Ch. 7 Quiz

39. Which vitamin is most difficult to obtain from natural dietary sources, although it may be found in several fortified foods? A. thiamin B. niacin C. C D. vitamin D E. vitamin E

D. vitamin D

23. Which of the following vitamins has no UL listed? A. vitamin D B. niacin C. vitamin A D. vitamin B6 E. vitamin B12

E. vitamin B12

31. A deficiency of either of these two vitamins produces a similar anemia: A. thiamin and riboflavin B. riboflavin and niacin C. thiamin and vitamin B6 D. pantothenic acid and biotin E. vitamin B12 and folate

E. vitamin B12 and folate

37. Excessive intake of this water-soluble vitamin may impair liver function. A. riboflavin B. ascorbic acid C. cholecalciferol D. retinol E. niacin

E. niacin

1. The human body is known to need an adequate supply of _________ different vitamins. A. 8 B. 10 C. 13 D. 18

C. 13

28. Good sources of vitamin A (as retinol or beta-carotene) include: (1) bread (2) apricots (3) legumes (4) pumpkin pie (5) pears (6) sweet potatoes (7) baked potatoes (8) hamburger (9) liver. A. 1, 3, 4, 6 B. 2, 5, 7, 8 C. 2, 4, 6, 9 D. 3, 5, 7, 8 E. 1, 6, 7, 9

C. 2, 4, 6, 9

44. Major sources of vitamin E in the diet are: A. meat B. milk and dairy products C. citrus fruits D. vegetable oils E. poultry

D. vegetable oils

50. Because vitamin A is fat soluble: A. It is easily stored by the body and can be toxic when consumed in excessive amounts B. it must go through beta-oxidation in order to be used for fuel C. it must be ingested in high amounts when exercising to burn additional fat stores D. it is poorly absorbed during digestion

A. It is easily stored by the body and can be toxic when consumed in excessive amounts

18. Vitamin intake may be inadequate for which of the following reason(s)? A. A diet high in processed foods that are not prepared properly. B. Fruits and vegetables should be stored at room temperature in direct light to minimize vitamin loss. C. Excessive vitamin losses involved with cooking with a microwave or in waterless cookware. D. All of the answers are correct.

A. A diet high in processed foods that are not prepared properly.

20. Which of the following statements is correct for vitamin supplements? A. A megadose is generally defined as an amount ten times the RDA, although it is sometimes lower for certain vitamins B. Vitamin/mineral overdoses result in about 1,000 fatalities in the United States each year C. You should buy supplements containing 200 percent of the RDA for all vitamins and minerals D. National brands of supplements are more expensive, but have less impurities, thus, they are a more prudent choice

A. A megadose is generally defined as an amount ten times the RDA, although it is sometimes lower for certain vitamins

14. Vitamin C has been the subject of much controversy. Which of the following statements is true for ascorbic acid? A. Its principal role is the synthesis of collagen, but it is also involved in the formation of certain hormones and neurotransmitters B. The male adult RDA for vitamin C is 60 mg/day C. Vitamin C supplementation increases physical performance capacity in subjects who are not vitamin deficient D. There are no detrimental effects of taking mega doses of vitamin C

A. Its principal role is the synthesis of collagen, but it is also involved in the formation of certain hormones and neurotransmitters

9. Which of the following is true of vitamin E? A. The RDA for vitamin E is given in alpha tocopherol equivalents B. Vitamin E is a water-soluble vitamin C. A well-planned experiment by Kobayashi demonstrated that vitamin E would improve VO2 max and increase aerobic endurance in well trained athletes at sea level D. It cannot be stored in the body

A. The RDA for vitamin E is given in alpha tocopherol equivalents

4. Excessive amounts of which of the following vitamins is most likely to be fatal? A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) C. Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) D. Biotin

A. Vitamin A

16. Which of the following vitamins is NOT a fat soluble vitamin? A. Vitamin B12 B. Vitamin E C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin A

A. Vitamin B12

49. Your physician has just informed you that you have a biochemical deficiency of vitamin C. She was able to determine this by: A. administering a blood test and finding low vitamin C levels B. analyzing your diet and finding low vitamin C intake C. determining that you have impaired collagen formation and increased free radical damage D. diagnosing that you suffer from the disease scurvy

A. administering a blood test and finding low vitamin C levels

36. Most of the B vitamins function in human metabolism as A. coenzymes B. hormones C. antioxidants D. a source of Calories E. activators of mineral metabolism

A. coenzymes

48. The B vitamins play major roles in: A. facilitating energy production and making red blood cells B. maintaining skin health and decreasing oxidative damage to skin cells C. decreasing free radicals and increasing epinephrine from the brain D. increasing fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue and serving as neurotransmitters

A. facilitating energy production and making red blood cells

33. Which vitamin may block the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and thus may decrease a source of potential energy during exercise? A. niacin B. thiamin C. folate D. pantothenic acid E. B12

A. niacin

19. Which of the following is a valid reason for vitamin supplementation? A. Diseases and disorders will increase the RDA for all vitamins B. Antibiotics kill intestinal bacteria and decrease the production of certain vitamins C. Use of drugs, such as oral contraceptives and insulin will increase the need for all vitamins D. The lack of the intrinsic factor for vitamin C

B. Antibiotics kill intestinal bacteria and decrease the production of certain vitamins

42. Riboflavin is also known as vitamin A. B1 B. B2 C. B3 D. B6 E. B12

B. B2

17. The compound CoQ10 A. is a vitamin with a chemical structure similar to vitamin D. B. facilitates the aerobic generation of ATP as part of the electron transfer system. C. when taken in doses of 100 mg for four weeks did significantly increase cardiac function and VO2 max. D. appears to be one of the few supplements that are considered to be ergogenic.

B. facilitates the aerobic generation of ATP as part of the electron transfer system.

12. Vitamin B6 is a collective term for three naturally occurring substances that are all metabolically and functionally related. Vitamin B6 A. deficiencies are more common in male athletes than female athletes. B. is involved in the metabolism of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. C. deficiencies have been associated with an increase in an individual's exercise program. D. supplementation produces an ergogenic effect on metabolic functions during exercise: the capacity to do more work.

B. is involved in the metabolism of protein, carbohydrates, and fat.

10. Thiamine is a water soluble vitamin and A. is also known as the anti-hemorrhage vitamin. B. is needed to help convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA. C. serious deficiencies lead to pellagra. D. the need for it is increased when one has a high-protein intake.

B. is needed to help convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA.

2. Free radicals A. contain 2 electrons in the outer orbit. B. may be very reactive with body tissues. C. are not linked to DNA damage and the development of cancer. D. can be neutralized only by taking beta-carotene or vitamin E supplements.

B. may be very reactive with body tissues.

40. Although athletes on weight reduction diets normally may not need vitamin supplementation, which athletes, based on the nature of their sport, may be best advised to take a supplement? A. swimmers B. wrestlers C. baseball players D. field hockey players E. sprinters

B. wrestlers

22. Which of the following are true B vitamins? (1) inositol (2) choline (3) biotin (4) lipoic acid (5) PABA (6) niacin (7) bioflavinoids (8) ubiquinone (9) vitamin B6 (10) thiamin (11) laetrile (12) pantothenic acid (13) vitamin B15 (14) vitamin P (15) vitamin B17 A. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 B. 2, 4, 7, 8, 9 C. 3, 6, 9, 10, 12 D. 5, 9, 11, 13, 15 E. 7, 11, 12, 14, 15

C. 3, 6, 9, 10, 12

26. The task of acquiring enough vitamin B12 may pose a problem to vegans because: A. fibers in vegetables inhibit its absorption B. vegans lack the intrinsic factor C. B12 is only naturally found in animal products D. a deficiency may occur from excess intake of soy products E. folate retards its absorption

C. B12 is only naturally found in animal products

35. Which of the following vitamins may NOT be formed in the body from another nutrient, provitamin or bacteria? A. A B. niacin C. C D. D E. K

C. C

27. Which of the following statements is not true about vitamin B6? A. The term vitamin B6 refers to a family of compounds: pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine B. As a coenzyme, it acts in the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to one of the essential vitamins C. It is fat soluble and therefore can be stored in the body D. Foods containing it should be included in the diet daily E. The richest food sources are meats, liver, vegetables, and whole grains

C. It is fat soluble and therefore can be stored in the body

11. Which of the following is true of the vitamin known as niacin? A. Foods with a high-carbohydrate content are a good source of niacin B. It has been shown to be an effective ergogenic aid C. Niacin plays a role in energy metabolism D. Niacin deficiencies are common

C. Niacin plays a role in energy metabolism

51. A curious finding of research on the effects of antioxidants on health is: A. Antioxidant supplements are always more effective than diets high in antioxidants B. Antioxidant supplements always work, but not any better than diets high in antioxidants C. Sometimes antioxidant supplements reduce disease prevalence, and sometimes they increase it D. Neither supplemental nor dietary antioxidants have ever been shown to improve health. This only works in theory, but not in real life

C. Sometimes antioxidant supplements reduce disease prevalence, and sometimes they increase it

6. Which of the following statements regarding vitamin deficiency is NOT true? A. Bioavailability is the amount of a nutrient that the body absorbs B. Biochemical deficiency can be frequently identified by blood or tissue tests C. Subclinical malnutrition always impairs physical performance D. A clinically manifest vitamin deficiency adversely affects both health and performance

C. Subclinical malnutrition always impairs physical performance

53. A diet of less than 15 mg/day of this nutrient may cause disruption in red blood cells. A. Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine B. Vitamin A C. Vitamin E D. Calcium

C. Vitamin E

3. Which of the following statements is true of vitamins? A. Like protein and some minerals, vitamins contribute to the structure of the body B. Vitamins have a small caloric value C. Vitamins are indispensable for the maintenance of optimal health D. Vitamins can serve as an energy supply for the body if certain criteria are met

C. Vitamins are indispensable for the maintenance of optimal health

5. Vitamin K may be obtained in our diet or formed by the A. body utilizing other ingested nutrients. B. action of infrared rays from the sun. C. activity of intestinal bacteria. D. All of the answers are correct.

C. activity of intestinal bacteria.

8. Vitamin D A. is obtained by exposing the legs and back to about 5 minutes of winter sunshine once a week. B. is found naturally in green leafy vegetables and whole milk. C. can prevent osteomalacia. D. plays a central role in iron absorption.

C. can prevent osteomalacia.

41. Many of the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency such as bruising and failure of wounds to heal are related to the role of vitamin C in the synthesis of: A. calcium and iron B. thyroxin C. collagen D. adrenal hormones E. bones

C. collagen

25. Vitamin A toxicity is MOST LIKELY to occur from: A. consuming too many dark green and deep orange vegetables B. eating liver more than once per week C. consuming high-dosage vitamin A supplements D. drinking too much vitamin A fortified milk E. eating rabbit meat two days per week

C. consuming high-dosage vitamin A supplements

47. Free radicals are formed in the __________, and when you exercise, the increased use of ________ causes a(n) _____________ in free radicals. A. Kreb's cycle-glucose-decrease B. Kreb's cycle-fatty acids-increase C. electron transport system-oxygen-increase D. electron transport system-glucose-decrease

C. electron transport system-oxygen-increase

13. Cobalamin, more commonly called vitamin B12, A. was one of the first parts of the B complex group to be discovered. B. is found abundantly in plant foods. C. is essential in the synthesis of DNA and in the development of red blood cells. D. when taken as a supplement, will increase metabolic functions, such as endurance performance.

C. is essential in the synthesis of DNA and in the development of red blood cells.

29. A high intake of folate is dangerous because: A. it is stored in the body B. it means the person is eating too much meat C. it can "mask" pernicious anemia D. we do not know enough about it E. it depresses red blood cell formation

C. it can "mask" pernicious anemia

43. What do superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase have in common? A. they are associated with B vitamin coenzymes in metabolism of carbohydrate B. they are necessary for digestion of protein in the duodenum of the small intestine C. they function as natural, endogenous antioxidant enzymes in the tissues D. they are, respectively, synonyms for vitamin D, vitamin K, and vitamin C E. they are phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables along with essential vitamins

C. they function as natural, endogenous antioxidant enzymes in the tissues

32. Xerophthalmia is associated with a deficiency of A. riboflavin that leads to pellagra B. niacin that leads to beriberi C. vitamin A that leads to blindness D. vitamin D that leads to rickets E. vitamin K that leads to excessive bleeding

C. vitamin A that leads to blindness

46. The water soluble vitamins include: A. vitamins A, C, and E B. beta carotene, vitamin C and Vitamin E C. vitamin C and the B complex D. vitamins, A, D, E, and K

C. vitamin C and the B complex

21. Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins? A. vitamins B, C, D, niacin B. vitamins E, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin C. vitamins A, D, E, K D. vitamins A, B, C, D E. vitamins B1, B2, B6, C

C. vitamins A, D, E, K

45. One argument against ingesting more vitamins than the amount recommended is: A. there are no valid arguments against taking vitamin mega-doses-you simply excrete the excess in your urine B. too much vitamin D can turn your nose orange C. vitamins may build up in tissues and interfere with some vital physiological processes D. that although more vitamins will supply more energy to the cells, the cells will become fatigued

C. vitamins may build up in tissues and interfere with some vital physiological processes

38. Which of the following vitamins function as antioxidants in human metabolism? A. C, D and K B. A, B and K C. A, B and C D. A, C and E E. B, D, and E

D. A, C and E

7. Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin A? A. Birth defects have been related to excessive doses of vitamin A taken during pregnancy B. The gradual loss of night vision and increased susceptibility to infection and skin lesions are symptoms of vitamin A deficiency C. Symptoms of hypervitaminosis A may include weakness, nausea, pain in the joints, peeling of skin, and liver damage D. The adult female RDA value is the equivalent of 6 milligrams of retinol or 1 milligram of betacarotene

D. The adult female RDA value is the equivalent of 6 milligrams of retinol or 1 milligram of betacarotene

52. Which vitamin has an RDA of 75 to 90 mg/day, is involved in collagen formation, iron absorption, epinephrine production, and has antioxidant properties A. Vitamin U B. Vitamin A C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin C

D. Vitamin C

15. Which vitamin is the only one that is assigned hormonal status in its active form? A. Vitamin E B. Vitamin K C. Thiamin D. Vitamin D

D. Vitamin D

34. If an athlete is on a well-balanced nutrient-dense diet, which of the following is true: A. vitamin B12 supplements are needed to increase endurance B. niacin supplements should be ingested to help burn fat C. quercetin supplements will improve exercise performance D. adequate vitamin nutrition should be obtained through the diet

D. adequate vitamin nutrition should be obtained through the diet

30. Pantothenic acid is: A. a vitamin like compound B. a long chain fatty acid obtained in the diet C. a byproduct of intense exercise D. an essential component of coenzyme A (CoA)

D. an essential component of coenzyme A (CoA)

24. Foods rich in vitamin C generally include: A. meats B. milk C. bread D. citrus fruits E. A and D

D. citrus fruits

55. Vitamin C undergoes several conversions in the body and in its active form functions as a hormone.

FALSE

56. While vitamin supplements will not necessarily enhance performance, no health impairments are associated with their ingestion in large quantities.

FALSE

60. Vitamin E is needed for the formation of two compounds that are essential in two steps of the blood-clotting process.

FALSE

61. Loss of night vision is one of the first symptoms of vitamin E deficiency.

FALSE

62. There are nine fat-soluble vitamins, but only four water-soluble ones.

FALSE

69. Vitamin supplementation will improve performance in an athlete who is on a balanced diet.

FALSE

71. CoQ10 supplementation is recommended for the endurance athlete.

FALSE

72. A significant proportion of the United States' population spend over four billion dollars yearly on vitamin supplements.

FALSE

75. If you decide to take a vitamin supplement, buy one of the highly advertised national brands because the quality will be worth the extra price.

FALSE

76. Vitamin A is also known as alpha-tocopherol, and the RDA is given in alpha-tocopherol equivalents (RE). The RDA is 1,000 alpha-tocopherol equivalents.

FALSE

77. In order for vitamin D to function effectively in the body, the hormone form, which is produced by the liver and kidney, must be converted by sunlight to the active vitamin form. This vitamin form then works in conjunction with parathormone to help regulate calcium metabolism.

FALSE

78. Vitamin E is also known as retinol. The major role of vitamin E in the body is to help promote cell differentiation, particularly of the epithelial cells. A severe case of vitamin E deficiency may lead to xerophthalmia, a destruction of the cornea of the eye.

FALSE

54. A vitamin attached to a protein molecule forms an enzyme that can serve as a catalyst for reactions such as blood clotting.

TRUE

57. The human body is capable of forming the physiologically active form of vitamin A, primarily from beta-carotene.

TRUE

58. Vitamin A can be stored in the body in relatively large amounts.

TRUE

59. Calcitriol is the hormone of vitamin D.

TRUE

63. Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is needed to prevent glossitis and to facilitate the formation of oxidative enzymes known as flavoproteins.

TRUE

64. Pantothenic acid is involved in gluconeogenesis and has an important function at the center of energy pathways; thus, deficiencies could decrease the availability of acetyl CoA for the Krebs cycle.

TRUE

65. Biotin serves as a coenzyme for several enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and the synthesis of glucose and fatty acids.

TRUE

66. A deficiency of several B vitamins, collectively, would negatively affect physical performance.

TRUE

67. Vitamin supplementation may be necessary when the energy intake is below 1,200 Calories per day.

TRUE

68. Serum levels of vitamins did increase in several experiments involving multivitamin-mineral supplements, but no positive effects on heart rate and VO2 max were noted.

TRUE

70. Antioxidant supplementation might be a reasonable recommendation to limit the effects of oxidation stress.

TRUE

73. Vitamins often work in conjunction with minerals; such is the case with vitamin E and selenium.

TRUE

74. Vitamins C and E, along with beta-carotene, are very popular supplements because all three possess antioxidant properties.

TRUE

79. Niacin supplementation may be a useful means to help reduce serum cholesterol levels, but high doses may cause liver damage in some individuals so niacin supplements should not be taken indiscriminately.

TRUE

80. In general, supplements with individual vitamins as well as multivitamin supplements have not been shown to enhance physical performance in a wide variety of events ranging from strength/power sports to prolonged aerobic endurance events.

TRUE