CH 8 quiz

commonalities of all 3 civilizations

- all polytheistic - worship of the sun Gods - calendars - require elaborate rituals - emperors fill a spiritual role - architecture in the name of faith - hereditary nobility

effects of the execution of Atahulpa

- greater political instability - allowed the spanish to take the city

what did the Aztecs believe about Cortes

- he came in peace - rumored he was the God of Quetzalcoatl - fulfillment of the prophecy

advantages of the spanish

- more people - smallpox - better weapons

Mayan and Aztec architecture

- tall pyramids - stone work

when did smallpox arrive

1520 (before the spanish)

when did the Aztec empire end

1521

when did Mayan civilization fully emerge

250 CE

from when to when did the Mayan civilization last

250 CE to 900 CE

time frame of toltec reign

800 - 1100

when and what made the Mayan civilization decline

800 CE when many urban centers were abandoned

who became the emperor of Inca after the civil war

Atahulpa

what are flower wars

Aztecs would capture warriors from surrounding regions to deliver to priest for sacrifice

what did the Mayans create

City states

who captured Atahulpa

Francisco Pizarro

what lead to the development of villages that grew into urban centers around 800BCE

Maize

who became the emperor of the Aztecs in 1502

Montezuma II

where were most of the Mayans

Southern Mexico and Honduras

twin capitals of the Aztecs

Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco

where would the Aztecs take the prisoners from the flower wars

Tenochtitlan priest

what tribe did the Mayans emerge out of

The Olmecs

who rose after the Mayan civilization declines

The toltecs

what are the possible reasons for Mayan decline

Volcanic activity, excessive warfare, disease, overpopulation, or soil exhaustion

what did Wiraqocha Inka begin once in charge

a period of imperial conquest

what was the foundation of economy for all civilizations

agriculture

where was human sacrifice most common

aztec empire

allyu

basic unit of of Incan society

how did the flower wars serve as an economic function

by building a vast empire that subsidized the cities of the 2 major capitals

how did the Inca bureaucracy manage affairs

by dividing the empire into 4 parts and 8 districts

how did the aztec empire take tributes from surrounding places

by force

what did Wiraqocha Inkas conquest turn into

capture loot and territory

what were Wiraqocha Inka early conquest motivated by

drought or military threats from rival states to the west or south

what did the Incan empire grow out of

economical and cultural footprint of the Chaven, Moche, and Wari

In the Mayan empire, what were the role of priest and emperors

elaborate bloodletting rituals, where they believed they were communicating with Gods

what was incan social class based on

ethnicity

what was the basic unit of society based on in Inca civilization

family

chinampas

floating islands used to grow crops

what was the Inca government centralized in

hereditary monarchical system in Cuzco

where did the toltecs rise

in a valley of Mexico

where is Lake Texcoco

in the heart of the valley of mexico

which government was the most centralized

incan

what were the Aztecs struggles in the valley of mexico

integrating themselves among the urban agricultureal societies surrounding Lake Texcoco

in Mayan and Aztec civilization what were emperors considered in relation to Gods

intermediaries

how were the Inca organized

into chiefdom based on kinship groups

Mit'a

labor tax system used by incans

aztec emperors spiritual roles

leading wars for the capture of sacrificial victims

animal important to inca

llamas

3 agricultural cultivations

maize, beans, squash

which civilization did not rule an unified empire

mayans

where was commerical trade most common

mayans and aztecs

how could a person move social classes in the aztec empire

military advancments

what did incas do to their emperors when they died

mummified them

how were the Incan districts connected

network of roads storehouses garrison and frontier forts

why did the Mayan civilization decline

no one knows for sure

where was the incan civilization built

on Wari and Tiwanaku

what did smallpox cause in the Inca life

political turmoil because it killed the emperor and caused a civil war

what did the Mayans never achieve

political unity

how did the Incas build their empire

professional army and elaborate bureaucracy

what did the people of the Aztec empire have to send to the capitals

regular payments of maize, beans, cotton, cloth and sacrificial items

what did the tributes that the Aztec empire forced their people to give end up causing

resentment and instability

La Malinche

served as Cortes' translator

quipu

set of knotted strings

what did the consolidation of leadership allow the Aztecs

start the process of imperial conquest which began with the agricultural lands around Lake Texcoco

what did Aztec emperors legitimize their rule with

successful wars of conquest

how could commoners and nobles earn social promotion

successfully securing captives in battle

what kind of farming did the incans use

terrace

what was incan imperial exploitation driven by

the desire to take control of enough territory to allow the exploitation of all the microclimates

in the Incan empire, what were emperors decendants of

the sun

where did the Aztecs migrate to after the fall of the Toltecs

the valley of mexico

what did Cortes learn about the Aztecs with the help of La Malinche

the wealth of Tenochtitlan and the anger of the Aztec people

what happened when the Aztec capitals were secure

they formed an alliance with two powerful city-states located on the shores of the lake and began the process of building a vast tribute empire

how did cortes use the Aztec peoples anger

to form alliances

what did Cortes do, once welcomed into Tenochtitlan

took Montezuma hostage and began looting the palace

what would incan families be expected to do with the wealth of dead ones

use it to maintain an elaborate cult around the mummy of the emperor

what did the split inheritance require each emperor to acquire

wealth through the conquest of new territory

what was the Aztecs role in their early years

worked as farm laborers and mercenaries for surrounding tribes

what did allyu members do

worked collectively to support the members and fulfill their duty to the state