CH 7 Cellular Respiration
Write the equation for the anaerobic process of alcoholic fermentation.
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Write the general equation for photosynthesis.
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What two gases are exchanged during respiration?
Carbon dioxide and oxygen
How many ATP molecules are produced as a result of aerobic cellular respiration?
36 ATP molecules
What two reactants are used to make ATP? Is the making of ATP an endergonic or exergonic process? Where does the energy come from?
A phosphate group is attached to ADP to form ATP. The making of ATP is an endergonic process. Energy from the sun is transferred to glucose and then to ATP.
What is alcoholic fermentation? What kind of organisms are capable of this type of metabolism? What makes them capable of doing this type of metabolism?
Alcoholic Fermentation is a type of cellular respiration which does not require oxygen (anaerobic respiration), and involves the breaking down of glucose to pyruvic acid and then finally ethanol. Yeast organisms are capable of this type of metabolism. They are capable of this because they have the enzymes necessary.
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic does not require oxygen.
What is glycolysis and where in the cell does it occur?
Glycolysis means to "break glucose apart." It happens in the cytoplasm.
Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs, producers and consumers.
Heterotrophs are those organisms that cannot make their own food from the inorganic matter present. They are consumers and feed on the producers, which are autotrophs, or organisms that can make their own food from the inorganic matter. They utilize the sunlight and convert solar energy to chemical energy.
What is lactic acid fermentation? Where and under what circumstances does lactic acid fermentation occur? What are the results of lactic acid fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation occurs when glucose, because oxygen is not available, is broken down to pyruvate. To work around this problem, the cell converts pyruvate that is produced from glycolysis into lactate, which is transported to the liver to be used in gluconeogensis. This process is much less efficient than aerobic respiration, since it only produces 2 ATP compared to 36 ATP. Lactic acid then builds up in the muscles and bloodstream. This upsets homeostasis and lowers the pH of muscles and bloodstream and then the body's limit is reached. The acid goes to the liver and is eventually broken down.
Where in the cell is aerobic cellular respiration completed?
Mitochondria
How many ATP molecules are produced as a result of alcoholic fermentation? Why so few?
Only 2 ATP molecules are produced as a result of alcoholic fermentation because the rest of the energy is stored in the ethanol bonds.
What is the definition for photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.
Following glycolysis, if oxygen is available, what two waste products result from respiration? What happens to these waste products in the human body? During aerobic cellular respiration only 39% of the energy of glucose is transferred to the energy of ATP. What happens to the remainder of the energy of glucose?
The waste products of aerobic cellular reparation are carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is breathed out and water is expelled from the body through urine. The remainder of the energy of glucose is lost as heat.
For what purpose does a cell use ATP?
Transport work, mechanical work, and synthesis all require ATP.