Ch. 8

Cognitive explanation

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Freud's stages of social development

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Theories of gender

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Gender constancy

Realization you'll be a boy/girl forever. Realize they cannot just turn into the opposite sex.

Sex-type behavior

The final element in the equation is the actual behavior children show with their own and with the opposite sex. The unexpected finding here is that sex-typed behavior, different patterns of behavior among girls and boys, develops earlier than ideas about sex roles

Prosocial behavior

Actions that benefit or help another person. (Trying to comfort someone that's crying)

The social self

Another facet of the child's emerging sense of self is an increasing awareness of herself as a player in the social game

Parenting styles

Are the characteristic strategies that parents use to manage children's behavior

Emotional self

Between ages 2 and 6. Children make major strides in self-control and in their understanding of their own social roles.

Social learning theory

Children seem to develop gender constancy, the understanding that gender is an innate characteristic that cannot be changed, in three steps: labeling their own and others' gender, understanding the stability of gender, and comprehending the constancy of gender at about age five or six.

Gender stability

Know more about gender. They know they'll be the same gender for the throughout life. Ask them to draw a girl and they'll draw long hair with a dress.

Erikson's Stages

Erikson's stages within this period are triggered by the new, physical, cognitive, or social skills of the child rather than by changes in sexual sensitivity as Freud suggested. Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt centers around the toddler's new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy. The stage of initiative versus guilt is ushered in by new cognitive skills, particularly the preschooler's ability to plan, which accentuates the wishes to take the initiative.

Emotional regulation

Knowing how to handle your own emotions

Psychoanalytic

Freud described two stages during the preschool years. The first, the anal stage, is dominant between ages one and three. This stage is significant because it typically coincides with the parents' desire to toilet train the child. The phallic stage occurs between ages three and five, during which the Oedipus conflict occurs, resulting in identification with the same-sex parent. Consequently, healthy personality development, he believed, required the presence of both parents in the home. Moreover, Freud suggested that to successfully resolve the Oedipus conflict relationships between the child and both parents had to be warm and loving. Erikson's stages within this period are triggered by the new, physical, cognitive, or social skills of the child rather than by changes in sexual sensitivity as Freud suggested. Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt centers around the toddler's new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy. The stage of initiative versus guilt is ushered in by new cognitive skills, particularly the preschooler's ability to plan, which accentuates the wishes to take the initiative.

Authoritative

High in warmth, communication, demand, and control. Children have high self esteem, independence, and better school performance.

Gender identity

Something told to you. (Girl/boy)

Biological approach

Studies with animals show that prenatal exposure to male hormones such as testosterone powerfully influences behavior after birth. Such findings support the view that hormones play some role in gender development.

Anal and phallic

The first, the anal stage, is dominant between ages one and three. This stage is significant because it typically coincides with the parents' desire to toilet train the child. The phallic stage occurs between ages three and five, during which the Oedipus conflict occurs, resulting in identification with the same-sex parent.

Social cognitive theory

assumes that social/emotional changes are the result of, or at least facilitated by, the enormous growth in cognitive abilities that happens during the preschool years.

Autonomy vs. shame or doubt

centers around the toddler's new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy

Authoritarian

high in control and maturity demands, but low in nurturance and communication. Children do well in school because of fear, have lower self-esteem and less peer interaction skills

Permissive

is high on nurturance, but low in maturity demands, control, and communication. Poor school performance because parents don't care, more aggressive and immature, less responsible and more independent.

Empathy

the ability to identify with another person's emotional state. Empathy involves the following two aspects: Apprehending another person's emotional state or condition Then matching that emotional state oneself

Gender schema theory

the gender schema begins to develop as soon as the child notices the differences between male and female, knows his own gender, and can label the two groups with some consistency—all of which happens by age two or three.

Initiative vs. guilt

the third stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during the preschool years, between the ages of three and five. During the initiative versus guilt stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.

Information Processing approach

theorists use the term schema to refer to mental frameworks, such as categories, that help humans organize processes such as thinking and remembering