CH. 6: Memory

Which type of memory is retrieved unconsciously?

implicit memory

The retention of information or experiences over time is called your

memory

The first step in improving the power of your memory when studying is to

organize the material you want to study

Sometimes _____ of material gives you the false sense that you understand something. It is better to test yourself and ask questions about the material to see if you really know it.

recognition

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's ____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing ____ abilities.

recognition recall

You smell a turkey roasting in the oven, and suddenly you are once again 6 years old and eagerly anticipating your family's Thanksgiving dinner. Why does smell share such a special relationship with memory?

Smells have a direct superhighway to the brain structures involved in emotion and memory

It refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and events

declarative memory (explicit)

Memory is better when encoding happens at the ____ level of processing.

deepest

According to _____, memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures, at least those that can be named, are stored as both image codes and verbal codes.

dual code hypothesis

_______ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory.

echoic memory iconic memory

A student is studying for a philosophy exam. She is trying to remember a list of philosophy concepts and associates each one with a personal event in her life. Which of the following is she employing?

elaboration

When taking in information, the process of ____ helps establish different connections across the many levels of encoding memory.

elaboration

Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes.

encoding

Taking in information through your senses for the purposes of memory is described as

encoding

Problems remembering something may be the result of not storing the information in memory in the first place; this phenomenon is called

encoding failure

Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in

enhanced memory retrieval

memory for one's personal past experiences

episodic memory

____ refers to a person's memories about himself or herself, whereas _____ refers to a person's memories about the world.

episodic memory semantic memory

______ has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why. ______ has to do with remembering how.

explicit memory implicit memory

When you visualize material in a way that makes it more likely you will remember it in the future, you are using

imagery

When you say to your friend, "I remember the time that we went to the mall and bought those shoes." You are using the memory process of

retrieval

bringing information to mind whenever needed

retrieval

Which is NOT an encoding strategy for improving your memory?

retrieval cues

You study hard for a test tomorrow. According to the science of memory, when you are ready to begin the test, you should remain calm, relax, and take a deep breath so you will be able to ______ the information accurately.

retrieve

According to the serial position effect, if you are a waiter trying to remember all the orders for a table of 7, you should pay particular attention to the __________ orders, because these are the ones you are most likely to forget.

third fourth and fifth

Joleen is walking around the mall with her friend Krista. They stop to get ice cream at the food court. Joleen wants a scoop of strawberry on a sugar cone, but for some reason, as she is ordering, the word strawberry escapes her. She says to the server, "Um, you know, the red ice cream with berries in it." What is Joleen experiencing?

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

How long can information stay in short-term memory?

30 seconds unless rehearsed over and over

Most people can keep _____ items in their short-term memory.

7 +or- 2

How are a schema and a script different?

A script is a specific type of schema that focuses on events, whereas other types of schemas focus on a variety of experiences.

Jen's dad sends her to the grocery store for a few last-minute dinner items. Jen repeats the list of 10 items as she walks to the store, but can only remember the first and last three items when she gets there. She is unable to remember the four in the middle. Why did she forget the four items in the middle of the list?

Because her father gave her the list all at once, Jen wasn't able to hold each item in her short-term memory long enough to encode it for long-term storage

Gustav is asked to remember a grocery list. One of the items listed is bananas. Based on what you know about levels of processing and their effect on encoding, which is the best way Gustav should encode bananas?

Gustav thinks about how he loves bananas in his cereal, and his favorite color is yellow

Nicholas is a waiter who wants to be able to take complex orders from large parties without writing them down. What can he do to increase his memory performance under such circumstances?

He should try to remember the person's face, and imagine each person eating the food he or she has ordered

Shira is studying for her biology exam. Shira's usual study method is to just read the book until everything makes sense. But her friend has told her that she should really be testing herself periodically. Why is self-testing so important?

It's one thing for Shira to recognize information when it's in front of her, but a better sign of understanding is the ability to recall it later.

Jolynn recently witnessed a crime and is now providing testimony for the police. Based on what we know of research regarding eyewitness testimony, how should the police interpret her description of the criminal?

They should be aware that her memories have likely been distorted by her biases and her expectations

A person may be referred to as _____ when there is a failure in prospective memory.

absentminded

A. quickly scanning information for relevant details B. immediately forgetting relevant information C. using Miller's framework for memory retrieval D. reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller meaningful units

chunking

Which theory of long-term memory organization focuses on interconnected nodes that either excite or inhibit one another?

connectionist networks

A student's class always met in room 100. However, when that student took the final exam, the class met in room 317. The student experienced memory problems at the final exam. What could account for the student's memory problems?

context dependent memory

People often have better memory of information when the retrieval situation is similar to the situation in which the information was first presented. This is an example of

context dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place.

context dépendent memory

Being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it involves what type of memory?

declarative

A person who cannot create new memories

has anterograde amnesia.

Smells can evoke vivid memories because the olfactory cortex links to the _____, which is associated with memory.

hippocampus

Neurological studies on memory have revealed that the______ play an important role in explicit memory and that the _____ play an important role in implicit memory.

hippocampus and temporal lobe cerebellum and cerebral cortex

Cailean has always wished she had a "photographic memory." She sits on the steps of one of the academic buildings and watches the people. Sometimes she closes her eyes and tries to recall everything about what she was seeing. Each time, though, the memory quickly seems to dissolve. In what kind of memory is the visual information stored while it lasts?

iconic

The primacy effect is thought to occur because

items stay in working memory longer

When two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them will increase; this is called

long term potentiation

With technological advances, it is rare that we would write someone's phone number on a piece of paper. Our phones store all of this contact information for us. As a result, the _____ we have about people's phone numbers and contact information is dependent upon what we have stored in our phones and not in our own minds.

memory

_____ involves retaining information over time.

memory

Akira Haraguchi recited the digits of pi to the first 83,431 decimal places in 2005. Psychologists consider Haraguchi

mnemonist

In his research with nonsense syllables, Ebbinghaus found that

most forgetting occurs shortly after the information is learned.

A subsystem within Long term memory which consists of skills we acquire through repetition and practice (e.g., dance, playing the piano, driving a car)

nondeclarative memory (implicit)

Research shows that recovered memories of child abuse are

often difficult to prove or disprove

A middle-school teacher places words such as "calm" and "success" on the walls of his classroom to impact the behavior and achievement of his students. What memory process is he using?

priming

As part of an experiment in psychology class, Professor Chang writes the word "yellow" on the board before class begins. He doesn't bring the word to the students' attention, but they can all clearly see it. Later, he asks each student to write down the name of the first fruit that comes to mind. The majority of the class writes "banana." This illustrates the concept of

priming

In high school, a student took German; however, she decided to take Russian in college. She finds that she is having trouble learning to speak Russian because she keeps using German words instead of Russian words. What type of problem is she experiencing?

proactive interference

Your ability to use a computer mouse is an example of what type of memory?

procedural

Eyewitness accounts of crimes are

prone to errors

The reason your mother makes a "to-do" list is because she doesn't want to forget anything important during the day. This list helps her

prospective memory

Although Alex had never taken chemistry before, he still knew, based on experiences with other college courses, what to expect on the first day of class. Alex has a(n) ______ for "the first day of class."

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

schema

People very quickly adapt to the procedures and behaviors appropriate at a birthday party. General knowledge of what to expect and how to behave at a birthday is called a(n)

script

Which is NOT a type of attention?

semantic

Your memory of civil war history is an example of what type of memory?

semantic memory

memory for knowledge about the world

semantic memory

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?

sensory memory short term memory long term memory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory includes

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

short term memory

What type of information is stored in the phonological loop?

speech based information

The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.

state dependent memory

Motivated forgetting and repressed memories are usually associated with what type of memories?

traumatic memories

focused, sustained, selective, alternating, divided

types of attention