Ch. 6 Nonverbal Messages

Artifactual Communication

Communication via objects made by human hands EX: clothing, jewelry, color

Nonverbal Communication

Communication without words

Culture and Touch

Contact culture- stand closer to each other and have more personal body language Non-contact culture- stand farther away and have more distant or formal body language.

Culture and Gestures

Dependent on culture

Adaptors

Gestures that satisfy some personal need, such as scratching to relieve an itch or moving your hair out of your eyes ALTER-ADAPTOR: Movements directed at the person with whom you're speaking, such as removing lint from someone's jacket OBJECT ADAPTORS: Gestures focused on objects, such as doodling on or shredding a Styrofoam coffee cup.

Body Communication

Height - Contribute a higher exemption of success Ethnicity - Reveals your ethnicity and clues about your nationality Attractiveness - Attractive people have the advantage in just about every activity you can name

Facial movement express at least 8 emotions:

Primary Affect Display: 1. Happiness 2. Surprise 3. Fear 4. Anger 5. Sadness 6. Disgust 7. Contempt 8. Interest

Crucial for Expressing Emotion

Revealing level of: - Happiness - Sadness - Confusion Reveal feelings by: - Posture - Gestures - Eye movements - Dilation of your pupils Helps communicate unpleasant messages Helps hide one's emotions

Polychronism

Schedules many things at a time. Typically has a more laissez faire lifestyle

Monochronism

Schedules one thing at a time. Every event has its place. Ex. The U.S. and Germany

Facial Management Techniques

enable you to communicate your feelings to achieve the effect you want

Interpersonal Time

factors that effect interpersonal interaction Punctuality: Wait time - appropriate amount of time to wait, Duration - length of time an interaction will take Talk time - who initiates, speaks longer, terminates, and directs the topics for a conversation Work time - time schedule of your work, Relationship Time - how much time spent based on relationship Response Time - time it takes a person to respond

Visual Dominance

the phenomenon wherein the observation from one eye dominates the percept whenever observing a scene with two eyes

Civil Inattention

the process whereby strangers who are in close proximity demonstrate that they are aware of one another, without imposing on each other

Kinesics

the study of nonverbal communication through face and body movements

6 Major Ways Verbal & Nonverbal Interact

1. Accent 2. Complement 3. Contradict 4. Control 5. Repeat 6. Substitute

Two major factors of Nonverbal Communication

1. Attractiveness, popularity, and psychosocial well-being depends on your ability to send and receive nonverbal signals 2. Greater nonverbal skills equal success in communicating information/influencing others

10 Nonverbal Channels

1. Body 2. Face 3. Eye 4. Space 5. Artificial 6. Touch 7. Paralanguage 8. Silence 9. Time 10. Smell

4 Proxemics Distance (Spatial Distances)

1. Intimate: Ranging from actual touching to 18 inches, in intimate distance the presence of the other individual is unmistakable 2. Personal: The protective "bubble" that defines your personal space, ranging from 18 inches to 4 feet is personal distance 3. Social: Ranging from 4 to 12 feet, at social distance you lose the visual details you have at personal distance 4. Public: The space around you that protects you from others, referred to as public distance, ranges from 12 to more than 25 feet

BODY COMMUNICATION: Two Important Areas of the Body

1. Movement made w/to communicate 2. General appearance of body communications

3 Types of Territory

1. Primary: Your exclusive preserve - on these areas you are in control EX: your room or house 2. Secondary Territories: Doesn't belong to you but you are associated with them because you have occupied them for a long time EX: your desk or bus seat 3. Public Territories: areas that are open to all people EX: park, movies, beach

5 Major Types of Body Movement:

1. emblems 2. Illustrators 3. affect displays 4. regulators 5. adaptors

Culture and Colors

All of the colors mean different things in different cultures

Silence

Allows the speaker: To think To hurt To lessen anxiety To prevent communication To communicate emotions

Culture and Facial Expressions

Also depend on culture EX: American shows emotions while Japanese don't

Culture and Eye Communication

Also depend on culture EX: Americans like eye contact while Japanese find it offensive

Smell/Olfactory Communication

Attraction messages - typically sent by perfumes or colognes Taste Messages - stimulates appetite, Memory messages - smell has powerful memories Identification messages - to identify objects

Regulators

Behaviors that monitor, control, coordinate, or maintain the speaking of another individual Ex: Nodding your head encourage the speaker to keep on speaking

Emblems

Body gestures that directly translate into words or phrases Ex: a thumbs up equal good job

You can form an impression based on:

Body size Skin color Style of dress Eye contact Facial expression

Territory Markers

CENTRAL MARKERS: items you place in a territory to reserve it EX: you place your coffee on a table, books on your desk BOUNDARY MARKERS: set boundaries that divide your territory from "theirs." EX: in the supermarket checkout line, the bar placed between your groceries and those of the person behind you is an example EAR MARKERS: marks that indicate your ownership of a territory or object EX: trademarks, nameplates

The Meanings of Touch

EMOTIONAL COMM.: touch may communicate positive emotions such as support or touch can signal anger PLAYFULNESS: sometimes this playful touching is affectionate. Ex: "Punching" someone in the arm for can be signified as "good luck" TASK-RELATED TOUCHING: task touching occurs wile you're performing some function Ex: Removing a speck of dust from another person's face RITUAL TOUCHING: touching centers on greetings and departures Ex: Hugging for hello or kissing for goodbye CONTROL: touch may also control or direct the behaviors, attitudes, or feelings of another. Ex: You may touch a person as to say "Look at me" or "Look over her."

Space Communication

Edward T. Hall pioneered the study of spatial communication and called this research area proxemics

Illustrators

Enhance the verbal messages they accompany

Eye Communication

Eye contact functions: - Seek feedback - Inform the other person that the channel of Communication is open and that he or she should speak now Eye Avoidance functions: - Help other maintain their privacy - Lack of interest

Tie Signs

Indicate the ways in which your relationship is tied together ex: holding hands

Culture, Paralanguage, and Silence

Individualist societies favor fast speakers, Traditionalist societies favor slow speakers

Affect Display

Movements of the face (smiling or frowning) but also of the hands and general body (body tension or relaxation) that communicate emotional meaning

Accent

Nonverbal communication is often used to accent or emphasize some part of the verbal message Ex: Raising your voice

Complement

Nonverbal communication may be used to complement, to add nuances of meaning not communicated by your verbal message. Ex: Smiling while telling a story suggest you find it humorous.

Control

Nonverbal signals can be use to control or display your desire for control Ex: You can follow your verbal "Is that all right?" with raised eyebrows and a questioning look.

Substitute

Nonverbal signals can be use to replace verbal messages. Ex: Signaling "OK" with a hand gesture.

Contradict

Nonverbal signals can contradict verbal messages Ex: Crossing your fingers behind your back when lying

Culture and Time

Social Clock- Appropriate age to do things like dating Informal Time- Deals with times; changes with culture Formal Time- Literal time values,

Touch Communication (haptics)

Suggest that touch is perhaps the most primitive form of communication

Strategies Used to Present a False Self and to Deceive Others:

TO BE LIKED: Might smile, pat someone on the back, and shake hands warmly TO BE BELIEVED: Might use focused eye contact, a firm stance, and open gestured. TO EXCUSE FAILURE: Might look sad, cover your face with your hands, and shake your head TO HELP SECURE: While indicating helplessness you might use open hand gestures, a puzzled look, and inept movement. TO HIDE FAULTS: Might avoid self-adaptors To be followed : Might dress the part of a leader. TO CONFIRM SELF-IMAGE AND TO COMMUNICATE IT TO OTHERS: Dress in certain ways or decorate to display your personality

Facial Communication

TO INTENSIFY: to exaggerate your astonishment at a surprise party to make your friends feel better TO DEINTENSIFY: To cover up your own joy about good news in the presence of a friend who didn't receive any such news TO NEUTRALIZE: To cover up your sadness so as not to depress others TO MASK: To express happiness in order to cover up your disappointment at not receiving a gift you expected TO SIMULATE: To express an emotion you didn't feel.

Nonverbal Messages Help Form Relationships

Things you communicate nonverbally: Affection Support Love Displeasure Anger

Repeat

Verbal messages can be repeated nonverbally Ex: Clearing your throat to indicate you are not ready to relieve your speaking ground.

Nonverbal Messages Structure Conversations

When in a conversation you give and receive cues that you're ready to speak, listen, or comment on what the speaker just said

Territoriality

a possessive or ownership reaction to an area of space or to particular objects