Ch. 8 Minerals and Water

In the DASH study, which of the following amounts of sodium was found to be the most effective daily limit for lowering blood pressure? A) 3,000 milligrams B) 2,500 milligrams C) 1,500 milligrams D) 900 milligrams

1,500 milligrams

The body of an average healthy adult is approximately ________ percent water. A) 40-50 B) 50-60 C) 60-70 D) 70-80

50-60

Which of the following substances is an antioxidant and may lower deaths from certain types of cancer? A) calcium B) iron C) selenium D) chromium

selenium

Which of the following elements is a major electrolyte? A) iron B) selenium C) chromium D) sodium

sodium

The two major electrolytes in the blood and outside of cells are A) sulfur and magnesium. B) zinc and iron. C) sodium and chloride. D) potassium and magnesium

sodium and chloride

Which of the following minerals is found in the amino acids methionine, cystine, and cysteine? A) sulfur B) chromium C) selenium D) molybdenum

sulfur

The skeleton is completely replaced with new bone about every A) ten years. B) other year. C) five years. D) twenty years.

ten years

Which of the following statements regarding selenium/selenoproteins is incorrect? A) They are proven protection against colon cancer. B) The amount of selenium in foods depends upon the soil where the plants were grown and animals grazed. C) Selenium plays an important role in the regulation of thyroid hormones. D) Selenium functions as an antioxidant.

A) They are proven protection against colon cancer.

Which of the following conditions is defined as too much calcium in the blood? A) hypercalcemia B) hyponatremia C) hemochromatosis D) hypokalemia

A) hypercalcemia

Which of the following conditions is defined as too little potassium in the blood? A) hypokalemia B) hypercalcemia C) hypertension D) hyponatremia

A) hypokalemia

Which of the following statements is correct? A) Water acts as a solvent within the body. B) Water is a main component of the blood. C) Water is used to regulate body temperature. D) All of these statements are correct.

All of the Above

Which of the following minerals may play a role in lowering high blood pressure? A) calcium B) magnesium C) potassium D) All of the answers are correct.

All of the above

Which of the following signs or symptoms is characteristic of cretinism? A) abnormal sexual development B) mental retardation C) dwarfism D) All of the answers are correct

All of the above

Which of the following statements regarding potassium is correct? A) A potassium deficiency can result from vomiting and/or diarrhea. B) Low potassium levels can cause muscle weakness. C) High-protein, low-vegetable/fruit diets may cause a potassium deficiency. D) All the answers are correct

All of the above

The acronym DASH in the DASH diet stands for A) Determine Amount of Sodium Helpful. B) Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. C) Dietary Advancements to Suppress Hyponatremia. D) Discussions of Allowable Sodium in Hospitals.

B) Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.

Which of the following conditions is a genetic disorder in which individuals absorb too much dietary iron? A) hypokalemia B) hemochromatosis C) cretinism D) hypertension

B) hemochromatosis

The condition known as hyponatremia is A) a severe form of dehydration. B) a problem resulting from eating too much food during a race. C) the presence of too little sodium in the blood due to overconsumption of fluids. D) the presence of too much potassium in the blood due to overconsumption of fluids

C) the presence of too little sodium in the blood due to overconsumption of fluids.

44) In general, hypertension is characterized by having a diastolic pressure above 120 and a systolic pressure above 80.

False

78) The degree to which a nutrient in food is available for absorption by the body is known as its biodegradability.

False

Which of the following foods contains nonheme iron? A) beans B) fish C) turkey D) steak

beans

Which of the following elements is a major mineral of bone? A) selenium B) calcium C) sodium D) iron

calcium

Which of the following compounds is a typical ingredient in calcium supplements? A) calcium fluorate B) calcium oxalate C) calcium carbonate D) All of the answers are correct.

calcium carbonate

Which of the following elements is found in both bleach and stomach acid (though in two different forms)? A) zinc B) phosphorus C) magnesium D) chlorine

chlorine

Which of the following mineral's main role is to increase the effectiveness of insulin in cells? A) iodine B) chromium C) fluoride D) zinc

chromium

Which of the following substances may possibly reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in individuals at risk of the disease? A) sodium B) calcium C) iron D) chromium

chromium

Which of the following minerals helps in linking collagen and elastin to synthesize connective tissue and is also involved in synthesizing melanin in skin? A) chromium B) copper C) selenium D) iodine

copper

Which of the following substances is a major mineral? A) fluoride B) potassium C) iron D) zinc

potassium

47) Calcium supplements are warranted for all age groups because a normal diet will not provide adequate amounts of calcium.

false

49) Keshan disease results from eating foods grown in selenium-rich soils.

false

51) Over-consumption of calcium is the root cause of the development of kidney stones.

false

53) Osteopenia is characterized by a lower bone density than occurs in osteoporosis.

false

55) Women with a higher body weight are more susceptible to bone fractures than those with a lower body weight.

false

56) Excessive alcohol consumption can increase bone density because it promotes the formation of new bone by decreasing the loss of calcium and promoting the activation of vitamin D.

false

59) Drinking orange juice with poultry decreases the bioavailability of nonheme iron in the poultry.

false

60) Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder in which dietary iron absorption is severely reduced.

false

61) Processed foods provide about half of the sodium intake in the US.

false

62) Research has confirmed that taking zinc can reduce the severity and duration of the common cold.

false

64) A selenium deficiency can result in selenosis, which damages the heart.

false

66) The main function of iodine is to increase insulin's effectiveness in cells.

false

67) Chromium makes up approximately 60 percent of an individual's thyroid hormones.

false

72) The hormone that directs the kidneys to reduce water loss from the body by reducing urine output is thyroid hormone.

false

73) If a person weighs less after an activity than before, the weight change is due to loss of body fat.

false

76) Minerals that are important in fluid balance are called antidiuretics.

false

79) Magnesium is the most abundant mineral in the body.

false

Which of the following minerals, when added to water supplies, is responsible for lowering the rate of dental caries in the United States? A) selenium B) iodine C) fluoride D) calcium

flouride

Which of the following conditions is commonly known as high blood pressure? A) hypokalemia B) hyponatremia C) hypertension D) hemochromatosis

hypertension

Which of the following conditions is defined as too little sodium in the blood? A) hypertension B) hypokalemia C) hemochromatosis D) hyponatremia

hyponatremia

Which of the following actions may not help reduce blood pressure? A) losing excess weight B) drinking less alcohol C) following the DASH diet D) increasing sodium intake

increase sodium intake

A goiter is a deficiency of which of the following substances? A) iodine B) chromium C) phosphorus D) manganese

iodine

About two-thirds of the ________ in the body is found in hemoglobin. A) molybdenum B) zinc C) iron D) chromium

iron

Which of the following elements is a major component of hemoglobin? A) selenium B) calcium C) sodium D) iron

iron

The most common nutritional disorder in the world is A) potassium deficiency. B) magnesium deficiency. C) calcium deficiency. D) iron deficiency.

iron deficiency

Which of the following statements does not correctly describe a function of zinc? A) It may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration. B) It helps in wound healing. C) It lowers blood pressure. D) It is important for properly functioning taste buds.

it lowers blood pressure

________ toxicity can damage the nervous system and cause symptoms that resemble Parkinson's disease. A) Chloride B) Sodium C) Manganese D) Selenium

manganese

Vitamin C greatly enhances the body's absorption of which of the following minerals? A) nonheme iron B) chromium C) phosphorus D) manganese

nonheme iron

Which of the following pairs of minerals combines to form hydroxyapatite? A) phosphorus and calcium B) zinc and iron C) potassium and calcium D) sulfur and magnesium

phosphorus and calcium

Which of the following substances can interfere with the absorption of iron? A) vitamin C B) phytates C) oxalates D) protein from animal foods

phytates

Hyperkalemia occurs when a person consumes too much ________ from supplements. A) sodium B) potassium C) zinc D) calcium

potassium

Peak bone mass typically occurs when a person reaches his or her A) teens. B) twenties. C) thirties. D) fifties.

thirties

41) A feeling of dehydration despite having consumed significant amounts of fluids may be an indicator of hyponatremia.

true

42) Sulfur, phosphorus, and magnesium are all considered major minerals.

true

43) The majority of the sodium in the typical American diet comes from processed foods.

true

45) Fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of potassium.

true

46) Over time, a low-calcium diet may increase your risk of osteoporosis.

true

48) Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in your body, after calcium.

true

50) Some antibiotics, such as tetracycline, can inhibit the absorption of magnesium.

true

52) Both magnesium and chromium may play roles in decreasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.

true

54) Although osteoporosis is often thought of as a condition of the elderly, it has its roots in childhood.

true

57) Smokers absorb less calcium than nonsmokers.

true

58) Eating meat with vegetables increases the absorption of nonheme iron present in the vegetables.

true

63) Selenium is a component of selenoproteins, which can function as antioxidants.

true

65) The intake of too much fluoride can cause fluorosis, which creates teeth that are extremely resistant to caries but unappealing in appearance.

true

68) In one study, individuals who drank water with high levels of manganese experienced symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease.

true

69) The inorganic form of arsenic is poisonous to humans.

true

70) Although the majority of water intake is through food and beverages, a small amount of water is also generated during metabolism.

true

71) The movement of water across the cell membrane is called osmosis.

true

74) The overconsumption of fluids can cause hyponatremia, which can be fatal.

true

75) Dehydration can result if too much water and sodium have been lost from the body.

true

77) The bottling and sale of naturally obtained spring water is under the regulation of the FDA.

true

80) One advantage of consuming tap water is that it often contains fluoride.

true