---> dorsum or dorsal posterior --> plantar
What classification are the IP joints of the phalanges?
synovial, diarthrodial hinge
The axial projection of the foot demonstrates the _______ joint spaces better and reduces foreshortening.
tarsometatarsal