Ch. 7

Observational learning

The process of watching how others behave and in result, learn from example

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency for stimuli similar to those used during learning (CS) to elicit a reaction similar to the learned response. (dog reacting to different tones for food instead of just one)

Second-order Conditioning

When a CS-US relationship is well established, the CS can be paired with a second, neutral stimulus until that stimulus elicits the same conditioned response. -conditioned stimulus can be weakened -spontaneous recovery -repeated trials can extinct CR

Skinner

Who is famous for the Baby Box?

Punishment

___ is not the most effective way to teach

Phobias

____ develop due to a neutral stimuli that were not initially the fearful stimuli, but occurred simultaneously

mirror neurons

____ explains why we are a social species.

Inborn fear

a fear you were born with

Vicarious Conditioning

a form of learning in which the learner acquires a conditioned response merely by observing another participant being conditioned

Partial reinforcement

a learning condition in which only some of the organism's responses are reinforced.

Interval schedule

a pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain amount of time has passed.

Ratio Schedule

a pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain number of responses.

dishabituation

a previously predictable stimulus changes, causing the organism to renew its attention to the stimulus -increase in responsiveness -want to pay attention/reassess

fixed ratio

a reinforcement every fixed amount of times you complete the task (every 5th turn)

fixed interval

a reinforcement every fixed amount time (every 5 minutes)

Conditioned response

a response elicited by an initially neutral stimulus-the conditioned stimulus- after it has been paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus. (response due to learned association) ex. because the bell is related to food -> triggers salivation

Unconditioned Response

a response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior training (automatic response) ex. salivation

Positive Reinforcement

a response follows by a rewarding stimulus ex. press lever, get food

Imitation is...

a result of observational learning

Unconditioned Stimulus

a stimulus that reliably triggers a particular response without prior training ex. food

discriminate

an aspect of learning in which the organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that have been associated with a US (or reinforcement), and stimuli that have not

Discriminate

an aspect of learning in which the organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that have been associated with a US (or reinforcement), and stimuli that have not.

Reinforcer

anything that an organism will work to achieve/succeed

Our most basic form of learning is...

classical conditioning

Habituation

decline in response to stimuli that have become familiar through repeated exposure -technique for learning

Thorndike

formulated the Law of Effect using a puzzle box and a cat (pressed lever, get food)

The most basic form of learning is.....

habituation

classical conditioning explains...

how irrational phobias develop

Classical conditioning

learning by the association between one stimulus and another -before conditioning (US+UR) -after conditioning (CS+CR)

______ is problematic in kids with autism

mirror neurons

Mirror neurons

neurons that fire whenever an object performs an action, and whenever the object watches another thing performing the same action. -a motor neuron in the motor cortex

habituation studies measure...

perceptual and visual abilites

Law of Effect

performance is strengthened if it's followed by a reward and weakened if it's not. -we do things because we are reinforced

classical conditioning is linked to ...

phobias

Variable schedule

providing a reinforcement on AVERAGE (time or number of times)

Instrumental Conditioning (operant conditioning)

reinforcement after appropriate response (uses a reward system). -refers to learning of behaviors under voluntary control.

Variable Interval

reinforcement on average amount of time (minutes, seconds)

variable ratio

reinforcement on average number of times (every 5, every 7)

Negative Reinforcement

response followed by the removal of an aversive/unwanted stimulus ex. removal of shock

Schedule of Reinforcement

the rules about how often and under what conditions a response will be reinforced.

Operants

voluntary responses strengthened by reinforcement

Punishment

when a behavior is weakened or decreased due to an aversive/unwanted stimulus being implimented

Albert Bandera

who conducted the Bobo Doll Experiment

Watson

who did studies on "Little Albert" and fears

Insight Learning

"aha" experience -learning occurs when an organism suddenly grasps the solution to a problem and incorporates new and old knowledge.

mirror neurons are linked to...

-empathy -sympathy -imitation

2 inborn fears

-falling -loud noises

What are the 4 things that we have to be able to do to learn by observation?

-have to pay attention -have to retain information -have to be able to reproduce the behavior -have to be motivated

Increasing a respons

-positive reinforcement -negative reinforcement

Systematic Desensitization

-repeated presentation of CS designed to reduce anxiety. -how we treat phobias

Bobo doll experiment

-studied aggression -explains that we learn by watching

Ivan Pavlov

-studied classical conditioning -measured saliva produced in a dog

Kohler's experiment

-studied insight -discovered that animals have insight -chimp sultan

criticisms of bobo doll experiment

-the purpose of the bobo doll -age

VIDEO: Do pigeons have insight?

-yes -pigeon sultan experiment

Escape learning

A type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive/unwanted stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus

An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a new response due to pairings with the unconditioned stimulus. ex. ringing of the bell -> related to food

Avoidance Learning

An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive/unwanted stimulus from occurring

BF Skinner

Behavioral psychologist and inventor who took operant conditioning to the next level -elaborated and defined Thorndike's -studied animals in highly -time vs. behavior (animal and food)

Classical vs. Operant

Classical Operant -stimulus precedes -stimulus follows response and the response and strengthens it elicits it -response is a reflex -response is voluntary and emitted and elicited -learning as a result -learning as a result of of association consequences -Pavlov & Watson -Thorndike & Skinner

Punishment

Decreasing a response

VIDEO QUESTION: what was the video about?

Skinner talks about the schedules of reinforcement -basically saying that people don't control their actions. we act upon reinforcements