Ch. 8: Intelligence

By _______, the infant should be able to inhibit behavior when commanded to do so, imitate words the examiner says.

12 months of age

Creativity often peaks in the _____ before declining in older age.

40s

A ________ infant should be able to vocalize pleasure and displeasure, persistently search for objects that are just outside immediate reach, and approach a mirror that is placed in front of the infant by the examiner.

6-month-old

How many intelligences does Howard Gardner believe there are?

8

Who is credited with the development of the first intelligence test?

Alfred Binet

Types of intelligence discussed in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence:

Analytical Creative Practical

Widely used scales, developed by Nancy Bayley (1969) to assess infant behavior and predict later development.

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

_______ has five scales: cognitive, language, motor, socio-emotional, and adaptive.

Bayley-III

The ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept.

Bodily-kinesthetic

A technique in which people are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other's ideas, and say practically whatever comes to mind that seems relevant to a particular issue.

Brainstorming

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales measures:

Children ages 2.6 to 7.3 years of age (WPPSI-IV) Children and adolescents 6-16 years old (WISC-V) Adults

The Bayley-III includes 5 scales:

Cognitive Language Motor Socioemotional Adaptive skills

The "hardware" of the mind and reflects the neurophysiological architecture of the brain developed through evolution.

Cognitive mechanics

Culture-based "software programs" of the mind.

Cognitive pragmatics

Conventional intelligence tests require ________, producing only one correct answer.

Convergent thinking

Which two types of intelligence do Not conform to the patterns favored in conventional schooling?

Creative and practical

The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique, good solutions to problems.

Creativity

Assesses individuals of different ages at the same point in time.

Cross-sectional

An individual's accumulated information and verbal skills, continues to increase throughout the life span.

Crystallized intelligence

When no evidence of organic brain damage can be found (IQs between 55 and 70).

Cultural-familial intellectual disability

Creativity requires __________, producing many answers to the same question.

Divergent thinking

_______ intelligence emphasizes interpersonal, intrapersonal, and practical aspects of intelligence.

Emotional

Exploring and finding meaning in life, especially regarding questions about life, death, and existence.

Existentialist

True or False Sternberg's and Gardner's approaches have stimulated teachers to think more narrowly about children's competencies.

FALSE; Have motivated educators to develop programs that instruct students in different domains.

This test focuses on the infant's ability to process information in ways such as encoding the attributes of objects, detecting similarities and differences between objects, forming mental representations, and retrieving these representations.

Fagan test of infant intelligence

Creative thinkers have the following characteristics:

Flexibility and playful thinking Inner motivation Willingness to risk Objective evaluation of work

The ability to reason abstractly, begins to decline in middle adulthood.

Fluid intelligence

Higher intelligence has been linked most strongly with a distributed neural network involving which parts of the brain?

Frontal and Parietal lobes

People who have high intelligence or superior talent of some kind.

Gifted

According to Horn, crystalized intelligence _____ in middle adulthood and fluid intelligence ______.

Increases; Decreases

A condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life; and (3) first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.

Intellectual disability

The ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences.

Intelligence

An individual's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

The ability to understand and effectively interact with others.

Interpersonal

The ability to understand oneself.

Intrapersonal

What correctly describes the intelligence of a child from 1 to 4 years of age?

It remains largely stable

Same individuals are studied over a period of time.

Longitudinal study

The ability to carry out mathematical operations.

Mahtematical

An individual's level of mental development relative to others.

Mental age (MA)

Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test because school officials wanted to determine a ____________ who were unable to learn in school.

Method of identifying children

There are correlations between IQ scores and academic achievement and occupational success, many other factors contribute to success in school and at work.

Motivation to succeed Physical and mental health Social skills

A sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone.

Musical

The ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems.

Naturalist

Is there a connection between giftedness and mental disorder?

No

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve with a majority of the cases falling in the middle of the range of possible scores and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.

Normal distribution

A genetic disorder or a lower level of intellectual functioning caused by brain damage (down syndrome).

Organic intellectual disability

Characteristics of children who are gifted:

Precocity, marching to their own drummer, a passion to master

The creative process has often been described as a five-step sequence:

Preparation Incubation Insight Evaluation Elaboration

The ability to think three-dimensionally.

Spatial

Any generalization about a relationship between age and creative accomplishments must be qualified by consideration of:

The size of the decline Differences across domains

The ability to think in words and use language to express meaning.

Verbal

In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which four intellectual abilities peaked among men and women in middle age?

Verbal ability Verbal memory Inductive reasoning Spatial organization

Identify the six mental abilities assessed in the Seattle Longitudinal Study:

Verbal comprehension Verbal memory Numeric ability Spatial orientation Inductive reasoning Perceptual speed

What are the yield five composite scores provided by the Wechsler scales?

Verbal comprehension Working memory Processing speed Fluid reasoning Visual spatial

Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters.

Wisdom