Ch 9 & 10 MUSI1107, music appreciation, music appreciation, Baroque Era Part 2 Vocabulary, Music survey 1 final, Music Exam 3, The classical period Test 4, Music Appreciation Exam #3 Baroque Period, Music Appreciation Pt 4, Middle Ages/ Renaissance,...

Mazurka

a character piece for piano

false

a characteristic of brogue music is its constant fluctuation of dynamics ? true or false

dance suite

a collection of instrumental dances, each with its own distinctive rhythm and character

dance suite

a collection of instrumental dances, each with its own distinctive rhythm and character-same key and in single sitting that is pleasing for performers and audience.

Brandenburg Concertos

a collection of six instrumental works presented by J.S. Bach to Christian Ludwig, margrave of Brandenburg in 1721. They are widely regarded as among the finest musical compositions of the Baroque era.

The Well-Tempered Clavier

a collection of twice twenty four preludes and fuges, one in each major and minor key, basic to the repertory of keyboard players today is Bach's

organ Mass

a compilation of organ verses/pieces/movements comprising an entire mass.

fugue

a composition for three, four, or five parts played or sung by voices or instruments - begins with a presentation of a subject in imitation in each part and continues with modulating passages of free counterpoint and further appearances of the subject

program symphony

a composition in several movements

solo concerto

a concerto in which an orchestra and a single performer in turn present and develop the musical material in the spirit of harmonious competition

chorale

a congregational song or hymn of the German Protestant Church, originally for the entire congregation to sing, characteristic hymn introduced by martin luther

rondeau

a courtly love song, circle dance. The structure was A-B-a-A-a-b-A-B

minuet and trio - third movement

a dance from the baroque dance suit, ternary from ABA, triple meter, light contrast after the slow movement

allemande

a dance that originated in Germany, but by the time German composers borrowed it back from the French it had changed from a quick dance to a slower, stately movement in a broad quadruple meter

rococo

a description of pre-classical 18th century aesthetics, originally pejorative; the emphasis on elegance, wit and delicacy applies most closely to French solo and chamber music of the period; more or less equivalent to galant

the middle baroque period was characterized by

a diffusion of the style into every corner of Europe

opera

a dramatic work in which the actors sing some or all of their parts - it usually makes use of elaborate stage sets and costumes

Tutti

"All"; opposite of solo

sonata da chiesa

"church sonata"; four-movement sets of "abstract" instrumental pieces for use in place of sections of the Mass Proper; by 1700 essentially interchangeable withe the sonata da camera

stile concitato

"agitated style"; one of Monteverdi's genere, usually expressed by rapidly articulated repeated notes

bel canto

"beautiful singing". italian style, how one preformed was equal to what one was.

sonata da camera

"chamber sonata"; four movement sets of instrumental dances for domestic use; by 1700 essentially interchangeable with the sonata da chiesa

ballet de cour

"court ballet"; an elaborate spectacle of dance, poetry, and decor in which the king himself occasionally took part (most famously Louis 14); the overall effect represented the divinely instituted political and social hierarchy of the French monarchy

agréments

"embellishments"; a crucial stylistic element of French Baroque music; an extensive series of ornaments that worked in tandem with the bass harmony to punctuate the lines and to enhance their rhetorical projection

sonata allegro

"first movement form" fast, the three sections-exposition, development and recapitulation- form a binary design. ABA. used in a symphony or string quartet

prima pratica

"first practice"; a term used in early seventeenth-century Italy to distinguish Renaissance polyphony from the new, more dissonant style

Da capo Aria

"from the beginning", an aria in ternary form (A - B - A)

Le Nuove Musiche

"new music"- syllabic and clear to portray the meaning of the words.

rococo

"preclassical" elegant, sometimes frivolous style of art introduced during the Frence regency and prevalant in France during the second quarter

seconda practica

"second practice"; originally, Monteverdi's term of challenge to the conservative treatment of contrapuntal dissonance (prima practica) favored by Zarlino and his followers; a promised treatise never appeared, and Monteverdi grew increasingly involved with the monodic style

form

"shape" of music

Vivaldi was known for his hair color in which they called him

"the red priest"

At the end of his compositions, Bach wrote these initials---S.D.G.---which translate as:

"to God alone the glory"

stretto

"to tighten" a foreshortening device in a fugue in which the voices anticipate their predicted entries on the subject and answer

toccata

"to touch" a virtuosic keyboard piece displaying dexterity and skill

a work that is an example of an arioso

"tu se' morta" by monteverdi

aria based on a basso ostinato pattern

"voglio morire" by strozzi

concerto grosso

Baroque concerto type based on the opposition between a small group of solo instruments (theconcertino) and orchestra (the ripieno).

chorale

Baroque congregational hymn of the German Lutheran church.

In oratorio, the story is carried forward by the  A. arias. B. chorus. C. narrator's recitatives. D. duets.

C. narrator's recitatives.

Passacaglia

Baroque form (similar to the chaconne) in moderately slow triple meter, based on a short, repeated base-line melody that serves as the basis for continuous variation in the other voices

Chaconne

Baroque form similar to the passacaglia, in which the variations are based on a repeated chord progression

nationalism

compositional technique by which a composer intentionally used folk songs to portray the culture of his homeland

French Overture

Baroque instrumental introduction to an opera, ballet, or suite, in two sections: a slow opening followed by an Allegro, often with a brief reprise of the opening

recitative

musically heightened speech, often used in an opera, oratorio, or cantata to report dramatic action and advance the plot

B. Well-Tempered Clavier.

A two-part collection of preludes and fugues, one in each major and minor key, basic to the repertoire of keyboard players today, is Bach's  A. Art of the Fugue. B. Well-Tempered Clavier. C. St. Matthew Passion. D. Brandenburg Concertos.

The minuet and trio movement of a classical symphony, string quartet, or other work, is in ____________ form.

ABA

minuet

ABA, dance, minuet trio minuet

allemande

(French for 'German') Highly stylized DANCE in BINARY FORM, in moderately fast quadruple METER with almost continuous movement, beginning with an upbeat. Popular during the RENAISSANCE and BAROQUE; appearing often as the first dance in a SUITE. #1 Froberger standard order

tutti

(Italian for all) the full orchestra or full performing force

stile antico

(Italian, "old style") Style used in music written after 1600, in imitation of the old contrapuntal style of Palestrina, used especially for church music.

Sonata da chiesa (church sonata)

Baroque instrumental work intended for performance in church; in four movements, frequently arranged slow-fast-slow-fast

D. dynamic expansion.

Baroque melodies give the impression of  A. balance and symmetry. B. being carelessly composed. C. tonal vagueness. D. dynamic expansion.

A. elaborate and ornamental.

Baroque melodies often are  A. elaborate and ornamental. B. easy to sing and remember. C. impossible to play. D. short and simple.

Chorale Variations

Baroque organ piece in which a chorale is the basis for a set of variations

Mass

(Roman Catholic Church and Protestant Churches) the celebration of the Eucharist

Italian Overture

Baroque overture consisting of three sections: fast-slow-fast

baroque period

(about 1600-1750)Baroque period was a musical period that used polyphony (many independent voices), rich ornamentation of melodies, and the development of many forms (fugue, toccata, oratorio, opera, etc.) that are still used today.

Beethoven, Symphony no. 5

(clapping) loud dun dun dun dunn repeated, then soft playing and gradually gets louder.

The baroque principle of ____________ may be temporarily suspended in vocal music when drastic changes of emotion in a text inspires corresponding changes in the music.  A. basso continuo B. unity of mood C. terraced dynamics D. All answers are correct.

B. unity of mood

Composers in the middle baroque phase favored writing compositions for instruments of the ____________ family.  A. brass B. violin C. percussion D. woodwind

B. violin

Theme and Variations Form

-A musical idea repeated over and over and changed each time -Theme: basic musical idea that is repeated -Variation: repetition of the theme that is different in some way -A, A1, A2, A3 etc -usually second movement of symphonies, string quartets, etc

Rondo Form

- ABACABA

oratorio

- Large-scale dramatic genre originating in the Baroque, based on a text of religious or serious character, performed by solo voices, chorus, and orchestra; similar to opera but without scenery, costumes, or action.

polyphonic

- More than one line or melody produced simultaneously.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

-41 Symphonies -Born in Salzburg, Austria -one of the most amazing child prodigies in history -wrote first symphony at age 8 -Did not like being in the service of courts -Left his home town at age 25 to become freelance musician in Vienna -successful during first few years as composer and theater -popularity and health declined -died in poverty at age 35

Key

-A specific scale or series of notes and chords defining a particular tonality.

Monody

- a style of composition in which a single melody is presented with instrumental accompaniment. Related to term monophonic

Binary Form

- a two part formal structure of approximately equal lengths -AABB

Concerto

- a work for a solo instrument with orchestral accompaniment

Suite

- a work for small chamber ensemble or solo instrument that presents a group of short dances.

Characteristics about Snoop Dog

- born in long beach - fewer gang references -personified Dr. Dre's G-funk style

Mozart /String Quartet /Classical Chamber Music

- minor key - dissonant harmony -dramatic dissonant beginning -the latter portion of the piece isi n major key and is melodically driven - get happier - slower melody at the beginning that speeds up further into the piece

Mozart /Requiem / Classical Symphony

- most beautiful piece -requiem has two movements to it -the piece is written for someone who has died melody: polyphonic , fragmneted melodies

The Classical Period

-(1750-1820) -Age of Enlightenment using reason as their guide -Rise of the Middle Class -Political and social upheaveals -Roeco and Neoclassical art -Centered in Vienna -Bach's Death to Beethoven's Death

Joseph Haydn

-104 Syphonies -From Vienna, Austria -Hired by Esterhazys, a Hungarian noble Family -worked as a servant composed what his patrons wanted -No royalties or copyrights: music was the property of the employer -Became immensely popular throughout Europe (especially in England) -wrote 12 symphonies called the london symphonies while there.

Eine kleine Nachtmusik 3rd Movement (A little Night music)

-1787 W.A. Mozart 3rd Movement: Minuet (allegretto) -Minuet and trio

The Classical Concerto

-Already in use in Baroque Period -Concerto: a work for a solo instrument and orchestra -Three movements: fast, slow, fast -Cadenza an unaccompanied section in which virtuoso displays his musical capabilities -Classical concerto: -Only one soloist -More virtuoso solo part (Cadenza) -No basso continuo or ritornello

Baroque Vs Classical opera

-Baroque: -Opera Seria (Grand opera) -Dealt with issues of the nobility -long, elaborate, on a grand scale -Handel -Classical: -Opera Buffa: comic opera -Dealt with issues of the common man, principle role: Buffoon -Relatively short, aimed for the masses -Mozart

works that are expressions of baroque artistic spirit

-Bernini's baldachin (canopy over the high altar) in St. Peter's Basilica -Gentileschi's Judith Beheading Holofernes -The palace of Versailles -The Horrors of War by Rubens

Characteristics of the Classical style

-Contrast of Mood within movements -Flexibility of rythem adds variety -Basically Homophoteic texture -balanced and symmetrical melodies tuneful and easy to rember -Gradual dynamics (cresendo and decressendo) -Development of the piano -Most classical keyboard compositions written for piano -basso continuo became obsolete

italian chamber cantata

-Emphasized accompanied solo singing -Subject was usually unrequited love or the heroes and heroines of ancient history and mythology -Typically lasts eight to fifteen minutes -Divided into contrasting sections that alternate between recitative and aria

Rondo

-Features a tuneful main melody which returns several times in alteration with other themes -Common Outline: ABACADA -Can be used as an independent piece or as part of a symphony, String quartet, or sonata -usually used as the fourth (last) movement of a composition -String quartet in C minor (1798-1800) by ludwig van Beethoven -Fourth movement Rondo Allegro -ABACABA string quarter, Rondo Form

*Symphony No 5 on C minor

-First movement (allegro con brio) -unifying rhythmic motive "Fate locking the door" symphony

The Classical Style

-Focuses on simplicity and Clarity -Tune Full melodies and simple harmonies depature from polyphony -mood: violent outburst followed by graceful charm. Rhythm: unexpected pauses and metric changes from long to short notes. -Texture: homophobic melody: tuneful and easy to remember. -Adherence to set forms, symmetry and balance -Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig Van Beethoven

Classical Oschestra Division

-Four Different sections: Strings, Woodwinds, brass, and percussion: strings: 1st and 2nd violins cellos and double basses. woodwinds: 2 flutes oboes clarinets bassons brass: 2 french homs and 2 trumpets percussion: 2 timpani -More musicians than Baroque Orchestra -Each section had a special role

The Classical Symphony

-Great contribution of the classical period -Did not exist in the Baroque, Renaissance, or Middle Ages -Four Movements: -Fast (Sonata-allegro form) -slow (theme and variations) -Dance related (minuet) -Fast (rondo)

Symphony/String Quarlet

-I Fast- Sonata- Allegro Form -II slow-theme and variations -III Dance related-Minuet and trio -IV Fast-Rondo

Symphony

-I Fast-Sonata Form -II Slow -III Dance relate -IV Fast

Symphony No. 84 in G Major (Surprise)

-Joseph Haydn -Second Movement Andante -Theme and variations

Don Givonie

-Male Voice singing by Mozart -Based on legend of Don Juan -Blend of comic and serious opera -Leprello: grumbling servant -Act 1: Leporello's catalog aria- Mozart -List at Don Giovannai's conquest -opera

Piano Concerto No 23 in A major

-Mozart -First movement: Allegro -a major: tenderness, lyricism, elegance -Shifts between major and minor -Concerto

Ludwig Van Beethoven

-One of the most well-known composers of all time -Noted for innovations that influenced composers throughout the 19th century -Born in Bonn, Germany did not work at courts at all -Not a child prodigy like Mozart Moved to Vienna at 21 to study with Haydn -Famed in Vienna came from the middle class, not nobility -Lessons, concerts, publications -Symptoms of deftness at 29 -Some of greatest work came after deftness -Never heard his later works

Classical Chamber Music

-Performed by two to nine musicians, with one player to a part -written to be played in homes rather than large concert halls -string quartet: 2 violins, viola, cello -Brass quintet: 2 trumpets, horn, trombone, tuba -woodwind quintet: flute, clarinet, oboe, basson, french horn

Haydn's Music

-Pioner of the symphony and string quartet -"Farther of the string quartet" -Influenced Mozart and taught Beethoven -Extremely profile -Trumpet Concerto in E flat Major III (1796)

Beethoven's Music

-Reflect his powerful, tortured personality -Demanded perfection and constantly refined hos work -Gave classical forms and techniques anew power and intensity -Bridged the gap between classical and romantic eras -Innovation included: -Wider Range of pitch and dynamics -Expanded Forms -unified contrasting movements Sonata, string quartets, concertos, some vocal works -Mastered the art of writing for string quartets -Only Opera: Fidelio -Most popular works are the 9 symphonies -Merged vocal and instrument music in his 9th Symphony (Ode to Joy

Classical Forms

-Several movements that contrast in Tempo and Charterer -Typical classical pattern of movements: -Fast -Slow -Dance-Related -Fast -Symphonies and String quarlets: Four Movements -String quarlets: writtenn for two violins, viola, and cello -Sonatas: two, three or Four movements -Balance and Symmetry, Musical Tensions resolved by the end -Composer, Patrons, and Public in the Classical Period -Gradual emancipation of the compose: Haydn-->Mozart-->Beethoven -Rise of the middle class: -Public Concerts -Demands for music, instrument, and music lessons -Compositons for Amateurs -Comic Opera: middle class themes and folk-like tunes -Musical center:Viena

Joseph Haydn / Farewell Symphony / Classical Symphony

-the strings are most important in the melody -form randoform - harmony is more dissonant but is resolves itself -instrumental : larger orchestra, more strings, brass and woodwind - tempo : slows down and the speeds up in the more lively sections

Sonata Form

-Sonata Form: A single Movement -Sonata: a whole composition consisting of several movements -Three main sections: -Exposition (states main themes and introduces piece) -Development (unstable and includes Key Changes) -Recapitulation (returns to man theme) -Coda: Italian of tail designate a passage that brings a piece (or a movement) to an end -Used as First movement in sonatas, symphonies, concertos, and string concerto. -Motive: fragment of a theme or short musical idea that is developed within a composition

Harmony

-The combination of notes sounded simultaneously to produce chords. Usually, this term is used to describe consonance, however, it can also be used to describe dissonance.

Minuet and Trio Form

-Usually the third movement of symphonies, string quartets, etc. -Meant for listing not dancing -In triple meter (3/4 time) -ABA Form: minuet (A), trio (B), minuet (A)

Symphony No. 40 in G Minor 1st Mov: Molto Allegro

-W.A.Mozart -Sonata Form -First movement: Molto allego -First Theme: agitation and Tension -Second Theme: Lyrical and Flowing -Development: moves though many keys -Recapitulation: main themes ailla new expression

Mozart's Music

-Wrote masterpieces in almost every genra of his time -(41) concertos, chamber music, and operas. -Master of opera (comic operas) -The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi fan turtle, the Magic flute -"I am never happier then when i have something to compose for that, after all, is my sole delight and passion."

Ternary Form

-a three part formal structure ABA

Wolfgang Amadeus mozart:

-child prodigy - composed, played and keyboard violin and keyboard at age 5 - Court Musician in Salzburg -tried to get a job in Augsburg , Mannheim, and Vienna -Fired in 1781 -Died a famous but poor musician

bach's career in cothen

-completed work on the Brandenburg Concertos -conducted an all-star orchestra -composed more than a dozen solo concertos as well as other works for orchestra -began work on the Well-Tempered Clavier

lully

-created the first thoroughly disciplined orchestra: selecting the players, leading rehearsals, even beating miscreant musicians -he was appointed superintendent of court music by Louis XIV -perfected the French overture -he died as the result of a conducting accident

Sonanta Allergo Form characteristics (development & expsoition)

-exposition: -first and secondary themes - themes in different related keys - Development -themes played with - -new tonal areas

characteristics of baroque art and music

-grandiose and expansive -decorative details and ornaments -intense expression of emotions -dramatic contrasts of color

antonio vivaldi

-he was an ordained priest as well as a teacher, composer, and virtuoso performer -he was the most influential and prolific composer in the creation of the baroque concerto -although primarily famous for his instrumental music, he also composed and produced nearly fifty operas -because of a relationship with a French soprano, the pope banned performances of Vivaldi's music, an action that result devastated his income and affected his creativity

brandenburg concerto no. 5

-it can be considered the first keyboard concerto -it features a dazzling cadenza for the harpsichord soloist -bach completed this concerto while working for the prince of Cothen -the concertino consists of a solo violin, flute, and most important - harpsichord

vivaldi's violin concerto in E major ("the spring")

-it is the first composition in a collection of twelve concertos -the concerto represents the feelings, sound, and sights of the season -the composer wrote an illustrative poem to accompany the concerto -it features a violin as the solo instrument

handel's efforts in opera while he was residing in london

-operas were successful for a time, nearly twenty years in fact -he hired the singers, composed the music, led the rehearsals, and conducted the performances form the harpsichord -contracts guaranteed that he would receive a healthy share of the financial profits of his operas -after the royal academy of music went bankrupt, he gradually turned from composing operas to writing oratorios

bach's duties as cantor of st. thomas church

-provide new music for each Sunday and religious holiday -teach Latin grammar to the choir boys -play the organ for all funerals -compose music for ceremonies at the university

Ganagsta Rap

-rap was moving towards the mainstream, especially with artists like MC hammer -this caused a reaction called gangsta rap ( the center of rap moves from new york to California) -this changes the sound and it becomes more authentically urban -deals with new ideas such as drug dealing and gang life

bach's time in weimer

-served as organist for the duke -after hearing that Bach wanted to take a different job, the duke had his ungrateful employee thrown in jail -composed the organ fugue in G minor -after leaving, bach went on to the court at Court at Cothen

corelli

-spent nearly his entire career in Rome, where he worked as a teacher, composer, and performer -his concertos and sonatas, although limited in number, were widely admired -he made the baroque solo and trio sonata internationally popular -the most remarkable aspect of his music is its harmony

handel's oratorio "messiah"

-the "hallelujah" chorus concludes the second part of the oratorio -divided into three parts, it tells the story of the life of Christ in a general way -the libretto is drawn directly from old and new testaments -"he shall feed his flock" is an example of a pastoral aria

water music

-the work was commissioned as part of a public relations move to counter England's growing disaffection with the royal family -individual movements were not intended to accompany dancing, but to serve as concert music -it was an immediate success and has become one of Handel's most beloved compositions -the king greatly enjoyed the music, so much so that it was played three times over on the night of its premiere

Dissonance-

-two or more notes that when sounded simultaneously are unpleasant, jarring and discordant be defined as major or minor, and are named after their tonic or keynote.

Aria

...

Canzona

...

Dido and Aeneas

...

Doctrine of Affections

...

Florentine Camerata

...

Geistliches Konzert

...

Giovani Bardi

...

How is a Baroque Basso Continuo part typically realized?

...

Notes inégales

...

Orchestral/Ripieno Concerto

...

Ospedale della Pietà

...

Ostinato

...

Recitative

...

Recitativo secco, Recitativo accompagnato

...

Ripieno/Tutti, Concertino

...

Solo Concerto

...

Sonata da chiesa/Sonata da camera

...

The Four Seasons

...

Thirty Years War

...

Traité de l'harmonie

...

Trio sonata/Solo Sonata

...

Snoop Dog/ Gin and Juice/ West Coast Style

...slower tempo than east ghost rap can hear a drum in the background -person singing the chorus

episode

1) a solo section for an instrument within a concerto, 2) a non-thematic section within a fugue

Johann Sebastian Bach

1) musician to the Duke of Weimar, 2) musician for Prince of Anhalt-Cothen 3) Appointed as cantor at the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig

the sonata in the baroque period was a composition in several movement for

1-8 instruments

principles of concertato

1. consorts contrasting 2. contrasting within consort 3. contrasting between people 4. solely instruments

Classical forms

1. fast movement 2. Slow movement 3. Dance-related movement 4. Fast movement Classical symphonies and string quartets usually follow this four-movement pattern, whereas classical sonatas may consist of two, three, or four movements.

classical components

1. fast movement 2. slow movement 3. dance-related movement 4. fast movement -classical symphonies and string quartets follow this -sonata has 2,3,4 movements for one or two instruments

two characteristics of Venetian polychoral school

1. several choirs of two or more voices and instruments each includes large sections with mass. chordal combos moving in chordal fashion. still modal. 2. contrasting sonorities of various voices and of large and small ensembles.

The Renaissance

1450-1600

claudio monteverdi

1567-1643. gave first opera, composed in St. Mark's Venice, pioneer in dramatic expression, used dissonance for dramatic emphasis, text, made first and second practice

Listening (Plaudite (clap your hands))

16 voice part, divided into 3 choirs.

Opera began in Italy around

1600

The baroque, as a stylistic period in western art music, encompassed the years?

1600 to 1750

Early Baroque Time Period

1600-1640

Baroque Period

1600-1750

How long did the baroque period last?

1600-1750

baroque style flourished in music during the period

1600-1750

the baroque, as a stylistic period in western art music encompassed the years

1600-1750

Middle Baroque Time Period

1640-1690

henry purcell

1659-1695. one of the greatest english composers of all time. wrote opera in english, developed ground bass.

Francois Couperin

1668-1733. most important composer of Rococo period. wrote many instrumental music similar to baroque suites.

by about ____, major and minor scales were the tonal basis of most compositions

1680

Late Baroque Time Period

1690-1750

Voltaire

1694-1778. writter on attacks of catholic church and freedom of expression during the enlightenment

rococo period

1700 - 1750, Period bridging the Baroque with the classical, was a reaction to the elaborate gaudy grandiose period of the baroque its the opposite of baroque era, this period is when classical music evolved its was delicate, simple, graceful

The Baroque Oratorio: where did he work?

1710 appointed as conductor of Hanover, London 1720 works for the Royal Academy of Music Writing and producing opera

Denis Diderot

1713-1784. french philosopher during the enlightenment

Hayden

1732-1809; 104 symphonies, uses winds and brass to double, short rhythmic; Farewell Symphony, Surprise Symphony, Estertazi

Holywell Room

1748, Oxford, England; 1st public concert hall built

The Classical Era characteristics:

1750 and 1825 -Intended for rising middle class Traits of classical music : - symmetry, balance, and restraint -Melody reigns -harmonic clarity

Classicism, as a stylistic period in western art music, roughly encompassed the years?

1750 to 1820

Mozart

1756-1791; 41 symphonies, child prodigy, symphony in G minor, sonata allegro, longer lines & longer melodies, complicated, heavier music, thicker texture, dynamic contrast, winds & brass are solo instruments

Beethoven

1770-1827; imitates Hayden & Mozart until 1800, 1800-1817 (storm & drang (stress)), 1817-1818 becomes deaf; abusive father, classical precepts

first symphony

1808 beethoven wrote famous

38 yrs old he writes the Pastoral Symphony

1808 when beethoven is ____________ symphony included sounds that he knew he would never hear again, like birds singing

enlightenment

18th century movement led by french intellecutuals who advocated reason as the universal source of knowledge and truth.

dark ages

476-800

Healthy wind

A time of few funerals which musicians suffered financially. Bach complained about this.

string quartet

2 violins, 1 viola, 1 cello; most important chamber music genre; 3 or 4 movement

How many kids altogether did Bach have?

20

A. one basic mood

22. A baroque musical composition usually expresses ____________within the same movement.  A. one basic mood B. a wide variety of moods C. constantly changing moods D. All answers are correct.

a concerto gross most often has ___ movements

3

rhythm, meter, tempo

3 elements of time; rhythm is smallest and changes, tempo is how fast or slow meter unfolds, meter is organization into strong & weak beats in multiples of 2 or 3

Solo Concerto form

3 movements (fast-slow-fast) for SOLO instrument and an accompanying group

1. clear alterations between major and minor keys 2. abrupt changes in orchestration 3. terraced dynamics

3 techniques to heighten musical contrast

How many instruments play in trio sonata?

4

of Bach's 20 children, ____ went on to become well-known composers

4

string quartet

4 instruments (2 violins viola and cello) 4 movements (like a symphony fast slow dance fast) intended for performers

D. All answers are correct.

40. Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, was a  A. flutist. B. general. C. composer. D. All answers are correct.

Vivaldi wrote approximately ______ concertos.

450

Vivaldi wrote approximately ____________ concerti grossi and solo concertos.

450

The Middle ages

450-1450

What was the total number of dead people in the river?

6

Listening (As Vesta was Descending (1601))

6 voices Madrigal. Note text painting. Pitches rise on "ascending." Pitches fall on "descending." "Running down." "Two by two", "three by three, "all alone."

Beethoven

9 Symphonies

Figured Bass

?

george frideric handel

A German-English composer of the late Baroque period 1685-1759 whose Messiah remains one of the best-known pieces of music in the world. Handel was an active court composer, receiving commissions from such notables as King George I of England, for whom his Water Music suite was written and performed., This composer was also born in Germany. His greatest contributions to music were the oratorios. master of italian opera and english oratorio. shares bachs stature among composers in late baroque. oratorios based on stories of old testament not for church but paying audiences in public theaters. messiah new testament subject, no plot, Composer for large, secular audiences; lived in London

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

C. three

A Vivaldi concerto usually has ____________ movements.  A. a variable number of B. two C. three D. four

A. chorale prelude

A ____________ is a short instrumental composition based on a hymn tune that reminds the congregation of the hymn's melody.  A. chorale prelude B. fugue C. cantata D. chorale

B. basso buffo

A ____________ is a singer with a low range who usually takes comic roles.  A. tenor B. basso buffo C. basso profundo D. buffoon

C. basso profundo

A ____________ is a singer with a very low range and powerful voice, who usually takes roles calling for great dignity.  A. tenor B. basso buffo C. basso profundo D. buffoon

A. pedal point

A ____________ is a single tone, usually in the bass, that is held while the other voices produce a series of changing harmonies against it.  A. pedal point B. pitch C. basso continuo D. basso ostinato

ground bass

A bass line repeated over and over while the composition plays above or a repeating melody, usually in the bass, throughout a vocal or instrumental composition.

A. basso continuo.

A bass part together with numbers (figures) that specify the chords to be played above it is called  A. basso continuo. B. harpsichord. C. basso profundo. D. counterpoint.

A brilliant solo section in a concerto designed to display the performer's virtuosity is called?

A cadenza.

unaccompanied choral music.

A cappella refers to

Cantus firmus

A chant that is used as the basis for polyphony is

D. a short opening phrase followed by a longer phrase with an unbroken flow of rapid notes.

A characteristic often found in baroque melodies is  A. one long continuous phrase with long sustained notes. B. one short phrase followed by continuous repetition of the same phrase. C. a symmetrical frame with two long phrases of equal length. D. a short opening phrase followed by a longer phrase with an unbroken flow of rapid notes.

Rhythm

A classical composition has a wealth of rhythmic patterns, whereas a baroque piece contains a few patterns that are reiterated throughout. Classical includes unexpected pauses, syncopation, and frequent changes from long notes to shorter notes.

Contrast of mood

A classical composition will fluctuate in mood. Dramatic, turbulent music might lead into a care free dance tune.

sacred concerto

A composition on a sacred text for one or more singers and instrumental accompaniment

Fugue

A composition written systematically in imitative polyphony, usually with a single main theme, the fugue subject

C. three

A concerto grosso most often has ____________ movement(s).  A. one B. two C. three D. four

The middle baroque was characterized by?

A diffusion of the style into every corner of Europe.

Opera

A drama sung to orchestral accomplishment.

Ordo virtutum

A dramatic play written by Hildegard Voni Bingen. About the devil fighting for souls

Beatriz de Dia.

A famous French woman troubadour was

Fugato

A fugal passage in a nonfugal piece, such as in the development section of a sonata-allegro form

The position of music director during the baroque period was that of?

A high-class servant with few personal rights.

C. 80

A large court during the baroque period might employ about ____________ performers.  A. 18 B. 24 C. 80 D. 120

minuet and trio

A moderate triple-meter dance form with two main sections (minuet = A, trio = B) that often occurs as the third movement of a symphony. This example presents the minuet theme only from a minuet and trio. Example: Haydn, Symphony No. 94 (Surprise), third movement

John Dowland.

A leading English composer of lute songs was

trio sonata

A multimovement work writeen for two solo instruments and basso continuo.

A. trill.

A musical ornament consisting of the rapid alternation of two tones that are a whole or half step apart is a  A. trill. B. shake. C. blurb. D. wobble.

Pieces of an oratorio are usually connected together by means of?

A narrator's recitatives.

early fourteenth century.

A new system of music notation that allowed composers to specify almost any rhythmical pattern had evolved by the

The recapitulation continues. It is followed by a lengthy coda (you'll know are there when you hear a long string or repeated notes.) Listen carefully to the themes in the coda. Is it a new theme or a familiar theme?

A new theme.

A Movement

A piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition.

The word movement in music normally refers to?

A piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition.

D. fugue.

A polyphonic composition based on one main theme is the  A. subject. B. concerto. C. episode. D. fugue.

A. clavichord.

A popular keyboard instrument in which sound was produced by means of brass blades striking the strings was the  A. clavichord. B. harpsichord. C. basso continuo. D. organ.

Ground Bass

A repeating melody, usually in the bass, throughout a vocal or instrumental composition

Suite

A set of dance inspired movements all written in the same key but differing in tempo, meter and change.

Suite

A set of dances, generally referred to as simply a suite

Haydn's contract of employment shows that he was considered?

A skilled servant.

C. sonata da chiesa.

A sonata intended to be played in church, and therefore dignified and suitable for sacred performance, was called a  A. sonata da camera. B. trio sonata. C. sonata da chiesa. D. basso ostinato.

A. sonata da camera.

A sonata to be played at court, and therefore dancelike in character, was called a  A. sonata da camera. B. trio sonata. C. sonata da chiesa. D. tarantella.

A. aria.

A song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment is called a/an A. aria. B. duet. C. ensemble. D. solo.

A. cantata.

A sung piece, or choral work with or without vocal soloists, usually with orchestral accompaniment, is the  A. cantata. B. chorale prelude. C. concerto grosso. D. sonata.

Rococo

A term from the visual arts that is frequently applied to eighteenth-century French music, characterized by simplicity, grace, and delicate ornamentation

B. was expected to embellish the returning melody with ornamental tones.

A typical baroque operatic form was the da capo aria in ABA form in which the singer  A. would make a literal repetition of the opening A section after the B section. B. was expected to embellish the returning melody with ornamental tones. C. would insert recitatives between the sections for added variety. D. improvise new words for the returning A section.

lute.

A versatile plucked string instrument with a body shaped like half a pear, popular during the Renaissance, was the

monks in monasteries.

A virtual monopoly on learning during the Middle Ages was held by

recitative

A vocal solo in opera, cantatas, and oratorios that declaims the text in a sung-speech manner, in free rhythm with minimal accompaniment.

C. duet

A(n) ____________ is a musical number for two solo voices with orchestral accompaniment.  A. aria B. ensemble C. duet D. chorus

B. ensemble

A(n) ____________ is an operatic number involving three or more leading singers.  A. aria B. ensemble C. duet D. chorus

____________ is a musical idea repeated over and over in the bass while melodies above it constantly change.  A. Basso ostinato B. Basso profundo C. Basso continuo D. Thoroughbass

A. Basso ostinato

The earliest opera that has been preserved is Jacopo Peri's  A. Euridice. B. Orfeo. C. Nerone. D. Arsace.

A. Euridice.

Orpheus goes to Hades in the hope of bringing ____________ back to life.  A. Eurydice B. Phyllis C. Persephone D. Oriana

A. Eurydice

Baroque suites frequently begin with a  A. French overture. B. gavotte. C. gigue. D. sarabande.

A. French overture.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Henry Purcell was virtually unknown in his own time, but today is considered England's most significant composer from the Baroque Era. B. Purcell mastered all the musical forms of late seventeenth-century England, including church music, secular choral music, music for small groups of instruments, songs, and music for the stage. C. Purcell's music is filled with lively rhythms and a fresh melodic style that captures the spirit of English folk songs. D. Dido, in Virgil's epic poem that Purcell used as the basis for his opera Dido and Aeneas, was queen of Carthage.

A. Henry Purcell was virtually unknown in his own time, but today is considered England's most significant composer from the Baroque Era.

George Frideric Handel was born in 1685, the same year as  A. Johann Sebastian Bach. B. Arcangelo Corelli. C. Claudio Monteverdi. D. Antonio Vivaldi.

A. Johann Sebastian Bach.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Oratorios first appeared in England. B. Oratorio differs from opera in that it has no acting, scenery, or costumes. C. An oratorio is a large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra, usually set to a narrative text. D. The first oratorios were based on stories from the Bible.

A. Oratorios first appeared in England.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. The terms ensemble and chorus are synonymous. B. Voice categories in opera are divided more finely than in other musical genres. C. Operas may contain spoken dialogue, but most are sung entirely. D. Opera soloists must create a wide variety of characters, and so need acting skills as well as vocal artistry.

A. The terms ensemble and chorus are synonymous.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. The trio sonata usually involved three performers, two on high instruments and one on a bass line. B. The sonata da chiesa had a dignified character and was suitable for sacred performance. C. Sonatas were played in palaces, in homes, and even before, during, and after church services. D. The sonata originated in Italy but spread to Germany, England, and France during the seventeenth century.

A. The trio sonata usually involved three performers, two on high instruments and one on a bass line.

All of the following were major baroque composers except  A. Wolfgang A. Mozart. B. Claudio Monteverdi. C. Antonio Vivaldi. D. Arcangelo Corelli.

A. Wolfgang A. Mozart.

Pieces of an oratorio are usually connected together by means of  A. a narrator's recitatives. B. choruses. C. duets. D. arias.

A. a narrator's recitatives.

Handel's Messiah is an example of  A. an oratorio. B. an opera. C. musical theater. D. a song.

A. an oratorio.

When the subject of a fugue is presented in the dominant scale, it is called the  A. answer. B. countersubject. C. episode. D. stretto.

A. answer.

A song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment is called a/an A. aria. B. duet. C. ensemble. D. solo.

A. aria.

A bass part together with numbers (figures) that specify the chords to be played above it is called  A. basso continuo. B. harpsichord. C. basso profundo. D. counterpoint.

A. basso continuo.

A sung piece, or choral work with or without vocal soloists, usually with orchestral accompaniment, is the  A. cantata. B. chorale prelude. C. concerto grosso. D. sonata.

A. cantata.

A ____________ is a short instrumental composition based on a hymn tune that reminds the congregation of the hymn's melody.  A. chorale prelude B. fugue C. cantata D. chorale

A. chorale prelude

A popular keyboard instrument in which sound was produced by means of brass blades striking the strings was the  A. clavichord. B. harpsichord. C. basso continuo. D. organ.

A. clavichord.

Baroque melodies often are  A. elaborate and ornamental. B. easy to sing and remember. C. impossible to play. D. short and simple.

A. elaborate and ornamental.

The concerto grosso most often has three movements whose tempo markings are  A. fast, slow, fast. B. fast, fast, slow. C. slow, fast, slow. D. slow, slow, fast.

A. fast, slow, fast.

Turning the subject of a fugue upside down, or reversing the direction of each interval, is called  A. inversion. B. stretto. C. retrograde. D. countersubject.

A. inversion.

Members of the Camerata wanted to create a new vocal style based on the  A. music of the ancient Greek tragedies. B. glories of their aristocratic patrons. C. organum of the Middle Ages. D. polyphonic madrigal.

A. music of the ancient Greek tragedies.

22. A baroque musical composition usually expresses ____________within the same movement.  A. one basic mood B. a wide variety of moods C. constantly changing moods D. All answers are correct.

A. one basic mood

Bach created masterpieces in every baroque form except the  A. opera. B. concerto. C. fugue. D. sonata.

A. opera.

Although Handel wrote a great deal of instrumental music, the core of his huge output consists of English oratorios and Italian  A. operas. B. songs. C. chorales. D. madrigals.

A. operas.

Bach was recognized as the most eminent ____________ of his day.  A. organist B. composer C. violinist D. cellist

A. organist

Embellishments are  A. ornamental tones not printed in the music that seventeenth- and eighteenth-century performers were expected to add to the melody. B. music created at the same time it is performed. C. notes printed in the music that embellish the melody D. obsolete in contemporary performances

A. ornamental tones not printed in the music that seventeenth- and eighteenth-century performers were expected to add to the melody.

In Italy, music schools were often connected with  A. orphanages. B. courts of the nobility. C. public schools. D. universities.

A. orphanages.

An ____________ is an orchestral composition performed before the curtain rises on a dramatic work.  A. overture B. aria C. opera D. opening

A. overture

Very often an independent fugue is introduced by a short piece called a(n)  A. overture. B. prelude. C. concerto. D. pedal point.

A. overture.

A ____________ is a single tone, usually in the bass, that is held while the other voices produce a series of changing harmonies against it.  A. pedal point B. pitch C. basso continuo D. basso ostinato

A. pedal point

A sonata to be played at court, and therefore dancelike in character, was called a  A. sonata da camera. B. trio sonata. C. sonata da chiesa. D. tarantella.

A. sonata da camera.

To evoke angry or warlike feelings in some of his texts, Monteverdi introduced new orchestral effects, including pizzicato and  A. tremolo. B. double stops. C. sul ponticello. D. col legno.

A. tremolo.

A musical ornament consisting of the rapid alternation of two tones that are a whole or half step apart is a  A. trill. B. shake. C. blurb. D. wobble.

A. trill.

The French overture has  A. two sections: slow-fast. B. two sections: fast-slow. C. three sections: fast-slow-fast. D. one continuous section.

A. two sections: slow-fast.

The orchestra evolved during the baroque period into a performing group based on instruments of the ____________ family.  A. violin B. woodwind C. brass D. percussion

A. violin

Theme-and-variations form may be schematically outlined as?

AA'A''A'''A''''.

minuet and trio

ABA. often the third movement or a symphony, sonata, or string quartet. consists of a two minuets-originated as dance but just for listening with triple meter and moderate tempo, the second (trio) lighter and more lyrical than the first. trio is not only three instruments, but less instruments than a minuet.

A common rondo pattern is?

ABACA.

rondo

ABACA. form in which various episodes alternate with the opening material, tempo is usually fast and the mood merry. always has a recurrence of A.

Another common rondo pattern is?

ABACABA

theme & variation

ABCDE...A; derivative of rondo (like telephone game)

da capo aria

ARIA FORM with two sections. The first section is repeated after the second section's close, which carries the instructions of the da capo (Italian word for the head'), creating an ABA FORM.

Terraced Dynamics

Abrupt alteration between loud and soft dynamic levels

Oratorio differs from opera in that it has no?

Acting, scenery, or costumes.

D. emotional states or moods of music.

Affections in baroque usage refers to  A. the nobility's manner of deportment. B. the doctrine of universal brotherhood. C. terraced dynamics. D. emotional states or moods of music.

All answers are correct

Alleluia may be translated as "praise ye the Lord". All answers are correct. is a Latinized form of the Hebrew word hallelujah. is often used in Gregorian chants.

rococo's nickname

Age of Feeling

nickname of baroque

Age of the Figured Bass, contrasted between chordal of baroque and linear polyphony of other periods.

Second Vatican Statement on Latin

Allowed churches to hold mass in their native language

The two giants of baroque composition were George Frideric Handel and  A. Johann Christian Bach. B. Johann Sebastian Bach. C. Giovanni Gabrieli. D. Galileo Galilei.

B. Johann Sebastian Bach.

The longest period of Johann Sebastian Bach's professional life was spent as director of music at St. Thomas's Church in  A. Rome. B. Leipzig. C. Cöthen. D. Eisenach.

B. Leipzig.

B. Isaac Newton.

All of the following were baroque painters except  A. Gian Lorenzo Bernini. B. Isaac Newton. C. Peter Paul Rubens. D. Rembrandt van Rijn

A. Wolfgang A. Mozart.

All of the following were major baroque composers except  A. Wolfgang A. Mozart. B. Claudio Monteverdi. C. Antonio Vivaldi. D. Arcangelo Corelli.

England

Although Handel was born and raised in Germany, where did he spend most of his adult life?

A. operas.

Although Handel wrote a great deal of instrumental music, the core of his huge output consists of English oratorios and Italian  A. operas. B. songs. C. chorales. D. madrigals.

Organist

Although Johann Sebastian Bach had many talents, during his lifetime he was primarily known as an excellent _

D. All answers are correct

Although all the movements of a baroque suite are in the same key, they differ in  A. meter. B. national origin. C. tempo. D. All answers are correct

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

American Pianists and popular music composer

rock and roll

American popular music style first heard in the 1950s; derived from the union of African-Americanrhythm and blues, country-western, and pop music.

All answers are correct.

Among other causes, secular music became more important than sacred music in the fourteenth century because rival popes claimed authority at the same time, thereby weakening the authority of the church. the feudal system had gone into decline. All answers are correct. the literature of the time stressed earthly sensuality.

B. opera

An ____________ is a play, set to music, sung to orchestral accompaniment, with scenery, costumes, and action.  A. overture B. opera C. aria D. ensemble

A. overture

An ____________ is an orchestral composition performed before the curtain rises on a dramatic work.  A. overture B. aria C. opera D. opening

deliberations of the Council of Trent.

An attempt was made to purify Catholic Church music as a result of the

B. chorus.

An element of the oratorio that is especially important and serves to comment on or participate in the drama is the  A. narrator. B. chorus. C. vocal soloist. D. orchestra.

dance.

An estampie is a medieval

Overture

An introductory movement, as in an opera or oratorio, often presenting melodies from arias to come. Also an orchestral work for concert performance

Handel's Messiah is an example of?

An oratorio.

mordents

An ornament in which the written note is played, followed by the note below the written note and the written note again

Guillaume de Machaut.

An outstanding composer of the ars nova was

Perotin.

An outstanding composer of the school of Notre Dame was

Most early baroque operas were based on Greek mythology and what?

Ancient history.

basso ostinato

Another word for ground bass is

Refrain

Another word for ritornello, or main theme that returns is _

When the subject of a fugue is presented in the dominant scale, it is called the?

Answer.

Violinist

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1731) was highly regarded in his lifetime as a virtuoso _

String works

Arcangelo Corelli is mostly known for being a prominent Baroque composer of which genres?

Da Capo Aria

Aria in ABA form: after the B section, the term da capo is written, this means from the beginning and indicates a repetition of the opening A section.

A song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment is called a/an?

Aria.

Solo Song Types

Aria: song for voice with orchestral accompaniment (expresses emotion.) Recitative: vocal line that imitates speech (presents plot material.) Ensemble: piece performed by 3 or more singers. Chorus: generates atmosphere and comments on action. Opera Orchestra (orchestra pit: sunken area in front of the stage. Full of instrumentation; fewer strings. Supports singers, depicts mood and atmosphere. Conductor shapes entire work. Opera opens with an overture or prelude.)

Trio Sonata

Baroque composition that has three melodic lines: two high ones each, each played by one instrument, and a basso continuo. A total of 4 players

monophonic songs in various languages.

As a young student in Paris, Henri de Malines sang

The members of the Camerata wanted the vocal line of their music to follow  A. standard rules of musical theory. B. the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech. C. the lines of contrapuntal writing. D. set metrical and melodic patterns.

B. the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Baroque suites often begin with a French overture. B. The baroque suite is a musical form exclusive to the orchestra. C. A baroque suite is made up of different movements that are all written in the same key but differ in tempo, meter, and character. D. The various dances of the baroque suite are usually in AABB form.

B. The baroque suite is a musical form exclusive to the orchestra.

The subject is heard in one voice then another while a countersubject is presented above the subject

Audio clip: In this excerpt from J.S. bach's organ fugue in G minor, which of the following best describes what is heard?

Homophonic

Audio clip: What is the musical texture of this excerpt from Handel's "Hallelujah" Chorus?

Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D major by J.S. Bach

Audio clip: identify the title of the work and its composer

The second movement (air)

Audio clip: this musical selection is from _ of Suite No. 3 in D Major by J.S. Bach

Dido's grief

Audio clip: to descending ground bass, which is repeated eleven times in this aria, most probably denotes _

Word painting

Audio clip: when the singer low notes on the words "abissi" and "morte", it is an example of _

Flute and violin

Audio clip: which instruments are featured as the soloists in this excerpt from J.S. Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5?

1. The vocal line is accompanied by a lute 2. The vocal line is accompanied by a basso continuo (lute and portable organ)

Audio clip: which statements describe this section from Monteverdi's "Tu se' morta"?

Presenting the subject of a fugue in lengthened time values is called?

Augmentation.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Baroque art is a complex mixture of rationalism, sensuality, materialism, and spirituality. B. The late baroque period was one of the most revolutionary periods in music history. C. Early baroque composers favored homophonic texture over the polyphonic texture typical of Renaissance music. D. Regardless of form, baroque music features contrasts between bodies of sound.

B. The late baroque period was one of the most revolutionary periods in music history.

The main theme of a fugue is called the  A. answer. B. subject. C. countersubject. D. episode.

B. subject.

In the baroque era, dynamics consisted mainly of sudden alterations between loud and soft called  A. cantus firmus. B. terraced dynamics. C. basso continuo. D. basso ostinato.

B. terraced dynamics.

The baroque, as a stylistic period in western art music, encompassed the years  A. 1450-1600. B. 1600-1750. C. 1750-1820. D. 1820-1900.

B. 1600-1750.

The middle baroque period spanned the years  A. 1567-1643. B. 1640-1690. C. 1600-1640. D. 1690-1750.

B. 1640-1690.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Monteverdi's Orfeo, composed in 1607, is considered to be the earliest operatic masterpiece. B. All twelve of Monteverdi's operas are regularly performed in Europe and America. C. Monteverdi creates variety in Orfeo by using many kinds of music, combining recitatives, arias, duets, choruses, and instrumental interludes into one dramatic whole. D. Monteverdi's works form a musical bridge between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and greatly influenced composers of the time.

B. All twelve of Monteverdi's operas are regularly performed in Europe and America.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. A large court during the baroque might employ more than eighty performers, including the finest opera singers of the day. B. Audiences in the baroque period were most anxious to hear old familiar favorites, and did not care for new music. C. In Italy, music schools were often connected with orphanages. D. Church musicians in the baroque period earned lower pay and had less status than court musicians.

B. Audiences in the baroque period were most anxious to hear old familiar favorites, and did not care for new music.

One of the most revolutionary periods in music history was the  A. Renaissance. B. early baroque. C. middle baroque. D. late baroque.

B. Early baroque.

Handel spent the major portion of his life in  A. Germany. B. England. C. Italy. D. Ireland.

B. England.

Dido and Aeneas, which many consider to be the finest opera ever written to an English text, was composed by  A. Claudio Monteverdi. B. Henry Purcell. C. George Frideric Handel. D. Jeremiah Clarke.

B. Henry Purcell.

The early baroque was characterized by  A. elaborate counterpoint. B. homophonic texture. C. development of the standardized orchestra. D. diffusion of the style into every corner of Europe.

B. Homophonic texture.

All of the following were baroque painters except  A. Gian Lorenzo Bernini. B. Isaac Newton. C. Peter Paul Rubens. D. Rembrandt van Rijn

B. Isaac Newton.

Some of Vivaldi's instrumental concertos were arranged by  A. Arcangelo Corelli. B. Johann Sebastian Bach. C. George Frideric Handel. D. Claudio Monteverdi.

B. Johann Sebastian Bach.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Most early baroque operas were based on Greek mythology and ancient history. B. The members of the Florentine Camerata based their theories on actual dramatic music that had come down to them from the Greeks. C. The members of the Florentine Camerata wanted to create a new vocal style modeled on the music of ancient Greek tragedy. D. Polyphony was rejected by the members of the Florentine Camerata because different words sounding simultaneously would obscure the text.

B. The members of the Florentine Camerata based their theories on actual dramatic music that had come down to them from the Greeks.

Vivaldi spent most of his life working at an institution for orphaned and illegitimate girls in  A. Rome. B. Venice. C. Florence. D. Cremona.

B. Venice.

Henry Purcell's opera Dido and Aeneas was inspired by the Aeneid, an epic poem by  A. Homer. B. Virgil. C. Nahum Tate. D. Dido

B. Virgil.

Which of the following is not a part of the baroque suite?  A. Allemande B. Waltz C. Sarabande D. Gigue

B. Waltz

A two-part collection of preludes and fugues, one in each major and minor key, basic to the repertoire of keyboard players today, is Bach's  A. Art of the Fugue. B. Well-Tempered Clavier. C. St. Matthew Passion. D. Brandenburg Concertos.

B. Well-Tempered Clavier.

The respect given Henry Purcell by his fellow Englishmen is evidenced by his burial in  A. Potter's Field. B. Westminster Abbey. C. Buckingham Palace. D. Canterbury Cathedral.

B. Westminster Abbey.

The word movement in music normally refers to  A. music for the ballet. B. a piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition. C. the rising and falling of the melodic contour. D. the rhythm of a piece.

B. a piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition.

Oratorio differs from opera in that it has no  A. orchestral accompaniment. B. acting, scenery, or costumes. C. choral part. D. vocal soloists.

B. acting, scenery, or costumes.

Presenting the subject of a fugue in lengthened time values is called  A. inversion. B. augmentation. C. retrograde. D. diminution.

B. augmentation.

A ____________ is a singer with a low range who usually takes comic roles.  A. tenor B. basso buffo C. basso profundo D. buffoon

B. basso buffo

The stage machinery of baroque opera  A. was very primitive. B. bordered on the colossal. C. was nonexistent. D. replaced set designs.

B. bordered on the colossal.

The ____________ is a Lutheran congregational hymn tune.  A. cantata B. chorale C. chorale prelude D. recitative

B. chorale

The ____________ is an instrumental composition based on a chorale.  A. suite B. chorale prelude C. sinfonia D. cantata

B. chorale prelude

The ____________ in an oratorio is especially important and serves either to comment on or to participate in the drama.  A. narrator B. chorus C. orchestra D. vocal soloist

B. chorus

An element of the oratorio that is especially important and serves to comment on or participate in the drama is the  A. narrator. B. chorus. C. vocal soloist. D. orchestra.

B. chorus.

In the baroque period, the ordinary citizen's opportunities for hearing music usually came from the  A. corner tavern. B. church. C. concert hall. D. court.

B. church.

When chorale melodies were harmonized for church choir, the tune was given to the  A. alto voice. B. congregation. C. bass voice. D. tenor.

B. congregation.

In many fugues, the subject in one voice is constantly accompanied in another voice by a different melodic idea called a(n)  A. answer. B. countersubject. C. episode. D. stretto.

B. countersubject.

A(n) ____________ is an operatic number involving three or more leading singers.  A. aria B. ensemble C. duet D. chorus

B. ensemble

Transitional sections of a fugue that offer either new material or fragments of the subject or countersubject are called  A. answers. B. episodes. C. preludes. D. strettos.

B. episodes.

The early and late baroque periods differed in that composers in the early baroque  A. favored polyphonic texture. B. favored homophonic texture. C. used extremely complex harmonies. D. favored purely instrumental music.

B. favored homophonic texture.

The main keyboard instruments of the baroque period were the organ and the  A. clavichord. B. harpsichord. C. piano. D. accordion.

B. harpsichord.

Corelli's Trio Sonata in A Minor, op. 3, no. 10, consists of four short movements, all in the same  A. meter. B. key. C. tempo. D. mood.

B. key.

The text, or book, of a musical dramatic work is called the  A. form. B. libretto. C. story. D. score.

B. libretto.

An ____________ is a play, set to music, sung to orchestral accompaniment, with scenery, costumes, and action.  A. overture B. opera C. aria D. ensemble

B. opera

In their use of aria, duet, and recitative, Bach's cantatas closely resembled the ____________ of the time.  A. suites B. operas C. concertos D. sonatas

B. operas

Congregational singing of chorales was an important way for people to  A. stay awake during long sermons. B. participate directly in the service. C. learn new music. D. All answers are correct.

B. participate directly in the service.

Monteverdi, an early baroque composer, strove to create music that was  A. difficult to perform. B. passionate and dramatic. C. extremely complex. D. placid and smooth.

B. passionate and dramatic.

Presenting the subject of a fugue from right to left, or beginning with the last and proceeding backward to the first note, is called  A. inversion. B. stretto. C. augmentation. D. retrograde.

B. stretto.

A typical baroque operatic form was the da capo aria in ABA form in which the singer  A. would make a literal repetition of the opening A section after the B section. B. was expected to embellish the returning melody with ornamental tones. C. would insert recitatives between the sections for added variety. D. improvise new words for the returning A section.

B. was expected to embellish the returning melody with ornamental tones.

Concerto Grosso

Baroque concerto type based on the opposition between a small group of solo instruments (the concertino) and orchestra (the ripieno)

C. an insistent rhythmic drive.

Bach achieves unity of mood in his compositions by using  A. homophonic texture. B. musical symbolism. C. an insistent rhythmic drive. D. simple melodic ideas.

A. opera.

Bach created masterpieces in every baroque form except the  A. opera. B. concerto. C. fugue. D. sonata.

Who's death marks the end of the Baroque Period

Bach on 1750

A. organist

Bach was recognized as the most eminent ____________ of his day.  A. organist B. composer C. violinist D. cellist

C. it gives a solo role to the harpsichord.

Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 is unusual in that  A. it consists of a single movement. B. it consists of four movements. C. it gives a solo role to the harpsichord. D. the first movement is not in typical ritornello form.

"the art of fugue"

Bach's last project (1742-1750) - an encyclopedic treatment of all known contrapuntal procedures, set forth in nineteen canons and fugues

D. All answers are correct.

Bach's personal musical style was drawn from  A. Italian concertos. B. French dance pieces. C. German church music. D. All answers are correct.

Cothen

Bach's second place of employment. Kapellmeister at the court of Prince Leopold. wrote largely secular works

Retrograde

Backward statement of melody

Clavichord

Baroque Keyboard instrument in which sound is produced by mean of crass blades striking strings, capable of making gradual dynamic changes but within a narrow volume range . Range from pp to mp.

Basso Continuo

Baroque accompaniment made of a bass part played by two instruments, keyboard and usually a low melodic instrument.

Trio Sonata

Baroque chamber sonata type written in three parts: two melody lines and the basso continuo; requires a total of four players to perform

Sonata da camera (chamber orchestra)

Baroque chamber sonata, usually a suite of stylized dances

D. All answers are correct.

Baroque painters exploited their materials to expand the potential of ____________ to create totally structured worlds.  A. color B. ornament and detail C. depth D. All answers are correct.

figured bass

Baroque practice consisting of an independent bass line that often includes numerals indicating the harmony to be supplied by the performer.

D. 1600-1750.

Baroque style flourished in music during the period  A. 1000-1250. B. 1250-1450. C. 1450-1600. D. 1600-1750.

A. French overture.

Baroque suites frequently begin with a  A. French overture. B. gavotte. C. gigue. D. sarabande.

C. four

Baroque trio sonatas usually involve ____________ performers.  A. two B. three C. four D. five

major minor tonality

Baroque/Classical, Developed at the beginning of the Baroque period, the major/minor tonality system was a system of classification which allowed for a definite tonality, and allows every chord to move and be defined in relation to that tonality., each chord could assume it's function in relation to the key center

Church modes

Basic scales of sacred/secular western music. During Middle Ages and Renaissance. Represent different feelings/emotions.

Figured Bass

Bass part of a baroque accompaniment with numbers above it indicating chords to be played.

The most characteristic feature of baroque music is its use of?

Basso continuo

C. 1690

By about ____________, major or minor scales were the tonal basis of most compositions.  A. 1500 B. 1600 C. 1690 D. 1750

one of a number of women troubadours.

Beatriz de Dia was

Overtures

Beginning instrumental opening for act

Of Bach's twenty children, ____________ went on to become well-known composers.  A. two B. three C. four D. five

C. four

Characteristic of baroque trio sonatas, the second movement of Corelli's Trio Sonata in A Minor, op. 3, no. 10, is  A. slow and dignified. B. songlike. C. fugue-like. D. a dance.

C. fugue-like.

vigorously with manliness.

Bernard of Clairvaux ordered his monks to sing

The various dances of the baroque suite are usually  A. polyphonic in texture. B. in theme and variation form. C. in AABB form. D. in ABA form.

C. in AABB form.

Improviser

Besides being a great organist and composer, Bach was a renowned _

lute song

Besides the madrigal, the was another type of secular vocal music which enjoyed popularity during the Renaissance.

Baroque Style

Bizarre, flamboyant, and elaborately ornamented

Melody in the Baroque Era: where was Bach born?

Born in Eisenach, Germany

The Baroque Oratorio: where was he born?

Born in Halle, Germany

Opera in the Baroque Era

Born in Italy; form musical discussions of the Camerata in Florence (create new vocal stage modeled on music of ancient Greek tragedy---recitative. Homophonic: soloists with chordal accompaniment. Euridice (1600) by Peri: earliest Opera. Opera composed for ceremonial occasions at court (display of magnificence and splendor. Subject matter for Greek mythology and ancient history.) First public opera house in 1637. Rise of virtuoso singers (castrato: male singer castrated before puberty, they received the highest fees.) Secco recitative: accompaniment by basso continuo. Accompaniment recitative: supported by orchestra. Da capo aria: aria in A B A form (melody embellished with ornaments on repeat.)

Antonio Vivaldi : where was he born and where did he work?

Born in Venice -Ordained as a priest Music master at the Conservatorio del'Ospedale Della Pieta -Connected with an orphanage for girls -Most of his music was written for concerts at the schools

Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 is unusual in that  A. it consists of a single movement. B. it consists of four movements. C. it gives a solo role to the harpsichord. D. the first movement is not in typical ritornello form.

C. it gives a solo role to the harpsichord.

Sackbuts

Brass; family of early trombones (alto, tenor, bass.)

Cornetts

Brass; wooden instrument with cup-shaped mouthpiece.

The early baroque period spanned the years  A. 1567-1643. B. 1640-1690. C. 1600-1640. D. 1690-1750.

C. 1600-1640.

By about ____________, major or minor scales were the tonal basis of most compositions.  A. 1500 B. 1600 C. 1690 D. 1750

C. 1690

A large court during the baroque period might employ about ____________ performers.  A. 18 B. 24 C. 80 D. 120

C. 80

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. A concerto grosso normally involves two to four soloists, and anywhere from eight to twenty or more musicians for the tutti. B. A concerto grosso presents a contrast of texture between the tutti and the soloists, who assert their individuality and appeal for attention through brilliant and fanciful melodic lines. C. A concerto grosso normally involves a large group of soloists accompanied by an equal number of supporting players. D. The first and last movements of concerti grossi are often in ritornello form, a form that features the alternation between tutti and solo sections.

C. A concerto grosso normally involves a large group of soloists accompanied by an equal number of supporting players.

The position of the composer during the baroque period was that of  A. a free agent working on commissions. B. an equal to the nobility, based on merit. C. a high-class servant with few personal rights. D. a low-class wandering minstrel.

C. A high-class servant with few personal rights.

Oratorios first appeared in  A. Germany. B. England. C. Italy. D. France.

C. Italy.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Some of Vivaldi's instrumental concertos were arranged by J. S. Bach. B. For most of his life, Vivaldi was a violin teacher, composer, and conductor at the music school of the Pietà, an institution for orphaned or illegitimate girls in Venice. C. Like Corelli, Vivaldi wrote only instrumental music. D. Vivaldi's solo concertos The Four Seasons are examples of baroque program music, or instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene.

C. Like Corelli, Vivaldi wrote only instrumental music.

____________ refers to a vocal line that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech.  A. Aria B. Duet C. Recitative D. Ensemble

C. Recitative

Monteverdi spent the greater part of his career in  A. Notre Dame, Paris. B. The Duomo, Florence. C. St. Mark's, Venice. D. the Vatican, Rome.

C. St. Mark's, Venice.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Lutheran chorales were tunes that had been composed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries or had been adapted from folk songs and Catholic hymns. B. In a sense, the cantata was a sermon in music that reinforced the minister's sermon. C. When chorale melodies were harmonized for church choirs, the tune was assigned to the tenors. D. The cantata of Bach's day might last 25 minutes and contain several different movements, including choruses, recitatives, arias, and duets.

C. When chorale melodies were harmonized for church choirs, the tune was assigned to the tenors.

Bach achieves unity of mood in his compositions by using  A. homophonic texture. B. musical symbolism. C. an insistent rhythmic drive. D. simple melodic ideas.

C. an insistent rhythmic drive.

Most early baroque operas were based on Greek mythology and  A. contemporary political events. B. lyric poetry. C. ancient history. D. contemporary exploration of the new world.

C. ancient history.

Monteverdi's vocal music ordinarily was supported by a ____________ and other instruments.  A. bassoon B. trumpet C. basso continuo D. string bass

C. basso continuo

The most characteristic feature of baroque music is its use of  A. gradual dynamic changes. B. monophonic texture. C. basso continuo. D. simple singable melodies.

C. basso continuo.

A ____________ is a singer with a very low range and powerful voice, who usually takes roles calling for great dignity.  A. tenor B. basso buffo C. basso profundo D. buffoon

C. basso profundo

A(n) ____________ is a musical number for two solo voices with orchestral accompaniment.  A. aria B. ensemble C. duet D. chorus

C. duet

The solo instruments in Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 are the ____________, violin, and harpsichord.  A. trumpet B. cello C. flute D. oboe

C. flute

Vivaldi wrote concertos  A. only for string instruments. B. only for violins with continuo. C. for a great variety of instruments. D. only for keyboard instruments.

C. for a great variety of instruments.

Baroque trio sonatas usually involve ____________ performers.  A. two B. three C. four D. five

C. four

The theorbo is a(n)  A. bass woodwind instrument similar to the bassoon. B. electronic instrument whose tone is generated by oscillators. C. plucked string instrument capable of producing chords as well as a bass line. D. keyboard instrument suitable for playing basso continuo parts.

C. plucked string instrument capable of producing chords as well as a bass line.

The compelling drive and energy in baroque music are usually provided by  A. a bawdy text. B. complex harmonic progressions. C. repeated rhythmic patterns. D. the high dynamic level.

C. repeated rhythmic patterns.

When a dissonance moves to a consonance, it is called a  A. triad. B. chord. C. resolution. D. broken chord.

C. resolution.

The first and last movements of the concerto grosso are often in ____________ form.  A. theme and variations B. sonata C. ritornello D. ternary

C. ritornello

Speechlike melody accompanied only by a basso continuo is called  A. basso ostinato. B. accompanied recitative. C. secco recitative. D. congregational singing.

C. secco recitative.

A sonata intended to be played in church, and therefore dignified and suitable for sacred performance, was called a  A. sonata da camera. B. trio sonata. C. sonata da chiesa. D. basso ostinato.

C. sonata da chiesa.

Sets of dance-inspired instrumental movements are called  A. sonatas. B. concertos. C. suites. D. cantatas.

C. suites.

Melodic sequence refers to  A. a composition by Vivaldi. B. a preferred method of tuning an instrument. C. the successive repetition of a musical idea at higher or lower pitches. D. the pedagogical steps in learning to play an instrument.

C. the successive repetition of a musical idea at higher or lower pitches.

Terraced dynamics refers to  A. a gradual change from soft to loud. B. a gradual change from loud to soft. C. the sudden alternation from one dynamic level to another. D. dynamics that are not written in the music but added by the performer.

C. the sudden alternation from one dynamic level to another.

A Vivaldi concerto usually has ____________ movements.  A. a variable number of B. two C. three D. four

C. three

A concerto grosso most often has ____________ movement(s).  A. one B. two C. three D. four

C. three

Corelli's Trio Sonata in A Minor, op. 3, no. 10, is scored for  A. two violins. B. solo violin and orchestra. C. two violins and basso continuo. D. piano, violin and cello.

C. two violins and basso continuo.

1. He successfully blended music and drama 2. He used dissonance extensively 3. He employed new orchestral effects

How did Monteverdi make his music more expressive and intense?

Council of trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

A sung piece, or choral work with or without vocal soloists, usually with orchestral accompaniment, is the?

Cantata

1. Chorus 2. Organ 3. Vocal soloists

Cantatas used in German Lutheran services in the early 1700s usually employed which of the following?

Two important pioneers were Bach's sons

Carl Philipp Emanuel and Johann Christian

D. All answers are correct.

Castrati  A. received the highest fees of any musicians. B. combined the lung power of a man with the vocal range of a woman. C. were male singers who had been castrated before puberty. D. All answers are correct.

BWV (Bach Werke Verzeichnis)

Cataloging system

Paris

Center of polyphonic music after 1150

Composer, patron, and public in the Classical Period

Changing society affected musicians (Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocrat family. Mozart: began at court, left, died in debt. Beethoven: successful independent musician.) Prospering middle class sought aristocrat luxury (Theatre, literature, music. Public concerts. Printed music, instruments, music lesson. Composers for middle class tastes (pieces for amateur musicians. Comic operas ridicule aristocracy. Dance movements less elegant more rustic. Composition flavored with folk and popular music.)

C. fugue-like.

Characteristic of baroque trio sonatas, the second movement of Corelli's Trio Sonata in A Minor, op. 3, no. 10, is  A. slow and dignified. B. songlike. C. fugue-like. D. a dance.

A ____________ is a short instrumental composition based on a hymn tune that reminds the congregation of the hymn's melody.

Chorale prelude.

The ____________ is a Lutheran congregational hymn tune.

Chorale.

An element of the oratorio that is especially important and serves to comment on or participate in the drama is the?

Chorus.

wanted music only as a discreet accompaniment to

Church authorities in the Middle Ages ____________________ their religious services.

proper pronunciation and tone quality.

Church officials expected monks to sing with

In the baroque period, the ordinary citizen's opportunities for hearing music usually came from the?

Church.

Vienna

Classical Era

Dynamics and the piano

Classical composers interest in expressing shades of emotion led to the widespread use of gradual dynamic change-crescendo and decrescendo. Composers did not restrict themselves to the terraced dynamics characteristic of baroque music. Crescendos and decrescendos were an electrifying novelty; audiences sometimes rose excitedly from their seats. During the classical period, the desire for gradual dynamic change led to the replacement of the harpsichord by the piano. The late 18th century piano called a fortepiano-weighed much less than the modern piano and had thinner strings held by a frame made of wood rather than metal.

Texture

Classical music is basically homophonic. Pieces shift smoothly or suddenly from one texture to another.

Which of the following characteristics is not typical of the music of the classical period?

Classical music is basically polyphonic.

Although all the movements of a baroque suite are in the same key, they differ in  A. meter. B. national origin. C. tempo. D. All answers are correct

D. All answers are correct

40. Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, was a  A. flutist. B. general. C. composer. D. All answers are correct.

D. All answers are correct.

Other Baroque Masters

Claudio Monteverdi, Henry Purcell, Arcangelo Corelli, and Antonio Corelli, and Antonio Vivaldi

The three main sections of a sonata-form movement are often followed by a concluding section known as the?

Coda.

French Overture

Common opening pieces, usually in two parts; first slow, with characteristic dotted rhythms, full of dignity and grandeur, the second quick and lighter mood, often starting like a fugue.

Bach's personal musical style was drawn from  A. Italian concertos. B. French dance pieces. C. German church music. D. All answers are correct.

D. All answers are correct.

Baroque painters exploited their materials to expand the potential of ____________ to create totally structured worlds.  A. color B. ornament and detail C. depth D. All answers are correct.

D. All answers are correct.

Early Baroque Period

Composers favored homophonic textures. Words could be projected more clearly over one main melody with chordal accompaniment.

Which of the following statements is not true?

Composers in the classical period continued to use terraced dynamics in their compositions.

B. violin

Composers in the middle baroque phase favored writing compositions for instruments of the ____________ family.  A. brass B. violin C. percussion D. woodwind

Melody

Composers usually borrowed popular tunes. Classical melodies tend to sound balanced and symmetrical because they are frequently made up of two phrases of the same length.

The Baroque Oratorio: what very famous oratorios did he compose?

Composes the most famous oratorios of the Baroque Messiah Also composes 40 operas, orchestral suites, and chamber music

Melody in the Baroque Era: what kind of music did Bach compose?

Composes works for all instruments Lute, harpsichord, violin, cello, instrumental suites, etc. -Composes great organ works -Conducted choir, daily church services, produced largest scale works when working at st. Thomas Church

Ritornello Form

Composition Form usually employed in the baroque concerto grosso in which the tutti plays a ritornello or refrain, alternating with one or more soloists playing new material.

Concerto Grosso

Composition for several instrumental soloists and small orchestra.

Rounded Binary Form

Compositional form with two sections, in which the second ends with a return to material from the first; each section is usually repeated

Stretto

Compositional procedure used in fugues, in which a subject is imitated before it is completed; one voice tries to catch the other.

Listening (La Primavera : Spring)

Concerto for violing and string orchestra. Note: Homophonic texture and ritornello form. Baroque program music: instrumental music associated with story, poem, idea, and scene. Descriptive effects (trills for bird songs, string tremolos for thunder.)

The ____________ is the person who beats time, indicates expression, cues in musicians, and controls the balance among instruments and voices.

Conductor

B. participate directly in the service.

Congregational singing of chorales was an important way for people to  A. stay awake during long sermons. B. participate directly in the service. C. learn new music. D. All answers are correct.

Between the ages of six and fifteen, Mozart was?

Continually on tour in England and Europe.

Characteristics of the Classical Style

Contrast of mood between and written within movements. Rhythm is flexible with multiple patterns for variety. Texture basically homophonic- frequent shifts. Melodies are tuneful, easy to remember, folk-like (balanced and symmetrical.)

B. key.

Corelli's Trio Sonata in A Minor, op. 3, no. 10, consists of four short movements, all in the same  A. meter. B. key. C. tempo. D. mood.

C. two violins and basso continuo.

Corelli's Trio Sonata in A Minor, op. 3, no. 10, is scored for  A. two violins. B. solo violin and orchestra. C. two violins and basso continuo. D. piano, violin and cello.

The Fugue

Cornerstone of Baroque music. Polyphonic composition based on one main theme. Vocal or instrumental; texture usually 3, 4, 5 voices. Subject: main theme, presented initially in imitation (next voice enters after previous voice has fully presented the subject.) Form is flexible: constant feature is beginning. Answer: 2nd subject is presented in dominant scale. Countersubject: melodic idea that accompanies subject fairly consistently. Episodes: transitional section between subjects.

Castrati  A. received the highest fees of any musicians. B. combined the lung power of a man with the vocal range of a woman. C. were male singers who had been castrated before puberty. D. All answers are correct.

D. All answers are correct.

In many fugues, the subject in one voice is constantly accompanied in another voice by a different melodic idea called a(n)?

Countersubject.

Hornpipe

Country dance of British Isles, often in a lively triple meter; optional dance movement of solo and orchestral Baroque suite; a type of duple meter hornpipe is still popular in Irish traditional dance music

societal characteristics

Court more then the church, bigger middle class, opera troupes, chapel choirs, Orchestras, few public performances

Melody in the Baroque Era: where did Bach work?

Court organist to the Duke of Weimar Composes great organ works Chamber musician to Prince of Cothen Composes works for all instruments Lute, harpsichord, violin, cello, instrumental suites, etc. St Thomas's Church, Leipzig Conducted choir, daily church services, produced largest scale works

Baroque Melody

Creates feeling of continuity. Many of these, sound elaborate and ornamental. Gives an impression of dynamic expansion. A short opening phrase is often followed by a longer phrase with an unbroken flow of notes.

The Lutheran chorale tunes  A. had been adapted from Catholic hymns. B. were composed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. C. had been adapted from folk songs. D. All answers are correct.

D. All answers are correct.

Antonin Dvorak

Czech Nationalistic composer

Baroque style flourished in music during the period  A. 1000-1250. B. 1250-1450. C. 1450-1600. D. 1600-1750.

D. 1600-1750.

The late baroque period spanned the years  A. 1567-1643. B. 1640-1690. C. 1600-1640. D. 1690-1750.

D. 1690-1750.

Vivaldi wrote approximately ____________ concerti grossi and solo concertos.  A. 10 B. 30 C. 95 D. 450

D. 450

While at Leipzig, Bach  A. taught organ and composition, gave recitals, and was often asked to judge the construction of organs. B. was responsible for the musical education of some 55 students in the St. Thomas school. C. rehearsed, conducted, and usually composed an extended work for chorus, soloists and orchestra for each Sunday and holiday of the church year. D. All answers are correct.

D. All answers are correct.

The word baroque has at various times meant all of the following except  A. elaborately ornamented. B. flamboyant. C. bizarre. D. naturalistic.

D. Naturalistic.

____________ is a musical procedure in which a fugue subject is imitated before it is completed.  A. Augmentation B. Diminution C. Retrograde D. Stretto

D. Stretto

The first opera house in Europe to offer entry to anyone with the price of admission opened in 1637 in  A. Hamburg. B. London. C. Rome. D. Venice.

D. Venice.

The middle baroque was characterized by  A. elaborate counterpoint. B. homophonic texture. C. the development of the standardized orchestra. D. a diffusion of the style into every corner of Europe.

D. a diffusion of the style into every corner of Europe.

A characteristic often found in baroque melodies is  A. one long continuous phrase with long sustained notes. B. one short phrase followed by continuous repetition of the same phrase. C. a symmetrical frame with two long phrases of equal length. D. a short opening phrase followed by a longer phrase with an unbroken flow of rapid notes.

D. a short opening phrase followed by a longer phrase with an unbroken flow of rapid notes.

The ____________ is the person who beats time, indicates expression, cues in musicians, and controls the balance among instruments and voices.  A. prima donna B. prompter C. concertmaster D. conductor

D. conductor

Presenting the subject of a fugue in shortened time values is called  A. inversion. B. augmentation. C. retrograde. D. diminution.

D. diminution.

To achieve intensity of expression, Monteverdi used ____________ with unprecedented freedom and daring.  A. skips B. texts C. consonances D. dissonances

D. dissonances

Baroque melodies give the impression of  A. balance and symmetry. B. being carelessly composed. C. tonal vagueness. D. dynamic expansion.

D. dynamic expansion.

Affections in baroque usage refers to  A. the nobility's manner of deportment. B. the doctrine of universal brotherhood. C. terraced dynamics. D. emotional states or moods of music.

D. emotional states or moods of music.

In Bach's day, the Lutheran church service lasted about ____________ hour(s).  A. one B. two C. three D. four

D. four

A polyphonic composition based on one main theme is the  A. subject. B. concerto. C. episode. D. fugue.

D. fugue.

Instrumental music became as important as vocal music for the first time in the ____________ period.  A. Renaissance B. early baroque C. middle baroque D. late baroque

D. late baroque

The sonata in the baroque period was a composition in several movements for  A. a solo instrument. B. three solo instruments. C. two to four instruments. D. one to eight instruments.

D. one to eight instruments.

To get a job, a musician had to  A. be the son of a musician. B. go to a conservatory for thorough training. C. marry the retiring musician's daughter. D. pass a difficult examination.

D. pass a difficult examination.

The music director of a baroque court was usually not responsible for  A. supervising and directing the musical performances. B. composing much of the music desired. C. the discipline of the other musicians. D. publicity in reaching an audience.

D. publicity in reaching an audience.

The first oratorios were based on  A. Greek mythology. B. contemporary literature. C. Greek and Roman literature. D. stories from the Bible.

D. stories from the Bible.

The large group of players in a concerto grosso is known as the  A. concertino. B. orchestra. C. soloists. D. tutti.

D. tutti.

Vivaldi was famous and influential as a virtuoso  A. harpsichordist. B. opera singer. C. lutenist. D. violinist.

D. violinist.

Much of the instrumental music composed during the Renaissance was intended for?

Dancing

Public Enemy/ Fight the Power/ East Coast Rap:

DJ definitely a bigger force political message big part of the lyrics are spoken single melody that just repeats ...

It is a large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists and orchestra

How is an oratorio like an opera?

Classical Chamber Music

Designed for the intimate setting of a room, rather than a concert hall (lighter sound.) Small group of 2-9 instrumentalists, 1 per part (subtle and intimate, intended to please performer and listener, each player shares thematic material.) String Quartet; most important setting (2 violins, viola, cello. 4 movements: usually Fast-Slow-Dance-Fast. Other settings (sonata for violin and piano. Piano trio (violin, cello, piano.) String Quintet (2 violins, 2 violas, cello.)

Bach wrote music in all styles except

Did not compose OPERA

B. Henry Purcell.

Dido and Aeneas, which many consider to be the finest opera ever written to an English text, was composed by  A. Claudio Monteverdi. B. Henry Purcell. C. George Frideric Handel. D. Jeremiah Clarke.

Presenting the subject of a fugue in shortened time values is called?

Diminution.

Death row records was formed by who?

Dr Dre

The first large body of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation was composed of?

During the twelth and thirteenth centuries

Opera

Drama sung to orchestral accompaniment (Libretto: text of opera, written by librettist. Music written by composer.) Opera can be serious, comic or both.

Ensembles

Duets, trios, quartets or larger, characters show feelings and may move the plot

Gavotte

Duple meter Baroque dance type of a pastoral character

Italy

During the 1600s, where did many public opera houses opened?

were not permitted to sing in church.

During the Middle Ages, women

All answers are correct

During the Renaissance every educated person was expected to read musical notation. play a musical instrument. be skilled in dance. All answers are correct

3

How many movements does vivaldi's spring concerto have?

Characteristics of the Classical Style

Dynamic shading expresses emotion (Crescendo and decrescendo. Piano replaces harpsichord.) End of basso continuo.

organum

Earliest kind of polyphonic music, which developed from the custom of adding voices above a plainchant; they first ran parallel to it at the interval of a fifth or fourth and later moved more freely

Harpsichord

Early Baroque keyboard instrument in which the strings are plucked by quills instead of being struck with hammers like the piano

Opera

Early italian baroque composers created opera which is a drama sung to orchestral accompaniment

False

Early operas were poorly produced with hardly any staging, costumes or special effects due to the lack of technology and resources in the 1600s

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)

Early/mid-classical period Austrian composer. Age 8; choir boy in Vienna until voice changed. Worked in Vienna until hired by Esterhazy family. 30 years as a skilled servant-became famous. Moved to Vienna rich and honored.

Which of the following oratorios is not by Handel?

Elijah

A. ornamental tones not printed in the music that seventeenth- and eighteenth-century performers were expected to add to the melody.

Embellishments are  A. ornamental tones not printed in the music that seventeenth- and eighteenth-century performers were expected to add to the melody. B. music created at the same time it is performed. C. notes printed in the music that embellish the melody D. obsolete in contemporary performances

Affections

Emotional state like joy, grief and agitations are represented in baroque music through specific musical languages.

Affections in baroque usage refers to?

Emotional states or moods of music

Voices

In a fugue, melodic lines. Keyboard fugues of the late Baroque period, such as those by J.S. Bach, commonly have four distinct voices even though they are played by a single musician

Haydn

Employment of the Esterhazy's

Handel spent the major portion of his life in

England

Handel spent the major portion of his life in?

England.

semi opera or dramatick opera

English Restoration-era entertainments that combined spoken plays with masque-like episodes employing singing and dancing characters

Ballad Opera (Dialogue Opera)

English comic opera, usually featuring spoken dialogue alternating with songs set to popular tunes; also called dialogue opera

henry purcell

English organist at Westminster Abbey and composer of many theatrical pieces (1659-1695), This man was a composer from England who wrote religious and theater music. He wrote the operas, "Dido" and "Aeneas" based on myth of trojan warrior, Aeneas, sails with his men,blown off course to Carthage, Africa, meets queen dido & they fall in love, gods tell Aeneas he must leave Carthage and found Rome, he does so and dido kills herself. among the 1st operas written in English.

A(n) ____________ is an operatic number involving three or more leading singers.

Ensemble

Transitional sections of a fugue that offer either new material or fragments of the subject or countersubject are called?

Episodes.

In Monteverdi's opera, Orfeo, Orpheus goes to Hades in the hope of bringing _____ back to life.

Eurydice

Haydn was fortunate in having a long and fruitful, as well as financially stable, relationship with the noble Hungarian family of?

Esterházy.

the earliest opera that has been preserved in Jacopo Peri's

Euridice

earliest preserved opera

Euridice by Jacopo Peri

The earliest opera that has been preserved is Jacopo Peri's?

Euridice.

Tenor

Ev'ry Valley Shall Be Exalted from Handel's Messiah is sung by a _

Parts of the Fugue

Exposition- all voices have stated the subject Subject- the main theme stated at the beginning Answer- imitation of subject by another voice

terrace dynamics

Expressive style typical of some early music in which volume levels shift abruptly from soft to loud and back without gradual crescendos and decrescendos.

The Classical Symphony

Extended ambitious composition (20-45 minutes.) Sonata for orchestra. Exploits expanded range of timbre and dynamics of orchestra. Themes in one movement rarely appear in other movements. Unified partly by same key in 3 movements. Multi-movement instrumental work (1. Fast-frequently sonata form. 2.Slow- either Sonata form, ABA, or Theme. 3. Dance- usually Minuet and Trio or scherzo (fast dance-like) form. 4. Fast- frequently Sonata or Rondo form.

true or false: much of baroque music is monophonic with no text

False

True or False? All twelve of Monteverdi's operas are regularly performed in Europe and America.

False?

Johann Sebastian Bach

Famous Organist; Born in Germany, famous for his improvisations. Composed Brandenburg Concertos, the Goldberg Variations, the mass in B Minor, two passions over three hundred cantatas only 200 have survived.

Purpose of instrumental music during religious services in the Middle Ages

Feast Days and Special Events

Baroque Art is characterized by

Filling the space- canvas, stone, or sound- with action and movement.

The Baroque Period (1600-1750)

Fills space with action and movement (visual art: implies motion; busy. Architecture: elaborate; example: Versailles.) Aristocracy very rich and powerful (need entertainment and "Age of absolutism"- power over subjects.

Mozart's Requiem was?

Finished by one of his pupils.

Listening (Brandenburg Concert No. 5 in D major, first movement)

For string and group of soloists. For movement: ritornello form.

Classical chamber music is designed?

For the intimate setting of a small room.

Listening (Symphony No. 40 in G Minor)

First Movement and sonato form.

exposition

First section of a sonata form movement, which sets up a strong conflict between the tonic key and the new key, and between the first theme and the second theme.

Composers in the classical period took middle-class tastes into account by?

Flavoring their serious compositions with folk and popular music, writing comic operas that sometimes ridiculed the aristocracy, and writing dance music for public balls.

The solo instruments in Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 are the ____________, violin, and harpsichord.

Flute.

In the classical period, serious composition was flavored by

Folk and popular music.

Sonata (sonata-allegro) form

For single movement; ternary (A B A.) Exposition (themes presented) and development (themes treated new ways.) Recapitulation (themes return) and often concludes with a coda (tail.)

Countersubject

In a fugue, the melodic idea that accompanies the subject fairly constantly.

Voices

In a fugue, various instrumental lines, called _, imitate the subject.

Prelude and fugues

Free-form piece followed by a strict imitative piece

Passepied

French Baroque court dance type; a faster version of the minuet

Courante

French Baroque dance, a standard movement of the suite, in triple meter at a moderate tempo

The first large body of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation was composed by?

French nobles called troubadours and trouvères.

Baroque suites frequently begin with a

French overture

Common opening piece in baroque suites, oratorios, and operas; usually in two parts: the first slow, with characteristic dotted rhythms, full of dignity and grandeur; the second quick and lighter in mood, often starting like a fugue

French overture

A polyphonic composition based on one main theme is the?

Fugue.

accompagnato

Full Instruments, voice, and Basso Continuo, Orchestra accompaniment

The Two Giants of Baroque Composition

George Frederick Handle and Johann Sebastian Bach

The Baroque Oratorio: who was the main creator?

George Freidrich Handel, 1685-1759

A. Johann Sebastian Bach.

George Frideric Handel was born in 1685, the same year as  A. Johann Sebastian Bach. B. Arcangelo Corelli. C. Claudio Monteverdi. D. Antonio Vivaldi.

Italy.

Josquin Desprez spent much of his life in

Empfindsamkeit

German "sensitive" style of the mid-eighteenth century, characterized by melodic directness and homophonic texture

Allemande

German dance in moderate duple time, popular during the Renaissance and Baroque periods; often the first movement of a Baroque suite

Christopher Columbus.

Josquin Desprez was a contemporary of

music includes 104 masses and some 450 other sacred works.

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina's music includes 104 masses and some 450 other sacred works. training, like Josquin's, was in Flanders. career centered in Florence. All answers are correct.

divertissement

Grand entertainment of the French Baroque, characterized by spectacle and grandeur, intended for light entertainment or diversion between acts.

Divertissements

Grand entertainments of the French Baroque, characterized by spectacle and grandeur, intended for light entertainment or diversion

Francesco Landini

Great composer of ARS NOVA

Carissimi

Greatest master of Latin oratorio

is monophonic in texture.

Gregorian chant

All answers are correct.

Gregorian chant retained some elements of the Jewish synagogue of the first centuries after Christ. was the official music of the Roman Catholic church for more than 1,000 years. is set to sacred Latin texts. All answers are correct.

melody sung without accompaniment.

Gregorian chant consists of

was credited by medieval legend with having created it.

Gregorian chant is named after Pope Gregory I, who

All answers are correct.

Gregorian chant is seldom heard today because it is too old-fashioned for modern services. the Second Vatican Council of 1962-65 decreed the use of the vernacular in church services. it is very difficult to sing, and those who know how are dying out. All answers are correct.

stepwise within a narrow range of pitches.

Gregorian chant melodies tend to move

All answers are correct.

Guillaume de Machaut was a ______________ as well musician. poet priest All answers are correct. court official

love songs with instrumental accompaniment.

Guillaume de Machaut's compositions consist mainly of

B. England.

Handel spent the major portion of his life in  A. Germany. B. England. C. Italy. D. Ireland.

A. an oratorio.

Handel's Messiah is an example of  A. an oratorio. B. an opera. C. musical theater. D. a song.

Joseph II

Hapsburgh ruler 1780-1790

In this section both the ritornello and the solo passage differ in a significant way from what has come before. What difference do you hear?

Harmony has changed to minor.

The main keyboard instruments of the baroque period were the organ and the?

Harpsichord

Divertimentos or Serenades

Haydn and Mozart wrote many outdoor entertainment pieces.

B. Virgil.

Henry Purcell's opera Dido and Aeneas was inspired by the Aeneid, an epic poem by  A. Homer. B. Virgil. C. Nahum Tate. D. Dido

All answers are correct.

Hildegard of Bingen was the first woman composer to leave a large number of works that have survived. All answers are correct. a visionary and mystic active in religious and diplomatic affairs. abbess of the convent at Rupertsberg.

The early baroque was characterized by?

Homophonic texture.

Chorale

Hymn tune sung to a German religious text.

Chorale

Hymn tune sung to a german religious text.

D. four

In Bach's day, the Lutheran church service lasted about ____________ hour(s).  A. one B. two C. three D. four

A. orphanages.

In Italy, music schools were often connected with  A. orphanages. B. courts of the nobility. C. public schools. D. universities.

Countersubject

In a fugue, a secondary theme heard against the subject; a countertheme

Stretto

In a fugue, when entries of the subject occur at faster intervals of time, so that they overlap forming dense, imitative counterpoint. Stretto usually occurs at the climactic moment near the end

Quickly and clearly, often on repeated notes

In a recitative, how are words sung?

To fit specific needs of their employers

In general, why did baroque musicians write music?

B. countersubject.

In many fugues, the subject in one voice is constantly accompanied in another voice by a different melodic idea called a(n)  A. answer. B. countersubject. C. episode. D. stretto.

placing new melodic lines against known chants.

In medieval times, most polyphonic music was created by

is subordinate to the voice.

In most lute songs, the lute accompaniment

C. narrator's recitatives.

In oratorio, the story is carried forward by the  A. arias. B. chorus. C. narrator's recitatives. D. duets.

priests.

In the Middle Ages, most important musicians were

B. terraced dynamics.

In the baroque era, dynamics consisted mainly of sudden alterations between loud and soft called  A. cantus firmus. B. terraced dynamics. C. basso continuo. D. basso ostinato.

B. church.

In the baroque period, the ordinary citizen's opportunities for hearing music usually came from the  A. corner tavern. B. church. C. concert hall. D. court.

The exposition opens immediately with four-note motive which is then elaborated by the strings. A new section begins with the motives stated by the horns. In the section that follows, where is the motive?

In the low strings.

bowed string instrument.

In the recording of the medieval estampie, the melody is played on a rebec, a

B. operas

In their use of aria, duet, and recitative, Bach's cantatas closely resembled the ____________ of the time.  A. suites B. operas C. concertos D. sonatas

1. By having the music imitate bird songs and other characteristics of the season 2. By including a sonnet at the beginning 3. By adding lines from poems reflecting the music

In which ways does Vivaldi make his violin concerto "Spring" a programmatic work?

Concerto

Instrumental genre in several movements for solo instrument (or instrumental group) and orchestra

concero (solo)

Instrumental genre in several movements for solo instrument (or instrumental group) and orchestra.

Sonata

Instrumental genre in several movements for soloist or small ensemble

sonata

Instrumental genre in several movements for soloist or small ensemble

D. late baroque

Instrumental music became as important as vocal music for the first time in the ____________ period.  A. Renaissance B. early baroque C. middle baroque D. late baroque

Middle Baroque period

Instrumental music important- music written for them, Virtuosic violin became a thing

A classical concerto is a three-movement work for?

Instrumental soloist and orchestra.

Classical Forms

Instrumental works in several contrasting movements. Classical symphonies and string quartets (4 movements (fast, slow, dance-related fast.) Movements use different forms. Movements often contrast themes vividly. Musical tensions resolved by end of movement.

virtuoso Musician

Interest in instruments lead to advanced and improved playing techniques

Episodes

Interludes or intermediate sections in the Baroque fugue that serve as areas of relaxation between statements of the subject

What are the four principal ways a theme or subject (melodies) can be varied?

Inversion - turning the subject upside down Retrograde - playing the subject backwards Augmentation - lengthen the original rhythm Diminution - shorten the rhythm of the original

Fugue Subject Variations

Inversion- turned upside down. Retrograde- backwards. Augmentation- time values lengthened. Diminution- time values shortened.

The Notre Dame mass was unique because

It is the first polyphonic treatment of a mass ordinary by a known composer

Classical orchestra

It was a standard group of four sections: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion. ex: Strings-1st violins, 2nd violins, violas, cellos, double basses Woodwinds-2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons Brass-2 french horns, 2 trumpets Percussion-2 timpani The number if musicians was greater in a classical orchestra than in a baroque group.

Giuseppe Verdi

Italian Opera Composer

antonio vivaldi

Italian baroque composer and violinist (1678-1741), a Venetian PREIST and baroque music composer, as well as a famous virtuoso violinist; he was born and raised in the Republic of Venice. The Four Seasons, a series of four violin concertos, is his best known work and a highly popular Baroque music piece., worked at the Ospedale della Pieta (hospice of mercy), an orphanage for the care & education of young women. first to popularize ritornello form, the fast first movement of a 3-movement concerto.

claudio monteverdi

Italian composer (1567-1643) & The transitional figure from the renaissance to the baroque and the main figure who led the way to a new baroque style. The most important composer of the early Baroque. one of the inventors of the new seconda prattica

Bach's personal music style was drawn from

Italian concertos, French dance pieces, and German church music

Stile Concitato

Italian for "agitated stle"; one of Montiverdi's genere, usually expressed by rapidly articulated repeated notes.

Aria

Italian for "air", song for a solo voice that is very melodic Usually highly emotional, revealing a character's feeling

basso continuo

Italian for "continuous bass." Also refers to performance group with a bass, chordal instrument (harpsichord, organ), and one bass melody instrument (cello, bassoon)

Prima Prattica

Italian for "first practice"; a term used in early seventeenth-century Italy to distinguish Renissance polyphony from the new, more dissonant style. Music rules come before text.

favola in musica

Italian for "musical tale"

stile rappresentativo

Italian for "representational style"; term used by Florentine Camerata to describe monodic style; recitative-like melody moving freely over a foundation of simple chords; music meant to heighten emotional power of text

Ritornelloan

Italian for "return"; a recurring passage in Baroque music heard in the tutti, serving as the structural framework in concertos and arias

Seconda Prattica

Italian for "second practice"; originally, Monteverdi's term of challenge to the conservative treatment of contrapuntal dissonance favored by Zarlino and his followers; a promised treatise never appeared, and Monteverdi grew increasingly involved with the monodic style. Text reigns over music rules.

Toccata

Italian for "to touch"; after 1500, a virtuosic keyboard piece displaying dexterity and skill

ostinato

Italian for obstinate - a musical figure, motive, melody, harmony, or rhythm that is repeated again and again

scherzo

Italian word means "joke"; 3rd movement in 4 movement form; sped up minuet

Oratorios first appeared in

Italy

paintings of the classical period

J.B.S. Chardin painted plain people and made them warm and real-working middle class. Jacques-Louis David clothed modern figures in classical garb and placed them in classical settings. William Hogarth drew visual sermons with satire and caustic wit, a moralist.

sculpture and architecture of the classical period

Jean-Antoine Houdon greatest sculptor of the age and created reps of famous revolutionary figures and made portraits of famous men on coins today. Architecture became more plain with cornices, simple columns, spacious domes, Washington D.C. designed after neoclassical style, line and form, classical grace and simplicity.

Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and _____ were two of the more important preclassical composers.

Johann Christian Bach

George Frideric Handel was born in 1685, the same year as

Johann Sebastian Bach

Who is known for the melodies they created in their pieces in the Baroque Era?

Johann Sebastian Bach

three

John Dowland's Flow My Tears consists of musical sections that are each immediately repeated.

3 Artists who flourished from 1770-1820 and the world's greatest composers

Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven

Unity is achieved in the classical symphony partly by the use of the same?

Key in three of its four movements.

Harpischord

Keyboard instrument, widely used from about 1500-1775, whose sound is produced by plectra that pluck its wire, strings. It was revived during the twentieth century.

Harpischord

Keyboard; plectra plucks wire strings.

Regal

Keyboard; small portable organ with reed pipes.

Bach was recognized as the most eminent ____________ of his day.

Keyboardist.

Frederick the Great (of Prussia)

King a Prussia was a flutist and a good composer as well as a feared general.

Parts of mass

Kyrie,Gloria,Credo,Sanctus,and Agnus Dei

Tutti

Large group of musicians contrasted with a smaller group.

Oratorio

Large scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists and orchestra, usually set to a narrative text but without acting, scenery, or costumes; often based on biblical stories.

symphony

Large work for orchestra, generally in three or four movements.

Instrumental music became as important as vocal music for the first time in the ____________ period.

Late Baroque

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)

Late Baroque Italian composer and violinist. Taught at Venetian orphange for girls. Died in poverty, forgotten until 1950s. Best known for 450 Concerti Grossi and Solo Concertos (soloists and orchestra.)

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

Late Classical period German composer. Son of professional musician. Played piano for Mozart at 16, studied composition with Haydn at 21 in Vienna (was paid to say in Vienna, not a servant. Taught piano lessons, played concerts, sold music.) Started to go deaf at 29. Works have new power and heoism. Late works (9th symphony) written while completely deaf. Died in Vienna, 20,000 people lined the streets.

AA'A''A'''A''''.

Length.

All answers are correct.

Leonin and Perotin are notable because they indicated definite time values and a clearly defined meter in their music. All answers are correct. are the first important composers known by name. were the leaders of the school of Notre Dame.

Nahum Tate

Librettist for Purcell's Dido and Aeneas

The text, or book, of a musical dramatic work is called the?

Libretto.

Which of the following statements is not true?

Like Haydn and many other composers of the classical period, Beethoven was most successful financially when in the service of the aristocracy.

Bourréea

Lively French dance type in duple meter

the beggars opera was first presented in ?

London

homophonic

Lute songs are mostly in texture

aria

Lyric song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, generally expressing intense emotion; found in opera, cantata, and oratorio

de capo aria

Lyric song in ternary, or A-B-A, form, commonly found in operas, cantatas, and oratorios.

libretto

the words or text of an opera or musical play, The composer of an opera's music is remembered more frequently than the author of its text (libretto)

Subject

Main idea or theme of a work, as in a fugue

Middle Baroque Period

Major and minor scales were the total bases of more compositions. There was new importance for instrumental music. Many compositions written for specific instruments.

As you listen to the remainder of the exposition focus on the harmony. Is it predominantly in minor or major?

Major.

Catrato

Male singer castrated before puberty to retain a high voice range; the most important/ favorite type of singers for operas during the baroque period.

French Overture

Many baroque suites open with an introduction which is not dance-like called a _

Flanders.

Many prominent Renaissance composers, who held important posts all over Europe, came from what was then

Eine Kleine Nachtmusik/ Mozart / Classical

Melody: most important , melody regins , polyphonic Harmony: modulation -changing form , one key to another, simple major and minor chords ,with a clear tonal center Form : clear structure

Librettist

the writer of opera

Name the two wives of Bach

Maria & Anna

1. Aria: an expressive song sung by one person with orchestral accompaniment 2. Recitative: a vocal line that imitates speech and moves the action forward 3. Libretto: the text of an opera 4. Chorus: music sung by a group that comments on the action or creates a background atmosphere 5. Overture: an orchestral piece that serves as an introduction the opera

Matching

Listening (Estampe)

Medieval dance music with strong beal. Single melodic line is notated. Improvised instrumental accompaniment.

Estampie

Medieval instrumental dance that features a series of sections, each played twice with two different endings, Ouvert and Clos.

organum.

Medieval music that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines is called

C. the successive repetition of a musical idea at higher or lower pitches.

Melodic sequence refers to  A. a composition by Vivaldi. B. a preferred method of tuning an instrument. C. the successive repetition of a musical idea at higher or lower pitches. D. the pedagogical steps in learning to play an instrument.

Dr. Dre. Ft Snopp Dog, Nothing but a G Thang / West coast rap

Melody; yes in the instrumentals , bass Harmony: not terribly important Rythm ; very consistent / repetitive , important, slower, more laid back "Behind the beat "

A. music of the ancient Greek tragedies.

Members of the Camerata wanted to create a new vocal style based on the  A. music of the ancient Greek tragedies. B. glories of their aristocratic patrons. C. organum of the Middle Ages. D. polyphonic madrigal.

Baroque rhythm

Meter occur on a steady beat, energetic, doesn't change

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

Mid-Classical period Austrian composer. Child prodigy, father was a musician. Toured from ages 6-15, back to Salzburg. Unhappy as a servant, to Vienna at 25. Died young at 35, last piece (Requiem.) Finished by his student.

Inversion

Mirror or upside-down image of a melody or pattern, found in fugues and twelve-tone compositions

Gregorian Chant

Monophonic melody

C. St. Mark's, Venice.

Monteverdi spent the greater part of his career in  A. Notre Dame, Paris. B. The Duomo, Florence. C. St. Mark's, Venice. D. the Vatican, Rome.

C. basso continuo

Monteverdi's vocal music ordinarily was supported by a ____________ and other instruments.  A. bassoon B. trumpet C. basso continuo D. string bass

B. passionate and dramatic.

Monteverdi, an early baroque composer, strove to create music that was  A. difficult to perform. B. passionate and dramatic. C. extremely complex. D. placid and smooth.

C. ancient history.

Most early baroque operas were based on Greek mythology and  A. contemporary political events. B. lyric poetry. C. ancient history. D. contemporary exploration of the new world.

Claudio Monteverdi

Most important early Baroque composer- create emotional intensity in his music + dissonance. wrote L'ORFEO- greek , dead wife, underworld, snake bit heel

Hildegard of Bingen

Most important woman composer of the middle ages

vocal.

Most medieval music was

Short musical ideas or fragments of themes that are developed within a composition are called?

Motives.

Baroque Forms

Movement: piece that sounds completely independent but is a part of a larger composition (unity of mood in each movement. Pause between movements. Movement contrast.) Ternary and binary forms common. Contrasts between bodies of sound.

age 8

Mozart wrote his first symphony at

dancing.

Much of the instrumental music composed during the Renaissance was intended for

suite

Multimovement work made up of a series of contrasting dance movements, generally all in the same key. Also partita and ordre.

Polyphonic

Music composed of relatively independent melodic lines or parts.

opera

Music drama that is generally sung throughout, combining the resources of vocal and instrumental music with poetry and drama, acting and pantomime, scenery and costumes.

Members of the Camerata wanted to create a new vocal style based on the?

Music of the ancient Greek tragedies.

Polyphonic

Music of the late baroque is predominantly _ in texture

Beethoven's music

Music reflects personality-demanded perfection. Used classical forms and techniques with new power and intensity. Highly influencial Bridge to Romantic period. Greater use of syncopation and dissonance. Increased pitch and dynamic range. Nine symphonies: 9th has chorus and 4 soloists, increased instrumentation, Ode to Joy. 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, 5 piano concerti, 1 opera.

Doctrine of the Affections

Music should arouse the emotions

program music

Music that describes a nonmusical subject, like a story, object, or scene, through the use of musical effects

absolute music

Music that is independent of words, drama, visual images, or any kind of representational aspects.

Music in Baroque Society

Music written to order- new music desored. Courts- music indicated affluence. Court Music Director (prestige, good, pay but considered a skilled servant.) Some aristocrats were musicians. Church music is elaborate (where ordinary citizens heard music.) Some public opera houses. Music careers taught apprenticeship (orphanages taught music.)

Symphony may be defined as a(n)?

Musical composition for orchestra, usually in four movements, sonata for orchestra, and extended, ambitious composition exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra.

Rondeau (Rondo)

Musical form in which the first section recurs, usually in the tonic. In the Classical multimovement cycle, it appears as the last movement in various forms, including A-B-A-B-A, A-B-A-C-A, and A-B-A-C-A-B-A

word painting

Musical illustrations of verbal concepts

Trill

Musical ornament consisting of the rapid alteration of two tones that are a whole or half step apart.

Baroque melody

NOT easy to remember or sing, long & continuous (expansion)

Getting a job as a musician

Needed to pass difficult examinations; Perform and submit compositions; May be expected to make a voluntary contribution to town treasury; even marry daughter of retiring musician. Bach and Handel turned down the same job for this reason

Ludwig van Beethoven and classical society

New Philosophy: All men were created equal -For Beethoven, freedom with: -Being bound to a court -conventional procedures -personal doubts: insercurities, fears -The idea that music was purely for entertainment- it was the ideal art form

Listening (Organ Fugue in G Minor)

Note individual voice entry on same melody (subject.)

Listening (Beethoven: symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op 67 (1808) First Movement

Note: Sonata form

Listening (Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major (1786) First Movement

Note: Sonata form. Cadenza near end of movement (one of few notated by Mozart)

C. four

Of Bach's twenty children, ____________ went on to become well-known composers.  A. two B. three C. four D. five

A large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra, usually set to a narrative biblical text, is called?

Oratorio.

A Roman epic poem (Aeneid)

On what is Dido and Aeneas is based?

A greek myth

On what is Monteverdi's first great opera Orfeo, based?

A baroque musical composition usually expresses ____________within the same movement.

One basic mood.

dancing.

One function of secular music in the late Middle Ages was to provide accompaniment for

Solo Concerto

One instrument set against the orchestra

C. Italy.

Oratorios first appeared in  A. Germany. B. England. C. Italy. D. France.

After another repeat of the ritornello comes a passage that depicts a thunderstorm. Is this musical depiction created primarily by the orchestra, or by the solo violin?

Orchestra

syncopation.

One of the major characteristics of ars nova music is its use of

B. Early baroque.

One of the most revolutionary periods in music history was the  A. Renaissance. B. early baroque. C. middle baroque. D. late baroque.

Baroque Orchestra

Orchestra evolved into a performing group based on instruments in the violin family.

Exposition

Opening section. In the fugue, the first section in which the voices enter in turn with the subject. In sonata-allegro form, the first section in which the major thematic material is stated

1. Costumes 2. Acting 3. Scenery 4. Music

Opera commonly fuses together which of the following elements?

An ____________ is a play, set to music, sung to orchestral accompaniment, with scenery, costumes, and action.

Opera.

Bach created masterpieces in every baroque form except the?

Opera.

In their use of aria, duet, and recitative, Bach's cantatas closely resembled the ____________ of the time.

Operas.

Abbreviation: OP, stands for ____ which means ____

Opus, work

B. acting, scenery, or costumes.

Oratorio differs from opera in that it has no  A. orchestral accompaniment. B. acting, scenery, or costumes. C. choral part. D. vocal soloists.

1607

Orfeo, by Monteverdi was composed in the year _

Main keyboard instruments are:

Organ and harsichord

______________ is a term applied to medieval music that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines.

Organum

Baroque painters exploited their materials to expand the potential of _____ to create totally structured worlds

Ornament and detail, depth, and color

Grace Notes

Ornamental note, often printed in small type and not performed rhythmically

A. Eurydice

Orpheus goes to Hades in the hope of bringing ____________ back to life.  A. Eurydice B. Phyllis C. Persephone D. Oriana

An ____________ is an orchestral composition performed before the curtain rises on a dramatic work.

Overture.

Rome

Palestrina spent most of his career in

it is set for six voices instead of four.

Palestrina's Pope Marcellus Mass sounds fuller than Josquin's Ave Maria because

Rome

Palestrina's career centered in

Congregational singing of chorales was an important way for people to?

Participate directly in the service.

A ____________ is a single tone, usually in the bass, that is held while the other voices produce a series of changing harmonies against it.

Pedal point.

Haydn's music

Pioneer in development f symphony/string quartet. Influenced style of both Mozart and Beethoven. 104 symphonies, 68 string quartets.

overdotting

Performing practice in French BAROQUE music in which a dotted NOTE is held longer than written, while the following short note is shortened.

Prompter

Person who gives cues and reminds singers of their words or pitches during an opera performance. They are located in a box just over the edge of the stage, which concepts them from the audience.

texture during early baroque era

Predominantly chordal and homophonic Top and bottom lines are the strongest as the basso continuo creates a powerful bass to support the melody above

Which of the following statements is not true of the classical period?

Philosophers and writers in the classical period believed that custom and tradition, rather than reason, were the best guides to human conduct.

Beethoven's late works, composed after he was totally deaf, include what?

Piano sonatas, string quartets, and the Ninth Symphony.

A. a narrator's recitatives.

Pieces of an oratorio are usually connected together by means of  A. a narrator's recitatives. B. choruses. C. duets. D. arias.

The opening Ritornello section contains two phrases, each repeated. What do the performers do on the repeated phrases to create contrast?

Play softer.

Fugue

Polyphonic composition basd on one main theme or subject.

fugue

Polyphonic form popular in the Baroque era in which one or more themes are developed by imitative counterpoint. A fugue is a complex composition in which the theme (called the subject) is developed by imitative counterpoint. In this example, the first imitation of the subject is heard overlapping the initial idea. Example: Bach, Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue in D minor, Fugue

Late Baroque Period

Polyphonic texture is favored. Instrumental music is just as important as vocal music.

reorganized the Catholic church liturgy during his reign from 590 to 604.

Pope Gregory the Great

Gigue

Popular English Baroque dance type, a standard movement of the Baroque suite, in a lively compound meter

gigue

Popular English Baroque fast dance type, a standard last movement of the Baroque suite, in a lively compound meter like gallaping. #4 in Froberger standard order

B. stretto.

Presenting the subject of a fugue from right to left, or beginning with the last and proceeding backward to the first note, is called  A. inversion. B. stretto. C. augmentation. D. retrograde.

B. augmentation.

Presenting the subject of a fugue in lengthened time values is called  A. inversion. B. augmentation. C. retrograde. D. diminution.

D. diminution.

Presenting the subject of a fugue in shortened time values is called  A. inversion. B. augmentation. C. retrograde. D. diminution.

This piece contained a solor and 2 choruses = ritornello

Primavera

masque

a form of festive courtly entertainment, featuring music, dancing, singing, and acting (often by courtiers themselves), an elaborate stage design, and costumes; masks were used by the participants for disguises

Following a brief statement of the ritornello, this section is meant to evoke "murmuring streams." What technique does Vivaldi employ here to create this effect?

Rapid alternating pitches.

Sonata form consists of three main sections: exposition, development, and what?

Recapitulation.

Castrati

Received the highest fees of any musicians, combined the lung power of a man with the vocal range of a woman, and were male singers who had been castrated before puberty.

____________ refers to a vocal line that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech.

Recitative

Elements of Opera

Recitative, Aria, Overture, Libretto

Crossover

Recording or artist that appeals primarily to one audience but becomes popular with another as well (e.g., a rock performer who makes jazz recordings)

Ritornello

Refrain: A repeated section of music usually played by the full orchestra, or tutti.

Lutheran Cantata

Related to the sermon and specific Gospel and Epistle readings, each Sunday service required its own cantata (Bach composed 295)

Baroque Music

Religious institutions (use emotional/theatrical qualities of art to make worship more attractive/appealing.) Middle class commissioned art. Experiment based scientist. Two major Baroque composers (Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and George Frideric Handel (1685-1759.)) Early Baroque: 1600-1640 (Italy: music for tests of extreme emotion---opera. Favored homophomic texture. Dissonances and contrasts of sound.) Middle Baroque: 1640-1690 (Italian style spreads across Europe. Major and minor scales. Instrumental music, especially violin. Late Baroque: 1690-1750 (harmony: dominated chord to the tonic. Instrumental and vocal music equally important. Polyphonic music returns to favor.)

the melody often moves along a scale with few large leaps.

Renaissance melodies are usually easy to sing because

All answers are correct.

Renaissance music sounds fuller than medieval music because the typical choral piece has four, five, or six voice parts of nearly equal melodic interest. the bass register is used for the first time. composers considered the harmonic effect of chords rather than superimposing one melody above another. All answers are correct.

The compelling drive and energy in baroque music are usually provided by?

Repeated rhythmic patterns.

Each successive variation in a theme with variations?

Retains some elements of the theme.

Baroque Rhythm

Rhythmic patters heard at the beginning of a piece are repeated through out.

The first and last movements of the concerto grosso are often in ____________ form.

Ritornello.

Ritornello Form

Ritornello: repeated section of music. Frequently used in 1st and 3rd movements. Theme repeatedly presented in fragments. Contrasts between solo sections and tutti.

Requiem Mass

Roman Catholic Mass for the Dead

Chorale Prelude

Short composition for organ, based on a hymn tune and often used to remind the congregation of the melody before the hymn is sung.

Ritornello

Short, recurring instrumental passage found in both the aria and the Baroque concerto

Musical Procedures

Stretto: subject imitated before its completed. Pedal point: single tone (usually bass) held while other voices change harmony.

Concerto Grosso form

SMALL (concertino) vs. large (tutti) groups, 3 movements- (fast Ritornello- slow- fast Ritornello)

The most important form of classical chamber music is the?

String quartet.

Along with his symphonies, Haydn's ___________ are considered his most important works.

String quartets.

Viols

String; family of bowed string instruments with 6 strings.

Lutes

String; plucked string instrumental with a half-pear shaped body.

monody

a general term connoting solo singing accompanied by a basso continuo in the early Baroque period

Clavichord

Stringed keyboard instrument popular in the Renaissance and Baroque that is capable of unique expressive devices not possible on the harpsichord

most important instrument family

Strings

monody

a general term connoting solo singing accompanied by a basso continuo in the early baroque period

Answer

Second entry of the subject in a fugue, usually pitched a fourth below or a fifth above the subject

Listening (Symphony No. 94 in G Major)

Second movement. Note: theme and variations form. Countermelody: melodic idea that accompanies main theme.

The _________ movement of Haydn's Surprise Symphony is in theme-and-variations form.

Second.

The lyrical slow movement of a symphony is most often the?

Second.

All answers are correct.

Secular music in the fourteenth century became more important than sacred music. was not based on Gregorian chant. included drinking songs and pieces in which bird calls, dog barks, and hunting shouts were imitated. All answers are correct.

14th Century Music: "New Art" (ars nova)

Secular music more important than sacred music. New music notation system (Any rhythmic pattern can be specified. Beats can be subdivided in two or three years. Syncopation becomes important rhythmic practice.) 14th Century Italian and French music- ars nova (profound changes in musical style.)

A _____________ is a musical composition that is usually light in mood, and meant for evening entertainment.

Serenade.

C. suites.

Sets of dance-inspired instrumental movements are called  A. sonatas. B. concertos. C. suites. D. cantatas.

Concerto grosso consists of

Several Movements that contrast in a tempo and character. 3 movements they are : Fast, Slow, Fast.

Chorale Prelude

Short Baroque organ piece in which a traditional chorale melody is embellished

Chorale Preludes

Short Baroque organ pieces in which traditional choral melodies are embellished

Which of natural images from the sonnet do you think the sound of the solo violin is illustrasting in this section?

Singing birds.

Themes and Variations

Single part form- no large contrasting. "B" section: (A A' A'' A''..) Basic idea presented and repeated (each repeated altered (varies) the musical idea. Variations all about same length. Alter melody, harmony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, accompaniment, key.)

Pedal point

Single tone, usually in the bass, which is held while the other voices produce a series of changing harmonies against it; often found in fugues.

The Classical Orchestra

Size increases, standard group of 4 sections (strings, woodwinds in pairs- clarinet is new. Brass: pairs of horns, trumpets. Percussion: 2 timpani.) Note: trombones used in opera/church music. Composers expploited individual tone colors. Role of each section (strings most important; 1st violins with melody. Woodwinds add contrasting timbre; melodic solos. Brass adds power. Timpani for rhythmic bite and emphasis.

The Baroque Orchestra

Small (10-40 players.) Based on violin family. Nucleus: bass continuo and upper strings. Use of WW, Brass, and Percussion. Variable composers specified instrumentation (beautiful effects from specific tone colors. Tone colors subordinate to other musical elements.)

Concerto Grosso

Small group of soloists and orchestra (tutti.) Multi-movement work (usually 3.) (fast, slow (quieter), and fast (dancelike.))

In the development section the motive is varied and tossed around to different parts of the orchestra. Listen for a striking passage toward the end of the section where the music seems to slow down and fragments of the motive are echoed between two different groups of instruments. What are the two groups?

Strings and woodwinds.

Concertino

Solo group of instruments in the Baroque concerto grosso

recitative

Solo vocal declamation that follows the inflections of the text, often resulting in a disjunct vocal style; found in opera, cantata, and oratorio. Scherzo- Composition in A-B-A form, usually in triple meter; replaced the minuet and trio in the nineteenth century.

B. Johann Sebastian Bach.

Some of Vivaldi's instrumental concertos were arranged by  A. Arcangelo Corelli. B. Johann Sebastian Bach. C. George Frideric Handel. D. Claudio Monteverdi.

Aria

Song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, usually expressing an emotional state through its outpouring of melody, found in operas, oratorios, and cantatas.

Baroque keyboard

Strings were plucked by quills- dynamic of the harpsichord could note change much, had to add more notes to sound louder

The typical orchestra of the classical period consisted of?

Strings, pairs of woodwinds, horns, trumpets, and timpani.

true

Strozzi's aria Amor dormiglione is in a da capo form. true or false

C. secco recitative.

Speechlike melody accompanied only by a basso continuo is called  A. basso ostinato. B. accompanied recitative. C. secco recitative. D. congregational singing.

Baroque

Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.

Monteverdi spent the greater part of his career in the most important church post in Italy, that of

St. Mark's, Venice

monteverdi spent the greater part of his career in the most important church post in Italy:

St. Mark's, Venice

harmony during baroque era

Stable, diatonic chords played by basso continuo support melody Clearly defined chord progressions begin to develop Tonality reduced to major and minor keys

Sarabande

Stately Spanish Baroque dance type in triple meter, a standard movement of the Baroque suite

sarabande

Stately Spanish Baroque slow dance in 3/4 with infasis on the 2nd beat #3 Froberger standard order

Augmentation

Statement of a melody in longer note values, often twice as slow as the original

Diminution

Statement of a melody in shorter note values, often twice as fast as the original

The first oratorios were based on?

Stories from the Bible.

____________ is a musical procedure in which a fugue subject is imitated before it is completed.

Stretto.

The main theme of a fugue is called the?

Subject.

Haydn was a prolific composer, as demonstrated in part by his 68 string quartets and 104?

Symphonies.

Minuet and Trio

Ternary form based on stately court dance of the Baroque; in triple meter (each ternary part itself ternary; minuet: A, Trio: B, minuet: A.) Related form is scherzo.

Michael Praetorius.

Terpsichore, a collection of over 300 dance tunes, was arranged for instrumental ensemble by

Baroque Dynamics

Terraced dynamics (stair steps), Small vs. Large Ensembles, could only add or take away instruments because the harpsichord only had one volume

C. the sudden alternation from one dynamic level to another.

Terraced dynamics refers to  A. a gradual change from soft to loud. B. a gradual change from loud to soft. C. the sudden alternation from one dynamic level to another. D. dynamics that are not written in the music but added by the performer.

Libretto

Text of an Opera

The Baroque period was also known as _____________

The Age of Absolutism

Homophonic texture characterizers which stages?

The Baroque Period

doctrine of affections

The Baroque practice of attempting to project states of feeling and ideas in music, more expressive

used secular tunes, noisy instruments, and theatrical singing.

The Council of Trent attacked the church music of the Renaissance because it

opera seria

a genre of opera that dominated the stage during the baroque era, making use of serious historical or mythological subjects, da capo arias, and lengthy overtures

Antonio Vivaldi

The Four Seasons

What is Vivaldi's most famous work?

The Four Seasons -A group of four violin concertos

A. two sections: slow-fast.

The French overture has  A. two sections: slow-fast. B. two sections: fast-slow. C. three sections: fast-slow-fast. D. one continuous section.

All answers are correct

The French secular songs of the Middle Ages usually dealt with love. the Crusades. spinning. All answers are correct

D. All answers are correct.

The Lutheran chorale tunes  A. had been adapted from Catholic hymns. B. were composed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. C. had been adapted from folk songs. D. All answers are correct.

Mozart

The Marriage of Figaro

D. publicity in reaching an audience.

The music director of a baroque court was usually not responsible for  A. supervising and directing the musical performances. B. composing much of the music desired. C. the discipline of the other musicians. D. publicity in reaching an audience.

1450 and 1600.

The Renaissance in music occurred between

Italy.

The Renaissance madrigal began around 1520 in

piece for several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love.

The Renaissance madrigal is a

All answers are correct.

The Renaissance may be described as an age of curiosity and individualism. All answers are correct. the "rebirth" of human creativity. exploration and adventure.

polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than the ordinary of the mass.

The Renaissance motet is a

B. chorus

The ____________ in an oratorio is especially important and serves either to comment on or to participate in the drama.  A. narrator B. chorus C. orchestra D. vocal soloist

B. chorale

The ____________ is a Lutheran congregational hymn tune.  A. cantata B. chorale C. chorale prelude D. recitative

B. chorale prelude

The ____________ is an instrumental composition based on a chorale.  A. suite B. chorale prelude C. sinfonia D. cantata

D. conductor

The ____________ is the person who beats time, indicates expression, cues in musicians, and controls the balance among instruments and voices.  A. prima donna B. prompter C. concertmaster D. conductor

a new system of notation permitted composers to specify almost any rhythmic pattern.

The ars nova or new art differed from older music in that

Becoming a Musician In Baroque Period

The art was handed down from father to son: Bach, Vivaldi, Purcell, Couperin, and Rameau were sons of musicians.

B. unity of mood

The baroque principle of ____________ may be temporarily suspended in vocal music when drastic changes of emotion in a text inspires corresponding changes in the music.  A. basso continuo B. unity of mood C. terraced dynamics D. All answers are correct.

No valves

The baroque trumpet had _

B. 1600-1750.

The baroque, as a stylistic period in western art music, encompassed the years  A. 1450-1600. B. 1600-1750. C. 1750-1820. D. 1820-1900.

End of the basso continuo

The basso continuo was gradually abandoned during the classical period. One reason was because it became obsolete was that more and more music was written for amateurs, who couldn't master the difficult art of improvising from a figured bass. Second reason is classical composers wanted more control, they preferred to specify an accompaniment rather than trust the judgement of improvisers.

Which of the following statements is not true of the music of the classical period?

The basso continuo was the nucleus of the instrumental ensemble.

doctrine of affects

The belief of Baroque composers in projecting the ideas of the text. It should convey the emotion so clearly that the listener should feel it. States of the soul, the expression of affections is the dominate goal in fashioning a piece of music. The power and purpose of music was to move the affections. Music shouldn't just represent the emotion it was the embodiment of the emotion

Paris.

The center of polyphonic music in Europe after 1150 was

earlier role in pagan rites.

The church frowned on instruments because of their

like the major and minor scales in that they consist of seven tones and an eighth tone that duplicates the first an octave higher.

The church modes are

the basic scales of western music during the Middle Ages.

The church modes were

Basilica San Marco

The church of st. mark, the center of Venetian musical culture during the 16th c. It was not controlled by the church heirarchy and was a private chapel of the doge

C. repeated rhythmic patterns.

The compelling drive and energy in baroque music are usually provided by  A. a bawdy text. B. complex harmonic progressions. C. repeated rhythmic patterns. D. the high dynamic level.

A. fast, slow, fast.

The concerto grosso most often has three movements whose tempo markings are  A. fast, slow, fast. B. fast, fast, slow. C. slow, fast, slow. D. slow, slow, fast.

Gregorian chant.

The music the Medieval monks sang was called

the publication in London of a volume of translated Italian madrigals.

The development of the English madrigal can be traced to 1588 and considered a result of

humanism.

The dominant intellectual movement of the Renaissance was called

Hildegard of Bingen.

The earliest extant liturgical morality play, Ordo virtutum (Play of the Virtues), was composed by

Leonin and Perotin.

The earliest known composers to write music with measured rhythm were

A. Euridice.

The earliest opera that has been preserved is Jacopo Peri's  A. Euridice. B. Orfeo. C. Nerone. D. Arsace.

ninth

The earliest surviving chant manuscripts date from about the _______ century.

B. favored homophonic texture.

The early and late baroque periods differed in that composers in the early baroque  A. favored polyphonic texture. B. favored homophonic texture. C. used extremely complex harmonies. D. favored purely instrumental music.

C. 1600-1640.

The early baroque period spanned the years  A. 1567-1643. B. 1640-1690. C. 1600-1640. D. 1690-1750.

B. Homophonic texture.

The early baroque was characterized by  A. elaborate counterpoint. B. homophonic texture. C. development of the standardized orchestra. D. diffusion of the style into every corner of Europe.

melancholy

The expression of , as heard in John Dowland's Flow My Tears, was a prominent feature of English literature and music in the time of William Shakespeare.

C. ritornello

The first and last movements of the concerto grosso are often in ____________ form.  A. theme and variations B. sonata C. ritornello D. ternary

during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The first large body of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation was composed

French nobles called troubadours and trouvères.

The first large body of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation was composed by

Four seasons winter:

The first movement begins with the orchestra playing a somewhat dissonant chord to each beat of the music which builds up to a crescendo. The violin solo begins, and the orchestra is heard intermittently throughout this solo A sequence played by the soloist goes higher and higher, and the first movement ends with the original theme played by the entire orchestra. After a long minor chord, a cadence ends the first movement. The second movement is a bit slower, or, allegro, as the solo violinist plays a legato melody, accompanied by other stringed instruments being played pizzicato in high arpeggio chords. It seems that this movement may be in theme-variation form, as the soloist carries the melody throughout the entire movement. This second movement ends with one major chord, exhibiting the difference between the previous and latter movements which are in minor modes and are more serious and fast paced, compared to this movement which is melodic and gentle sounding.

D. Venice.

The first opera house in Europe to offer entry to anyone with the price of admission opened in 1637 in  A. Hamburg. B. London. C. Rome. D. Venice.

D. stories from the Bible.

The first oratorios were based on  A. Greek mythology. B. contemporary literature. C. Greek and Roman literature. D. stories from the Bible.

addition of a second melodic line to Gregorian chant.

The first steps in a revolution that eventually transformed western music began sometime between 700 and 900 with the

monks in monastery choirs began to add a second melodic line to Gregorian chant.

The first steps toward the development of polyphony were taken sometime between 700 and 900, when

ABA.

The form of the chant Alleluia: Vidimus stellam is

the mass.

The highlight of the day for monks and nuns was

D. tutti.

The large group of players in a concerto grosso is known as the  A. concertino. B. orchestra. C. soloists. D. tutti.

Ripieno

The larger of the two ensembles in the Baroque concerto grosso

focused on human life and its accomplishments.

The intellectual movement called humanism

B. Leipzig.

The longest period of Johann Sebastian Bach's professional life was spent as director of music at St. Thomas's Church in  A. Rome. B. Leipzig. C. Cöthen. D. Eisenach.

Polyphonic texture characterizes which stage?

The late Baroque period

D. 1690-1750.

The late baroque period spanned the years  A. 1567-1643. B. 1640-1690. C. 1600-1640. D. 1690-1750.

Italy.

The leading music center in sixteenth-century Europe was

Don Giovanni, in Mozart's opera of that name, is?

The legendary Spanish lover.

the late 1590's to the 1620's.

The lute song was widely cultivated in England from

Queen Elizabeth I.

The madrigal anthology The Triumphes of Oriana was written in honor of

B. harpsichord.

The main keyboard instruments of the baroque period were the organ and the  A. clavichord. B. harpsichord. C. piano. D. accordion.

B. subject.

The main theme of a fugue is called the  A. answer. B. subject. C. countersubject. D. episode.

on the lowest social level.

The medieval jongleurs, important sources of information in a time when there were no newspapers, were

B. the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech.

The members of the Camerata wanted the vocal line of their music to follow  A. standard rules of musical theory. B. the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech. C. the lines of contrapuntal writing. D. set metrical and melodic patterns.

B. 1640-1690.

The middle baroque period spanned the years  A. 1567-1643. B. 1640-1690. C. 1600-1640. D. 1690-1750.

D. a diffusion of the style into every corner of Europe.

The middle baroque was characterized by  A. elaborate counterpoint. B. homophonic texture. C. the development of the standardized orchestra. D. a diffusion of the style into every corner of Europe.

the Counter-Reformation.

The movement in which the Catholic church sought to correct abuses and malpractices within its structure is known as

B. Johann Sebastian Bach.

The two giants of baroque composition were George Frideric Handel and  A. Johann Christian Bach. B. Johann Sebastian Bach. C. Giovanni Gabrieli. D. Galileo Galilei.

C. basso continuo.

The most characteristic feature of baroque music is its use of  A. gradual dynamic changes. B. monophonic texture. C. basso continuo. D. simple singable melodies.

rhythm.

The notation of the secular songs of the Middle Ages does not indicate

The return of the four-note signals the start of recapitulation, but the momentum is stopped almost immediately by an instrumental solo that was not in the exposition. What instrument plays this unusual solo?

The oboe.

sonata-allegro form

The opening movement of the sonata cycle, consisting of themes that are stated in the first section (exposition), developed in the second section (development), and restated in the third section (recapitulation). Also sonata form or first-movement form. In this example, the first theme (of two principal themes), an exuberant dance tune in D minor, is stated in the exposition, after which the music makes a transition to a new key (F major, in preparation for the second theme). Example: Haydn, String Quartet, Op. 76, No. 2, fourth movement

A. violin

The orchestra evolved during the baroque period into a performing group based on instruments of the ____________ family.  A. violin B. woodwind C. brass D. percussion

stately dance in duple meter similar to the pavane.

The passamezzo is a

450-1450.

The phrase Middle Ages refers to the period of European history spanning

Servant

The position of court composer was one of many benefits, however, the composer was still a _

C. A high-class servant with few personal rights.

The position of the composer during the baroque period was that of  A. a free agent working on commissions. B. an equal to the nobility, based on merit. C. a high-class servant with few personal rights. D. a low-class wandering minstrel.

motet.

The two main forms of sacred Renaissance music are the mass and the

Inversion

The procedure of varying a fugue subject by turning it upside down is called _

B. Westminster Abbey.

The respect given Henry Purcell by his fellow Englishmen is evidenced by his burial in  A. Potter's Field. B. Westminster Abbey. C. Buckingham Palace. D. Canterbury Cathedral.

The members of the Camerata wanted the vocal line of their music to follow what?

The rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech.

chamber cantata

a genre that emphasized accompanied solo singing, it is usually divided into contrasting sections that alternate between recitative and aria; performed before a select group of listeners in a private residence

Now the exposition repeats. Is it an exact repetition or does it differ in some significant way?

The same.

Libretto

The script of opera

Baroque Dynamics

The shifts are often and sudden. Alteration between loud and soft. Gradual changes through crescendo and decrescendo are NOT prominent features.

C. flute

The solo instruments in Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 are the ____________, violin, and harpsichord.  A. trumpet B. cello C. flute D. oboe

D. one to eight instruments.

The sonata in the baroque period was a composition in several movements for  A. a solo instrument. B. three solo instruments. C. two to four instruments. D. one to eight instruments.

B. bordered on the colossal.

The stage machinery of baroque opera  A. was very primitive. B. bordered on the colossal. C. was nonexistent. D. replaced set designs.

Roles in classical orchestra

The strings were the most important section, with the first violins taking the melody most of the time and the lower strings providing an accompaniment. The woodwinds added contrasting tone colors and were often given melodic solos. Horns and trumpets brought power to loud passages and filled out the harmony, but they did not usually play the main melody. Timpani were used for a rhythmic bite and emphasis.

the office and the mass.

The two types of services at which monks and nuns sang were

circle of fifths

a geometrical representation of the relationships among the twelve tones of the chromatic scale, their corresponding key signatures, and the associated major and minor keys, based on the interval of a perfect fifth

Melodic sequence refers to?

The successive repetition of a musical idea at higher or lower pitches.

Terraced dynamics refers to?

The sudden alternation from one dynamic level to another.

Italian and French music of the fourteenth century.

The term ars nova refers to

B. libretto.

The text, or book, of a musical dramatic work is called the  A. form. B. libretto. C. story. D. score.

polyphonic.

The texture of Renaissance music is chiefly

C. plucked string instrument capable of producing chords as well as a bass line.

The theorbo is a(n)  A. bass woodwind instrument similar to the bassoon. B. electronic instrument whose tone is generated by oscillators. C. plucked string instrument capable of producing chords as well as a bass line. D. keyboard instrument suitable for playing basso continuo parts.

distracted the listeners from worship.

The use of organs in church

Unity of Mood

The usually expresses one basic mood

C. in AABB form.

The various dances of the baroque suite are usually  A. polyphonic in texture. B. in theme and variation form. C. in AABB form. D. in ABA form.

used only as a discreet accompaniment.

The view of the later medieval church on music during religious services was that it should be

All answers are correct

The wandering minstrels, or jongleurs, of the Middle Ages played instrumental dances on harps, fiddles, and lutes. All answers are correct lived on the lowest level of society. performed music and acrobatics in castles, taverns, and town squares.

lute

The was the most popular instrument in the Renaissance home.

D. Naturalistic.

The word baroque has at various times meant all of the following except  A. elaborately ornamented. B. flamboyant. C. bizarre. D. naturalistic.

B. a piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition.

The word movement in music normally refers to  A. music for the ballet. B. a piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition. C. the rising and falling of the melodic contour. D. the rhythm of a piece.

The prospering middle class in the classical period sought aristocratic luxuries such as?

Theater, literature, and music.

Subject

Theme of a fugue

Listening (Trumpet Concerto in E Flat Major (1796))

Third movement: allegro

The form known as minuet and trio is employed as the __________ movement of classical symphonies, string quartets, and other works.

Third.

The movement of a sonata-type composition that is often patterned after a dance is the?

Third.

word painting.

Thomas Weelkes's As Vesta Was Descending is notable for its

D. dissonances

To achieve intensity of expression, Monteverdi used ____________ with unprecedented freedom and daring.  A. skips B. texts C. consonances D. dissonances

A. tremolo.

To evoke angry or warlike feelings in some of his texts, Monteverdi introduced new orchestral effects, including pizzicato and  A. tremolo. B. double stops. C. sul ponticello. D. col legno.

D. pass a difficult examination.

To get a job, a musician had to  A. be the son of a musician. B. go to a conservatory for thorough training. C. marry the retiring musician's daughter. D. pass a difficult examination.

Vivaldi / The four seasons/ Baroque:

To maintain a compelling composition, each section's three movements are organized into a tempo pattern of fast-slow-fast.The four seasons is a set of four violin concertos that illustrate in one way or another a different season: • spring (bird songs ,gentler breezes, and soon), • summer (a nap in the sun) • fall ( tipsy peasant dance at the harvest festival) winter (the horrible wind

A bass line and chordal accompaniment usually played by a harpsichord and another instrument

To what does the italian term basso continuo or continuo refer?

Episodes

Traditional section in a fugue between presentations of the subject, which offers either new material or fragments of the subject or countersubject.

B. episodes.

Transitional sections of a fugue that offer either new material or fragments of the subject or countersubject are called  A. answers. B. episodes. C. preludes. D. strettos.

Queen Elizabeth I

Triumphes and Oriana were written in honor of

love,crusades,dancing

Trouvere songs dealt with the following themes_______________

religion.

Trouvère songs of the Middle Ages dealt with all of the following subjects except the Crusades. religion. dancing. love.

False

True or false: Handel's oratorios were musical works based on religious stories to be played in church.

False

True or false: In his Contata No. 140, Bach uses different chorales in each movement

False

True or false: bach had to compose strict religious music for the church and secular music for other purposes in very different forms

True

True or false: in a baroque fugue, the subject is first presented in a single, unaccompanied voice.

courante

a grave triple-meter notated in 3-2 with many lilting hemiola effects caused by patterns cutting across the pulse

Rondo

Tuneful main theme returns over and over (lively, pleasing and simple to remember.) Alternates with other contrasting sections. Common rondo patterns are ABACA (small rondo) and ABACABA (large rondo.)

Tupac

Tupac was born in harlem -both his parents were in the black panthers and he moved to baltimore -went to baltimore school of arts -studied poetry, acting jazz, and ballet -eventually became a part of the west coast rap community -got into a great deal of trouble and was shot fives times in a robbery

A. inversion.

Turning the subject of a fugue upside down, or reversing the direction of each interval, is called  A. inversion. B. stretto. C. retrograde. D. countersubject.

The large group of players in a concerto grosso is known as the?

Tutti.

The classical string quartet is a musical composition for?

Two violins, viola, and cello.

Canon

Type of polyphonic composition in which one musical line strictly imitates another at a fixed distance throughout

Characteristics of Baroque Music

Unity of mood (expresses one mood throughout piece. Affections: emotional states represented through specific musical languages. Exception: vocal music (text)) Rhythm (patterns repeated throughout- provides safety and energy. Beat more prominent.) Melody (feeling of continuity-opening melody heard again and again. Continuous expanding of melodic sequence.) Dynamics (constant volumes with abrupt shifts (Terraced dynamics: alternation between loud and soft. Organ and harpsichord well suited for constant dynamics.)) Texture (late Baroque-mostly polyphonic with extensive imitation. Texture can vary.) Chords mess with melodic line (bass is foundation.) Bass Continuo (most characteristic feature of Baroque music. Accompaniment made up of a bass part played by at least 2 instruments (keyboard and low melodic instrument.) Figured Bass- bass part with numbers. Words and music (word painting continues. Emphasize words by writing many rapid notes for single syllable of text.)

Florentine camerata

a group of humanists, musicians, poets and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count Giovanni de' Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and drama.

Ground Bass/ Basso Ostinado

Variation form in which a musical idea in the bass is repeated over and over while the melodies above it continually change.

Augmentation

Variation of a fugue subject in which each interval of the subject is reversed in direction.

Inversion

Variation of a fugue subject in which each interval of the subject is reversed in direction.

Retrograde

Variations of a fugue in which the subject is presented by beginning with its last note and proceeding backward to the first.

Diminution

Variations of a fugue subject in which the original time values of the subject are shortened.

Yes

Venetian choral music of the last sixteenth century contained parts written exclusively for instruments

The first opera house in Europe to offer entry to anyone with the price of admission opened in 1637 in

Venice

Vivaldi is closely identified with the musical life of

Venice

Vivaldi spent most of his life working at an institution for orphaned and illegitimate girls in?

Venice.

Josquin spent most of his life in the province of Hainaut, today a part of Belgium.

Which of the following statements is not true? Josquin's Ave Maria . . . Virgo serena uses polyphonic imitation, a technique typical of the period. Josquin's compositions include masses, motets, and secular vocal pieces. Josquin's compositions strongly influenced other composers, and were praised enthusiastically by music lovers. Josquin spent most of his life in the province of Hainaut, today a part of Belgium.

Mozart's music

Versatile and prolific-symphonies, string quartets, piano concertos, operas. Music conveys feeling of ease, grace, spontaneity, balance, restraint, perfect proportion.

A. overture.

Very often an independent fugue is introduced by a short piece called a(n)  A. overture. B. prelude. C. concerto. D. pedal point.

Vivaldi was famous and influential as a virtuoso?

Violinist.

Four season spring:

Violins mimic the sounds of chirping birds and babbling brooks, but then change tone as a thunderstorm arrives. The orchestra imitates thunderclaps; after they recede, the little birds return. Movement two is slow and dignified, musically describing a goatherd sleeping in flowering meadow with his dog at his side. The scene is tranquil and idyllic, capturing the peaceful idleness of spring. The third movement portrays a rustic peasant dance. The poem describes nymphs and shepherds dancing to festive sounds. The orchestra presents an upbeat melody as well as the sounds of a joyous gathering of people

henry purcells opera Dido and Aeneas was inspired by Aeneid an epic poem by

Virgil

Dido and Aeneas, which many people consider the finest opera ever written to an English text, was inspired by

Virgil's epic poem the Aeneid

cadenza

Virtuosic solo passage in the manner of an improvisation, performed near the end of an aria or a movement of a concerto.

Toccata

Virtuoso composition, generally for organ or harpsichord, in a free and rhapsodic style; in the Baroque, it often served as the introduction to a fugue

Who was know for their Baroque Concerto?

Vivaldi

B. Venice.

Vivaldi spent most of his life working at an institution for orphaned and illegitimate girls in  A. Rome. B. Venice. C. Florence. D. Cremona.

D. violinist.

Vivaldi was famous and influential as a virtuoso  A. harpsichordist. B. opera singer. C. lutenist. D. violinist.

D. 450

Vivaldi wrote approximately ____________ concerti grossi and solo concertos.  A. 10 B. 30 C. 95 D. 450

C. for a great variety of instruments.

Vivaldi wrote concertos  A. only for string instruments. B. only for violins with continuo. C. for a great variety of instruments. D. only for keyboard instruments.

cantata

Vocal genre for solo singers, chorus, and instrumentalists based on a lyric or dramatic poetic narrative. It generally consists of several movements including recitatives, arias, and ensemble numbers.

monody

Vocal style established in the Baroque, with a solo singer and instrumental accompaniment.

Basso continuo

an independent bass part written as one line but with shorthand numerical instructions to indicate the full harmony

Beethoven

Was a brilliant pianist, was self-educated and had read widely, but was weak in elementary arithmetic, and began to feel the first symptoms of deafness in his twenty-ninth year.

A typical baroque operatic form was the da capo aria in ABA form in which the singer?

Was expected to embellish the returning melody with ornamental tones.

instruments were used.

We know from paintings and literary descriptions of the Middle Ages that

Some indication of the acclaim and respect given Purcell by his contemporaries in England can be seen from the fact that he is buried in

Westminster Abbey

1. Include rich harmonies 2. Can be secular or religious 3. Some demonstrate the capabilities of a musical form or instrument 4. Generally polyphonic

What are the main characteristics of Bach's music?

1. Outpouring of melody that expresses an emotional state 2. A song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment

What characterizes the aria?

Instrumental music became more important during the Baroque period

What conclusion can be drawn from the amount of instrumental music written by Bach?

Creator of chant

What did Pope Gregory do for chant

Church and secular music, instrumental works, songs and opera

What does Henry Purcell's works include?

Several movements based on dances

What does a suite as a composition feature?

Handel's "Messiah"

What is one well-known and loved oratorios of the baroque period?

Three parts and a total of more than 50 movements

What is the structure of "Messiah"

monks in monastery choirs began to add a second melodic line to Gregorian chant

What was the beginning of polyphony (during 700-900)

the pictures and literary descriptions of the day.

What we know about instruments in church comes mainly from

1. Boys and girls received musical education in orphanges 2. By attending choir school in church 3. It was an art passed on from generation to generation

What were the most common ways people became musicians during the baroque period?

Sonata de camera and Sonata de chiesa

What were the two most common types of trio sonatas during the Baroque era?

C. resolution.

When a dissonance moves to a consonance, it is called a  A. triad. B. chord. C. resolution. D. broken chord.

B. congregation.

When chorale melodies were harmonized for church choir, the tune was given to the  A. alto voice. B. congregation. C. bass voice. D. tenor.

It was intended for religious services.

Which of the following statements is not true of the medieval estampie? It was intended for religious services. The manuscript contains only a single melodic line. The manuscript does not indicate which instrument should play the melody. It is one of the earliest surviving pieces of instrumental music.

A. answer.

When the subject of a fugue is presented in the dominant scale, it is called the  A. answer. B. countersubject. C. episode. D. stretto.

1. His most successful post was working for the prince of Cöthen 2. Four of Bach's sons were composers 3. Bach was director of music of a church in Leipzig

Which are true about the life and work of J.S. Bach

Mostly strings and harpsichord

Which instruments make up the tutti in a concerto grosso?

Two violins

Which instruments play the top voices of Corelli's Trio Sonata in A minor?

The second

Which movement in a concerto such as La Primavera is usually the slow, more lyrical movement?

Italian

Which nationality of composers were held high in regard and paid more than others during the baroque period?

1. Recitatives are used to connect the parts of an oratorio 2. Most oratorios are based on stories from the bible

Which of the following are accurate statements about the oratorio in the baroque period?

Josquin Desprez

Which of the following composers is not an important madrigalist? Thomas Morley Luca Marenzio Thomas Weelkes Josquin Desprez

Alleluia.

Which of the following is not a part of the Renaissance mass?

B. Waltz

Which of the following is not a part of the baroque suite?  A. Allemande B. Waltz C. Sarabande D. Gigue

Ave Maria

Which of the following is not a part of the mass ordinary? Ave Maria Gloria Credo Kyrie

It is usually polyphonic in texture.

Which of the following is not true of Gregorian chant? It conveys a calm, otherworldly quality. Its rhythm is flexible, without meter. It is usually polyphonic in texture. The melodies tend to move by step within a narrow range of pitches.

1. Handel studied organ and began to compose music before he was a teenager 2. Handel achieved early success with the operas that he wrote

Which of the following statements about Handel's life are true?

Instrumental music became more important than vocal music during the Renaissance.

Which of the following statements is not true of Renaissance music? The Renaissance period is sometimes called "the golden age" of a cappella choral music. Renaissance composers often used word painting, a musical representation of specific poetic images. Instrumental music became more important than vocal music during the Renaissance. The texture of Renaissance music is chiefly polyphonic.

The humanists were basically atheistic in their beliefs.

Which of the following statements is not true of humanism? The humanists focused on human life and its accomplishments. The humanists were basically atheistic in their beliefs. The Madonna was treated as a beautiful young woman. The humanists were captivated by the pagan cultures of ancient Greece and Rome.

The medieval jongleurs, important sources of information in a time when there were no newspapers, were accordingly ranked on a high social level.

Which of the following statements is not true of secular music in the Middle Ages? While the notation does not indicate rhythm, it is likely that many of the secular songs of the Middle Ages had a regular meter with a clearly defined beat. The medieval jongleurs, important sources of information in a time when there were no newspapers, were accordingly ranked on a high social level. Some 1,650 troubadour and trouvère melodies have been preserved. Knights were able to gain great reputations as musical poets. Knights were able to gain great reputations as musical poets. The medieval jongleurs, important sources of information in a time when there were no newspapers, were accordingly ranked on a high social level. Some 1,650 troubadour and trouvère melodies have been preserved. While the notation does not indicate rhythm, it is likely that many of the secular songs of the Middle Ages had a regular meter with a clearly defined beat.

The Catholic church was even more powerful in the Renaissance than during the Middle Ages.

Which of the following statements is not true of the Renaissance?

Bach achieves unity of mood in his compositions by using

an insistent rhythmic drive

Medieval music theorists favored the use of triads, the basic consonant chords of music.

Which of the following statements is not true? Medieval music theorists favored the use of triads, the basic consonant chords of music. Perotin was the first known composer to write music with more than two voices. Paris was the intellectual and artistic capitol of Europe during the late medieval period. Medieval music that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines is called organum.

A. Henry Purcell was virtually unknown in his own time, but today is considered England's most significant composer from the Baroque Era.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Henry Purcell was virtually unknown in his own time, but today is considered England's most significant composer from the Baroque Era. B. Purcell mastered all the musical forms of late seventeenth-century England, including church music, secular choral music, music for small groups of instruments, songs, and music for the stage. C. Purcell's music is filled with lively rhythms and a fresh melodic style that captures the spirit of English folk songs. D. Dido, in Virgil's epic poem that Purcell used as the basis for his opera Dido and Aeneas, was queen of Carthage.

C. A concerto grosso normally involves a large group of soloists accompanied by an equal number of supporting players.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. A concerto grosso normally involves two to four soloists, and anywhere from eight to twenty or more musicians for the tutti. B. A concerto grosso presents a contrast of texture between the tutti and the soloists, who assert their individuality and appeal for attention through brilliant and fanciful melodic lines. C. A concerto grosso normally involves a large group of soloists accompanied by an equal number of supporting players. D. The first and last movements of concerti grossi are often in ritornello form, a form that features the alternation between tutti and solo sections.

B. Audiences in the baroque period were most anxious to hear old familiar favorites, and did not care for new music.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. A large court during the baroque might employ more than eighty performers, including the finest opera singers of the day. B. Audiences in the baroque period were most anxious to hear old familiar favorites, and did not care for new music. C. In Italy, music schools were often connected with orphanages. D. Church musicians in the baroque period earned lower pay and had less status than court musicians.

B. The late baroque period was one of the most revolutionary periods in music history.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Baroque art is a complex mixture of rationalism, sensuality, materialism, and spirituality. B. The late baroque period was one of the most revolutionary periods in music history. C. Early baroque composers favored homophonic texture over the polyphonic texture typical of Renaissance music. D. Regardless of form, baroque music features contrasts between bodies of sound.

B. The baroque suite is a musical form exclusive to the orchestra.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Baroque suites often begin with a French overture. B. The baroque suite is a musical form exclusive to the orchestra. C. A baroque suite is made up of different movements that are all written in the same key but differ in tempo, meter, and character. D. The various dances of the baroque suite are usually in AABB form.

C. When chorale melodies were harmonized for church choirs, the tune was assigned to the tenors.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Lutheran chorales were tunes that had been composed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries or had been adapted from folk songs and Catholic hymns. B. In a sense, the cantata was a sermon in music that reinforced the minister's sermon. C. When chorale melodies were harmonized for church choirs, the tune was assigned to the tenors. D. The cantata of Bach's day might last 25 minutes and contain several different movements, including choruses, recitatives, arias, and duets.

B. All twelve of Monteverdi's operas are regularly performed in Europe and America.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Monteverdi's Orfeo, composed in 1607, is considered to be the earliest operatic masterpiece. B. All twelve of Monteverdi's operas are regularly performed in Europe and America. C. Monteverdi creates variety in Orfeo by using many kinds of music, combining recitatives, arias, duets, choruses, and instrumental interludes into one dramatic whole. D. Monteverdi's works form a musical bridge between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and greatly influenced composers of the time.

B. The members of the Florentine Camerata based their theories on actual dramatic music that had come down to them from the Greeks.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Most early baroque operas were based on Greek mythology and ancient history. B. The members of the Florentine Camerata based their theories on actual dramatic music that had come down to them from the Greeks. C. The members of the Florentine Camerata wanted to create a new vocal style modeled on the music of ancient Greek tragedy. D. Polyphony was rejected by the members of the Florentine Camerata because different words sounding simultaneously would obscure the text.

A. Oratorios first appeared in England.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Oratorios first appeared in England. B. Oratorio differs from opera in that it has no acting, scenery, or costumes. C. An oratorio is a large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra, usually set to a narrative text. D. The first oratorios were based on stories from the Bible.

C. Like Corelli, Vivaldi wrote only instrumental music.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. Some of Vivaldi's instrumental concertos were arranged by J. S. Bach. B. For most of his life, Vivaldi was a violin teacher, composer, and conductor at the music school of the Pietà, an institution for orphaned or illegitimate girls in Venice. C. Like Corelli, Vivaldi wrote only instrumental music. D. Vivaldi's solo concertos The Four Seasons are examples of baroque program music, or instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene.

A. The terms ensemble and chorus are synonymous.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. The terms ensemble and chorus are synonymous. B. Voice categories in opera are divided more finely than in other musical genres. C. Operas may contain spoken dialogue, but most are sung entirely. D. Opera soloists must create a wide variety of characters, and so need acting skills as well as vocal artistry.

Women and Baroque Music

Women were not permitted to be employed as music directors or instrumentalists in court or orchestras. Though there were still some women composers that came out of this period.

A. The trio sonata usually involved three performers, two on high instruments and one on a bass line.

Which of the following statements is not true?  A. The trio sonata usually involved three performers, two on high instruments and one on a bass line. B. The sonata da chiesa had a dignified character and was suitable for sacred performance. C. Sonatas were played in palaces, in homes, and even before, during, and after church services. D. The sonata originated in Italy but spread to Germany, England, and France during the seventeenth century.

Much of the instrumental music composed during the Renaissance was intended for church use.

Which of the following statements regarding the Renaissance is not true? Secular music contained more rapid changes of mood than sacred music. A wealth of dance music published during the sixteenth century has survived. Much of the instrumental music composed during the Renaissance was intended for church use. Secular vocal music was written for groups of solo voices and for solo voice with instrumental accompaniment.

Handel altenates between polyphonic and homophobic textures as well as changes in dynamics

Which statement best describes Handel's treatment of the music in For Unto Us a Child is Born?

The chorale is sung by the sopranos, imitated by lower voices and accompanied by the orchestra

Which statement describes the voices of the first movement of Bach's Cantata No. 140

1. Chorales had a steady rhythm 2. Chorales were commonly adopted from Catholic hymns and folk songs 3. Chorales were easy to sing and remember

Which statements describe chorales in the baroque period?

1. The basso continuo is usually played with a key board instrumwnt and an instrument such as a cello or bassoon 2. The keyboard player improvises chords following written numbers above the bass part 3. The basso continuo has the effect of emphasizing the bass part

Which statements describe the basso continuo?

1. Bach wrote the Well-Tempered Clavier, a collection of forty-eight preludes and fugues 2. Bach would rearrange secular works into sacred ones 3. Bach composed cantatas and lithurgical compositions 4. Bach composed works for solo organ, harpsichord, calvichord, violin and cello

Which statements describe the works of J.S. Bach?

Tenor

Which voice is featured in the fourth movement of Bach's Cantata No. 140 singing the chorale tune?

Harpsichord & organ

Which were important keyboard instruments of the baroque period?

D. All answers are correct.

While at Leipzig, Bach  A. taught organ and composition, gave recitals, and was often asked to judge the construction of organs. B. was responsible for the musical education of some 55 students in the St. Thomas school. C. rehearsed, conducted, and usually composed an extended work for chorus, soloists and orchestra for each Sunday and holiday of the church year. D. All answers are correct.

Monks in monasteries

Who had a monopoly on learning in the middle ages

Johann Sebastian Bach

Whose death marked the end of the baroque period in music?

1. Anybody who could pay admission was able to attend 2. It helped spread opera beyond the walls of royal courts 3. You did not have to be noble to attend an opera performance

Why was the opening of the first public opera house significant?

Organ

Wind instrument in which air is fed to the pipes by mechanical means; the pipes are controlled by two or more keyboards and a set of pedals

A cappella

Without musical accompaniment

walking bass

a bass line that moves at a moderate pace, mostly in equal note values, and often stepwise up or down the scale

Shawms

Woodwind, double-reed ancestor of the oboe.

Curtal

Woodwind, double-reed precursor of the bassoon.

passacaglia

Work built on an ostinato bass (ground bass), often a descending chromatic bass.

The Classical Concerto

Work for instrumental soloist and orchestra. Combines soloist's virtuosity with power and timbre of orchestra. Usually three movements (Fast-Slow-Fast); lasts 20-45 minutes, Cadenza-unaccompanied showpiece for soloist (inserted near end of 1st (or 3rd) movement. Originally improvised, after 18th century written out.

chorale characteristics

Written in four part harmony The melody was in the soprano line Homophonic in texture

cadenza

a brilliant solo passage occuring near the end of a piece of music

chamber cantata

a cantata performed before a select audience in a private residence - intimate vocal chamber music, principally of the baroque era

A. Basso ostinato

____________ is a musical idea repeated over and over in the bass while melodies above it constantly change.  A. Basso ostinato B. Basso profundo C. Basso continuo D. Thoroughbass

D. Stretto

____________ is a musical procedure in which a fugue subject is imitated before it is completed.  A. Augmentation B. Diminution C. Retrograde D. Stretto

C. Recitative

____________ refers to a vocal line that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech.  A. Aria B. Duet C. Recitative D. Ensemble

Organum

______________ is a term applied to medieval music that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines.

trio sonata

a Baroque chamber music work written for two solo melodic instruments and basso continuo; thus three notated parts are normally performed by four performers

Cantata

a Baroque vocal piece with instrumental accompaniment; originally for solo voice, later a liturgical work in several movements, often involving a choir

cantata

a Baroque vocal piece with instrumental accompaniment; originally for solo voice, later a liturgical work in several movements, often involving a choir

toccata

a baroque musical composition (usually for a keyboard instrument) with full chords and rapid elaborate runs in a rhythmically free style

ritornello form

a baroque musical form based on recurrences of a ritornello

partita

a baroque suite typically for a solo instrument or chamber ensemble

camerata

a group of humanists, musicians, poets, and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count Giovanni de' Baridi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and drama

concertino

a group of soloists in a concerto grosso, alternating with the ripieno

the position of the composer during the baroque period was that of

a high class servant with few personal rights

aria

a highly emotional song in an opera is called ?

Chorale and the Church Cantata

a hymn tune; sung in German rather than Latin

orchestra

a large ensemble of acoustic instruments, also called a symphony orchestra

symphony

a large orchestral piece in several movements. brought about by public concerts, evolution of the classical orchestra

oratorio

a large-scale dramatic work based on a religious (usually biblical) topic, neither liturgical nor theatrical in intent, but performed in a concert setting

chorale partita

a large-scale multi movement piece of music based on a chorale and written for keyboard instrument; the first movement is a harmonization of the original chorale, while the subsequent movements are variations on the chorale melody and harmonization, using a variety of textures and figuration

Chorale Partita

a large-scale multi-movement piece of music based on a chorale and written for a keyboard instrument; the first movement is a harmonization of the original chorale, while the subsequent movements are variations on the chorale melody and harmonization, using a variety of textures and figuration

Oratorio

a large-scale musical work for solo voices, chorus and orchestra. Depicts a biblical story without scenery, costumes, or acting

settenario

a line of verse containing seven syllables

sarabande

a lively triple meter song dance standard in the instrumental suites

countertenor

a male singer with a voice above that of a tenor

stile recitativo

a melody that imitated natural speech inflections; a term that became virtually synonymous with stile rappresentativo

chaconne

a moderately fast dance in variation form

basso ostinato

a motive or phrase in the bass that is repeated again and again

concerto grosso

a multi-movement concerto of the baroque era that pits the sound of a small group of soloists (the concertino) against that of the full orchestra (the tutti)

sonata (in baroque)

a multimovement composition for one or two solo instruments accompanied by continuo. (1-8 instruments)

cantata

a musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text

fugue

a musical form consisting of a theme repeated a fifth above or a fourth below its first statement

fugue

a musical form consisting of a theme repeated(subject) a fifth above or a fourth below its first statement, Polyphonic form popular in the Baroque era in which one or more themes are developed by imitative counterpoint.

concerto

a musical work usually composed in three movements, featuring a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra

Difference between ARS NOVA and older music

a new system of notation permitted composers to specify almost any rhythmic pattern

pedal point

a note, usually in the bass, sustained or continually repeated for a period of time while the harmonies change around it

figured bass

a numerical shorthand placed with the bass line that tells the player which unwritten notes to fill in above the written bass note.

obbligato

a part of the score that must be performed without change or omission

episode

a passage of free, non-imitative counterpoint found in a fugue

basso ostinato

a pattern in the bass that repeats while the melody above it changes

renaissance madrigal

a piece for several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love. It uses word painting and unusual harmonies.

concerto grosso

a piece of music for orchestra featuring a small group of soloists, called the concertino, contrasting with the larger group, called the ripieno

Renaissance motet

a polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than the ordinary of the mass

accompanied recitative

a recitative from opera (half sung/spoken) that is accompanied recitative of choral

death mask

a sculptor made a ________ of him shortly after he died.

Picardy third

a shift from minor to major in the final chord of a piece.

ground bass

a short melody in the bass that is constantly repeated

cadenza

a showy passage for the soloist appearing near the end of the movement in a concerto - usually incorporates rapid runs, arpeggios, and snippets of previously heard themes into a fantasy-like improvision

Chorale Prelude

a single-stanza setting with which the organist might cue the congregation to sing or to provide an accompaniment to silent meditation

chorale prelude

a single-stanza setting with which the organist might cue the congregation to sing or to provide an accompaniment to silent meditation

Minuet

a slow, stately French ballroom dance for two in triple time

basso continuo

a small ensemble of at least two instrumentalists who provide a foundation for the melody or melodies above - heard almost exclusively in baroque music

virginal

a smaller member of the harpsichord family, in which sound is produced by a plucking mechanism when a key is pressed down; the strings are plucked close to the middle of their sounding length, giving the instrument a distinctly plangent tone

Episode

a solo section for an instrument within a concerto; a non-thematic section within a fugue

aria

a solo song in an opera

solo sonata

a sonata played by a single melody instrument such as a violin, flute or oboe usually accompanied, in the Baroque era, by a basso continuo.

concertante

a special orchestral style; a concerto-like approach to the use of the orchestra in which individual instruments regularly emerge from the orchestral texture to function as soloists, Music, exhibiting or needing great skill and brilliancy; alternating tutti passages and passages for a group of soloists.

semi-opera

a spoken play in which the more exotic, amorous and supernatural moments in the plot were sung and danced

gigue

a standard movement of the baroque suite, in a lively compound meter

binary form

a structuring of music into two related sections, each of which is repeated

Monophonic

a style of musical composition consisting of a single melodic line

arioso

a style of singing and a type of song midway between an aria and a recitative

stile rappresentativo

a style of singing developed in early Italain monody, then transferred to the first operas; more expressive than speech, but not as melodious as song; a dramatic recitative style in which vocal lines move freely over a simple basso continuo

Monody

a style of song for one voice and basso continuo; the first characteristic Baroque genre and the basis of early opera

monody

a style of song for one voice and basso continuo; the first characteristic Baroque genre and the basis of early opera

Terraced dynamics refers to

a sudden change between loud and soft

chamber sonata

a suite for keyboard or small instrumental ensemble made up of individual dance movements

alternatim technique

a technique in which the verses of a chant are assigned to alternating performing forces, such as an organ and a choir

da capo aria

a terenary or A-B-A form that brings back the first section with embellishments improvised by the solist.

Ricercare

a term first applied to rhapsodic lute preludes in the 16th century; became a contrapuntal instrumental genre modeled on the ars perfecta vocal style; in the Baroque, a kind of strict fugue with short thematic subjects

terraced dynamics

a term used to describe the sharp, abrupt dynamic contrasts found in the music of the baroque era

fugue

a texture in which a subject in one voice is followed by two or more voices entering successively and imitating the subject, thus "giving chase" to the previous voice

opera

a theatrical performance in which the words of a play are sung with an orchestra as accompaniment

opera

a theatrical performance in which the words of a play are sung with an orchestra as accompaniment, a play mostly sung, with costumes, scenery, action, and music

Doctrine of Affections

a theory that arose during the Baroque period that prescribed certain musical methods and figures for summoning or portraying individual emotions, i.e. happiness would be aroused through the use of faster notes and major sonorities, sadness through minor keys and slower movement, anger through loudness and harsh discordant harmonies

siciliana

a type of aria or instrumental movement of the baroque period, in slow 6-8 or 12-8 time with lilting rhythms; also, a slow gigue for dancing

ballet de cour

a type of ballet danced at the French royal court in which members of the court participated.

masque

a type of english entertainment combining music , poetry , and dance was called?

lied

a vocal art song

recitative

a vocal passage of narrative text that a singer delivers with natural rhythms of speech, an opera solo that is much like speaking.

chorale concerto

a work for mixed instruments and voices based on religious texts; also called sacred concerto

Serenade

a work that is usually light in mood, meant for evening entertainment. it is written for a small string orchestra or for a string quartet plus a double bass.

solo sonata

a work, usually in 3 or 4 movements, for keyboard or other solo instrument - when a solo melodic instrument played a sonata in the baroque era, it was supported by the basso continuo

which is accompanied by the orchestra and thus moves more evenly

accompaganto

simple recitative

accompanied only by a basso continuo or a harpsichord, and not the full orchestra

Speechlike melody that is sung by a solo voice accompanied by the orchestra

accompanied recitative

Oratorio differs from opera in that it has no

acting, scenery, or costumes

oratorio divers from opera in that it has no

acting, scenery, or costumes

Emotional states like joy, grief, and agitation represented in baroque music through specific musical languages.

affections

true

after 1750, counterpoint became relatively less important with harmony not as rich as that of the late Baroque

Renaissance

age of curiosity and individualism

castrati

al of the above

sonata (before baroque)

an instrumental compstion to be "sounded" on instrument rather than sung.

9 months

all five violin concertos were written in

the lutheran choral tunes

all of the above

money from the aristocrats

allowed beethoven to compose. the money was given with no strings attached

galant

an 18th century aesthetic of decorative art and architecture that focused on pleasure and accessibility; in music, an emphasis on pleasant, easily absorbed melody with light accompaniment; a homophonic reaction to Baroque equal-voiced contrapuntal texture

Da Capo Aria

an aria that is designed to go back "to the beginning", the form of which is ABA- two contrasting sections with a repition of the first section to conclude the piece; found in opera, liturgical music, song, and in instrumental movements

da capo aria

an aria that is designed to go back to the beginning, the form of which is ABA--two contrasting sections with a repetition (sometimes varied) of the first section to conclude the piece; found in opera, liturgical music, song, and in instrumental movements

consort music

an early form of polyphonic instrumental chamber music, scored for a group of similar or mixed instruments, designed for domestic use

aria

an elaborate lyrical song for solo voice

minuet

an elegant triple-meter dance type popular in the 17th and 18th century, usually in binary form

trio sonata

an ensemble of the baroque period consisting actually of four performers, two playing upper parts and two on the basso continuo instruments

accompanied recitative

an entire orchestra accompanies the singer

passacaglia

an improvisational set of triple-meter variations on cadential patterns, developed by early Baroque guitarists; later composed for solo instruments or chamber ensembles

what is a toccata ?

an improvisatory , virtuosic keyboard work

cadenza

an improvised or written-out ornamental passage played or sung unaccompanied by a soloist or soloists, often in a free rhythmic style, and allowing for virtuosic display

Concerto Grosso

an instrumental concerto, most associated with the 17th and 18th century, that pits a small group of soloistic players (concertino) against a full ensemble (ripieno)

concerto grosso

an instrumental concerto, most associated with the 17th and 18th century, that pits a small of of soloistic players (concertino) against a full ensemble (ripieno)

concerto

an instrumental genre in which one or more soloists play with and against a larger orchestra

prelude

an instrumental introduction to works ranging from fugues and suites to operas

prelude

an introductory, improvisatory-like movement that gives the performer a chance to warm up and sets the stage for a more substantive subsequent movement

Figured Bass

an ongoing bass line played by a solo instrument

Handel's Messiah is an example of

an oratorio

suite

an ordered set of instrumental or orchestral pieces, frequently based on dance movements, performed in a concert setting

Ospedale della Pietà

an orphanage for girls that Vivaldi taught at; would train them to sing and put on performances

french overture

an overture style developed by Jean-Baptiste Lully with two sections, the first slow in duple meter with dotted note values, the second fast in triple meter and with light imitation; the first section can be repeated after the second

gigue

an up-tempo dance with dotted rhythms imported from England and Ireland, usually in meter, in the Baroque, a standard movement of the instrumental suite

Most early baroque operas were based on Greek mythology and

ancient history

most early baroque operas were based on greek mythology and

ancient history

partita

another name for a suite; a series of dance movements

Second presentation of the subject in a fugue, usually in the dominant scale

answer

after the fugue subject is stated , the second entrance of the subject is called the

answer

when the subject of a fugue is presented in the dominant scale, it is called the

answer

Monteverdi played performers/choir on opposite sides of the church. This was called

antiphonal

Song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, usually expressing an emotional state through its outpouring of melody; found in operas, oratorios, and cantatas

aria

The main attraction for many opera fans is a song for solo voice, known as the

aria

a song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment is called

aria

releases through melody the emotional tension accumulated in the course of the action .

aria ( italian for air )

pastoral aria

aria with several distinctive musical characteristics, all of which suggest pastoral scenes and the movement of simple shepherds attending the Christ child

Vocal solo more lyrical than a recitative and less elaborate than aria

arioso

orchestral suite

arrangement of songs or dances from an opera or ballet.

ground bass

art of composing a piece over a bass ostinato

collegium musicum

association of musicians, usually university or student colligance to perform contemporary music in a cafeteria or pub

32

at age ___ he becomes completely deaf but continues to compose

Variation of a fugue subject in which the original time values of the subject are lengthened

augmentation

the two giants of baroque composition wee handle and

bach

while working as an organist for the duke of weimer

bach's organ fugue in g minor was composed when?

retrograde

backward statement of a melody

A form of English street song, popular from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. Ballads are characterized by narrative content and strophic form.

ballad

English comic opera, usually featuring spoken dialogue alternating with songs set to popular tunes.

ballad opera/dialogue opera

Three-part A-B-A form, frequently used in music and poetry, particularly in Germany.

bar form

affections

baroque term for human emotions or states of the soul

Classical

based upon the art of Ancient Greece. Balanced, Clear and regular.

What was the voice type of the boatmen ?

bass

Baroque accompaniment made up of a bass part usually played by two instruments: a keyboard plus a low melodic instrument

basso continuo

Monteverdi's vocal music was ordinarily supported by a ____ and other instruments

basso continuo

The most characteristic feature of baroque music is the

basso continuo

___ is a musical idea repeated over and over in the bass howl melodies above it constantly change

basso ostinato

a common variation form in the baroque is based on the use of a ground bass, or

basso ostinato

a __ in a singer with a very low range and powerful voice, who usually takes roles calling for dignity

basso profundo

Educated persons in the Renaissance where expected to

be trained in music

visual arts of the rococo

beautiful ornaments made from rich materials, goldsmiths and silversmiths produced beautiful things, tapestry reached a peak and porcelain superb, furniture elaborate and decorative.

bonin, germany

beethoven born on december 16, 1770 in

mozart

beethoven played for ____, thought beethovens playing was amazing

not interested in the difficulty musicians found playing his work

beethoven was

recapitulation

begins like exposition in tonic key, bridge does not modulate, presents 2nd section material in tonic key, closing section in tonic or coda.

mozart's operas

believed that element of opera was music, which text must always serve, never other way around. wrote both comic and serious even combined both. expressed many emotions, but always under classical restraint.

Messiah

best-known oratorio by Handel, diviney inspired.

What was the color of the stage when Eurydice died?

black/dark blue

texture

blend of various sounds and melodic lines occurring simultaneously

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

born 24 yrs later, couldn't bear being treated as a servant. He broke from his court position and went to Vienna to try his luck as a freelance musician. He was very popular for several yrs, then his fame declined and he died in debt.

galileo

born day michaelangelo died, says everything revolve around sun and church not happy.

Franz Joseph Haydn

born in Austria in 1732-1809. choirboy and student in cathedral in vienna until voice changed in late teens.background music was folk and peasant. gave lessons and played music in the street when aristocrats started to notice him. entered service for 30 years for Prince Paul Esterhazy, wealthy noblemen with passion for music, played and did chores for him. music has good humor with a creative mind. wrote every form of music including 100 symphonies. not as popular into the romantic period but one of best-loved composers today. late sixties, composed six masses and two oratorios. influenced both Mozart and Beethoven. said "art is free". father of string quartet.

Joseph Haydn

born in Austria, then played for rich families, died in 1809 at the age of 77.

George Frideric Handel

born in England 1685-1759. composed more music for theater than for the church, dramatic flair. composed large number of highly successful italian operas. bankruptcy led him to produce oratorios (homophony and polyphony), man of theater.

Ludwig van Beethoven

born in Germany. at age 29 he felt the first symptoms of deafness.

Antonio Vivaldi

born in Italy 1678-1741. professional musician and ordained priest (red priest), traveled as guest opera conductor and orchestral performances. concerto grosso, ritornello, venice.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

born in Salzburg, Austria in 1756-1791. most amazing child prodigy, played harpsichord, organ and violin. toured europe with his father. always tried to please people but never satisfied, didn't get a long with people, chronically short of money, lived a short and difficult life. never as famous as an adult than when child. went back to vienna when older, became more popular, partied for people to like him. piano concertos important. wrote Marriage of Figaro which everyone loved, then wrote Don Giovanni but too dark for Vienna and popularity declined. wrote 3 symphonies in 6 weeks. Anonymous commission led him to write the Requiem which he never finished because died (anonymous person going to steal). Magic Flute so successful but Mozart died before he could see the outcome.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart *

born in Salzburg, Austria, at the age of 8 he wrote a symphony, between the ages of 6 and 15 he was on tour. At the age of 25 he went to Vienna to be a freelance musician.

Johann Sebastian Bach

born in germany 1685-1750. death marks the end of the baroque. Man of church, wrote music for teaching, composed a long mass, many of his work was polyphony.

isaac newton

born on day galileo died, studied effects of gravity and preformed experiments on time, studied pendulum which led to advances in measuring time in music.

Enlightenment

breaking out of constraints of absolutism; started in France, monarchs overthrown; French Revolution 1789

brass

brought power to loud passages and filled out the harmony

Berlioz

composer wrote the monumental composition Symphonie Fantasique

Frederick the great, king of Prussia, was a

composer, general, and flutist

'spring' concerto from the Four Seasons, first movement

by Antonio Vivaldi in 1725, genre: solo concerto, string orchestra with three solo violins, basso continuo, example of program music

cantata no. 40, 'wachef auf' (sleeper's awake), first movement

by Bach in 1731, genre: lutheran cantata

'le tic-toc-choc' from orde 18

by Francois Couperin in 1722. genre: rococo keyboard piece, rondo form

string quartet no. 66 in G major, op. 77, no. 1, third movement

by Franz Joseph Haydn in 1799, genre: string quartet, minuet- third out of four movements.

'sonata pian' e forte'

by Giovanni Gabrielli in 1597, polychoral brass piece

'hallelujah' chorus from Messiah

by Handel in 1741, genre: oratorio

'surprise' symphony no. 40

by Haydn, associated with loud dynamic

'bird' quartet

by Haydn, string quartet

'fugue in G minor''(little fugue)'

by J. S. Bach in 1707, genre: organ fugue, four-voice

brandenburg concerto no. 2 in f major

by J.S. Bach in 1721, genre: concerto grosso

concerto for flute and orchestra in D major, K. 314, third movement

by Mozart in 1778, genre: solo classical concerto, solo flute

symphony no. 40 in G minor, K. 550, first movement

by Mozart in 1788, genre: symphony in sonata-allegro form, one of last symphonies before he died.

selection from the marriage of figaro

by Mozart in 1788. genre: opera buffa

'dies irae' from the requiem

by Mozart in 1791, genre: requiem mass, 3rd out of 14 movements.

'tu se morta' from l'orfeo

by claudio monteverdi in 1607, early baroque opera

'thy hand belinda' & 'when i am laid in earth' from dido and aeneus

by henry purcell in 1685, baroque opera recitative and aria with a ground bass

artistic style of the classical period

called neoclassical because of ancient sources of inspiration.

In Italian, fellowship or society; a group of nobles, poets, and composers who began to meet regularly in Florence around 1575 and whose musical discussions prepared the way for the beginning of opera

camerata

A sung piece, or choral work with or without vocal soloists, usually with orchestral accompaniment, is the

cantata

a sung piece of choral work with or without vocal soloists, usually with orchestral accompaniment is the

cantata

the__ is a choral work, or sung piece, with or without vocal soloists, usually with orchestral accompaniment

cantata

multi movement work with solo arias, recitatives , and choruses, all with orchestral accompaniment

cantata ( italian to sing )

Male singer castrated before puberty to retain a high voice range; the most important category of vocal soloists in opera during the baroque period

castrato

The Sugar Hill Gang/ Rapper's Delight/Early Rap

catchy, and te speakers are speaking the lyrics -early mix of disco and rap lyrics about having a good time -DJ is playing a bigger role

characteristics of enlightenment

caused change throughout europe and america turned republican, work towards democracy, europeans looked back at simple beauty of greek art, social and political ideas of republican Rome

monteverdi purcell corelli lully

composers who were active during the early baroque period

cantata

composite vocal and instrumental work, as one for soloists and chorus accompanied by a small orchestra

Sonata da camera =

chamber

string quartet

chamber ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, and a cello with a lead violin. multimovement work (usually four). Haydn most famous for these.

Fredric Chopin - Mazurka in B-flat, op. 7 no. 1

character piece- short piano piece rubato - speeding up and slowing down of music performance medium - piano (just piano, light hearted, no voices)

mozart

child prodigy

Short composition for organ, based on a hymn tune and often used to remind the congregation of the melody before the hymn is sung

choral prelude

Hymn tune sung to a German religious text

chorale

The ____ is a Lutheran congregational hymn tune.

chorale

The ____ is a lutheran hymn tune

chorale

a ___ is a hymn tune for congregational use

chorale

is a hymn tune specifically associated with german protestantism

chorale

The ____ is an instrumental composition based on a chorale.

chorale prelude

a __ is a short instrumental composition based on a hymn tune that reminds the congregation of the hymns melody.

chorale prelude

the ___ is an instrumental composition based on a chorale

chorale prelude

(1) A group of singers performing together, generally with more than one to a part. (2) In jazz, a statement of the basic harmonic pattern or melody

chorus

An element of the oratorio that is especially important and serves to comment on participate in the drama is the

chorus

Oratorio comments on the drama

chorus

The focus of a Handel oratorio is usually the

chorus

an element of the oratorio that is especially important and serves to comment on or participate in the drama is the

chorus

the ___ in an oratorio is especially important and serves either to comment on or to participate in the drama

chorus

the focus of a handle oratorio is usually the

chorus

In the baroque period, the ordinary citizen's opportunities for hearing music usually came from the

church

Sonata da chiesa =

church

in the baroque period, the ordinary citizen's opportunities for hearing music usually came from the

church

Mannheim

city in mid 1700's that developed orchestra with best people worked on the dynamics of the music.

Dresden

city where Schutz worked for the Lutheran church

solo concerto of classical period

classical concerto has three movements, same as italian sintonia: fast, slow, fast.

A popular keyboard instrument in which sound was produced by means of brass blades

clavichord

Baroque keyboard instrument in which sound is produced by means of brass blades striking strings, capable of making gradual dynamic changes, but within a narrow volume range

clavichord

a popular keyboard instrument in which sound introduced by means of brass blades striking the strings was the:

clavichord

concerto

composition for instruments in which a solo instrument is set against an orchestral ensemble.

bach's brandenburg concerto no. 5

composition includes an elaborate cadenza for solo harpsichord

wachet auf, ruft uns die stimme by bach

composition that is an example of the late baroque church cantata

suite

collection of stylized dance pieces for keyboard, or an orchestral piece consisting of selections from a dramatic work or dance (for concert)

An association of amateur musicians, popular in the Baroque era. Also a modern university ensemble dedicated to the performance of early music.

collegium musicum

corelli's trio sonata in C major

composed in 1694 and was the first sonata in his fourth publication

messiah

composed in 3 and 1/2 weeks

An important form of orchestral music in the late Baroque period was the

concerto grosso

Rise of Public Concerts

concerts were only for the wealthy in Baroque Era, began to play more and make concerts cheap

the __ beats time

conductor

motific consistency

consistent throughout; 1 of 3 perameters of Beethoven's compositional style

Sonata-form movement

consists of 3 main sections: the exposition, where the themes are presented, the development, where themes are treated in new ways; and the recapitulation, where the themes return. The three main sections are often followed by a concluding section, the coda (Italian for tail)

French overture

consists of two sections: a slow somber introduction with dotted rhytms, followed by an Allegro in imitative style.

Baroque music characteristics :

constant harmony with moments of dissonance that always resolves itself -harpsichord is common in baroque music

Sonata-rondo

contains a development section like that in sonata form and is outlined A B A- development section- A B A.

sonata-rondo

contains a development section similar to that in sonata form. ABA-development section-ABA

broken consort

contains one instrument of a timbre different from others in the group

characteristics of classical style

contrast of mood, flexibility of rhythm, texture (basically homophonic) melody (are among the most tuneful and easiest to remember) dynamics and the piano (wide use of gradual dynamics. piano invented in 1770, replaced harpsichord by 1775) end of basso continuo

painting of the baroque

contrasting lights, the conversion of St. Paul by Carravaggio, protestant netherlands produced art for their homes -northerners

woodwinds

contrasting tone colors and were often given melodic solos

In a fugue, a melodic idea that accompanies the subject fairly constantly

countersubject

Schubert

credited with establishing the style and format of the nineteenth century German lieder

The Renaissance may be described as an age of

curiosity and individualism

From the beginning; an indication usually meaning that the opening section of a piece is to be repeated after the middle section

da capo

Aria in A B A form; after the B section, the term da capo is written; this means from the beginning and indicates a repetition of the opening A section

da capo aria

a ternary , or A-B-A , form that brings back the first section with embellishment improvised by the soloist

da capo structure

chamber sonata

dance suite is most similar in form to which other baroque genre?

emotional, programmatic, freedom of expression, subjectivity, extreme and exotic

describes the romantic spirit

killing herself

dido sings her famous lament in purcell's opera dido and aeneas just prior to ?

The middle baroque was characterized by

diffusion of the style into every corner of Europe

Variation of a fugue subject in which the original time values of the subject are shortened

diminution

To achieve intensity of expression, Monteverdi used ____ with unprecedented freedom and daring.

dissonance

the 2 techniques composers used to convey emotions in the Baroque Period.

dissonance and contrast

opera

drama in musical form which combines vocal and instrumental music

oratorio

dramatic poem set to music; long musical work with singing but without acting;, nonstaged, usually sacred, choral and instrumental work.

development

dramatic section, moves through several keys using themes from exposition but introducing new melodies, ends with prep. for tonic.

operas

dramatic vocal form blending visual, literary and musical arts in which all dialogue is sung.

rhythmic drive

driving to end, even in soft parts; 1 of 3 perameters of Beethoven's compositional style

gavotte

duple meter french baroque dance type with a moderate to quick tempo

rondo

during last movement, similar to ritornella, ABACADAE...A; binary form A(AB)B(AB)A...

Beethoven

dynamic emotions

Leonin and Perotin

earliest composer of measured rhythm

doctrine of affections

early 17th century aesthetic theory that held that different musical moods could and should be used to influence the emotions, or affections, of the listener

One of the most revolutionary periods in music history was the

early baroque period

false

early operas , such as orfeo , were simple productions for intimate gatherings ? true or false

fortepiano

early piano, named for it's range of dynamic levels; smaller and less sonorous than the modern instrument.

rhythmic style of late baroque

easily recognizable beat and meter; energized rhythms propel the music forward

Notorious G

east coast rap -became an important part of the east caost community, -signed to bad boy records -killed in a drive-by shooting

coloratura

elaborate melody, particularly in virtuosic vocal music

Aria =

emotion

Affections in baroque usage refers to

emotional states or moods of music

German 'sensitive' style

emotional style of music inspired by the German middle class of the second quarter of the 18th century (pleasant and natural melodies).

Late Baroque period

emphasis of the Tonic (I) and Dominant (V) chords, Polyphony & Bach

historical perspective of the classical period

england beheaded a king and led to consitutional monarcy, rejected absolute authority, french saw this and knew they needed changes

william harvey

englishman who studied circulation of blood

In opera, a piece performed by three or more solo singers

ensemble

an ___ is an operatic number involving three or more lead singers

ensemble

Transitional section in a fugue between presentations of the subject, which offers either new material or fragments of the subject or countersubject

episode

the string quartet

established itself as the principal chamber ensemble

Haydn

establishment of the string quartet

Baroque- (literal meaning)

exaggerated, abnormal, irregular or bizarre

artistic style toward the baroque

exaggeration of figures, michaleangelo's work changed from serene to constraining, el greco developed an emotional and personal style, painting models souls and personalities

characteristics of beethovens music

excitement built up through syncopations and dissonances, range of pitch and dynamics greater than ever before, contrast in mood more pronounced, tiny rhythmic ideas repeated over and over to create momentum, expanded his forms, large scale structures in which every note seems inevitable, range of expression enormous, (tempo, dynamics and expressive indications are marked far more extensively then earlier composers) tries to unfit movements of a symphony, sonata and string quartet (a. one movement goes directly into the next b. musical bond between movements) sonata allegro- larger development and coda. third movement of symphony or string quartet beethoven uses scherzo instead of minuet and trio.

cadenza

extended passage for solo instrument, typical features of a solo concerto. normally not written in but imrovised by soloist, then composers started writing them in. soloist shows off skills.

the three main keyboard instrument of the baroque were the harpsichord , organ and piano true or false ?

false

Giovanni Gabrielli

famous organist, teacher and composer, wrote many compositions for St. Mark's basilica. wrote sonata pian'e forte.

gradation

gradually changing

Beethoven, String Quartet in C minor

fast pitched strings of the violin, then dun dun dunnn and repeated, changes tones when a solo violin leads.

4 movement form

fast, slow, dance movement, faster

The usual order of movements in a classical symphony is?

fast, slow, dance-related, fast.

the concerto gross most often has three movements whose tempo markings are

fast, slow, fast

A typical sequence of movements in a classical concerto is?

fast, slow, fast.

3 movement form

fast, slow, faster

the early and ate baroque periods differed in that composers in the early baroque

favored homophonic texture

Rondo

features a tuneful main theme (A) that returns several times in alternation with other themes. common rondo patterns are A B A C A and A B A C A B A.

Camerata

fellowship of society. A group of nobles, poets and composers who began to meet regularly in Florence around 1575 and whose musical discussions prepared the way for the beginning of opera.

Bass part of a baroque accompaniment with figures (numbers) above it indicating the chords to be played

figured bass

ensemble finale

final scene of a musical show, or of an act within a show, in which several soloists simultaneously express in different words and music, their individual points of view.

tonic

first and primary degree in scale

L'orfeo

first greatest opera by Monteverdi, expression in human emotion

why is orfeo important?

first major opera in the history of western music

late baroque opera

first public opera house opened in venice in 1637,drama changed to more musical and visual effects (probs, costumes, scenery), da capo aria form

Brandenburg Concerto No. 5

first time that the harpsichord was treated as a soloist- First Movement, Opens with a ritornello in 16th notes Flute and Violin make up the solo section with the addition of the Basso Continuo

differences between stile antico and stile moderno

first- polyphonic texture, music dominates text, often used in church. second- homophonic texture, text dominates music, used for secular songs.

Franz Liszt

invented the tone poem/symphonic poem

texture toward the baroque

florentine camerata implied homophonic texture

the solo instruments in Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 are the

flute oboe and harpsichord

St. Marks Cathedral

focal point of music in venice was

Vivaldi wrote concertos

for a great variety of instruments

sonata de chiesa

for church performances

Ottoboni

for more than 50 years he was the most lavish patron of opera in Rome. He was also an amateur librettist, whose texts were eagerly set by composers including Scarlatti

Sonata

for one or two instruments

Solo Concerto

for soloist (usually violin), string orchestra, continuo

scherzo

form developed by beethoven , fast rushing movement in triple meter (means joke in Italian)

ritornello form

form in a baroque concerto grosso in which all or part of the main theme the ritornello (Italian for return or refrain) returns again and again, invariably played by the tutti, or full orchestra

general characteristics of classical period music

form- stressed form, balance and control beauty in order and symmetry melody- duality within themselves, answer to question, two equal phrases, 2nd more conclusive (mary had a little lamb) tune- easy to sing and remember, borrow from pop/folk (twinkle, twinkle) texture- homophony dynamics- levels increased and changes became more subtle and at the same time dramatic timbre- instrumental over voice, secular over religious, orchestral music and the piano rhythm- flexible dance- became less elegant and more rustic

Variation of a fugue subject in which each interval of the subject is reversed in direction

inversion

Baroque trio sonatas usually involve _____ performers.

four

In Bach's day, the Lutheran church service lasted about ___ hour(s).

four

Of Bach's twenty children, ______ went on to become well-known composers.

four

baroque tri sonatas usually involve ___ performers

four

trio sonata

four instruments because two playing the bass line

Mozart's requiem

fourteen movements, Dies Irae, Lacrymosa, Confutatis

toccata

free , often highly virtuoso. often served as a introduction to a fugue

tragédie lyrique

french 17th and 18th century form of opera, pioneered by jean-baptiste lully, that combined the french classic drama and ballet traditions with music, dances, and spectacles and love.

passepied

french baroque court dance type, a faster version of the minuet

courante

french baroque dance , a standard movement of the suite , in triple meter at a moderate tempo

jean-joseph mouret

french composer (1682 - 1738), composed dance suite: Rondeau, Baroque period

courante

french for Running- lively dance in triple meter characterized by use of hemiola (duple sound) #2 Froberger standard order

baroque suites frequently begin with a

french overture

Rene Descartes

french thinking man, quoted "i think therefore i am"

An alternation between tutti and solo sections, known as ritornello form, provides

fresh melodic ideas

Classical period

from 1750-1820, ideas so close to ancient greece and the renaissance

Da capo

from the beginning

Bach Fuge in G-minor /Baroque what is the pattern of the fugal melody

fugal melody: A|B|A|C|A|D -counterpoint is very present -polyphonic composition for a fixed number of instrumental lines or voices , built on a principal fugal subject

a polyphonic composite based on one theme, a cornerstone of baroque music in the

fugue

Characteristics of baroque trio sonatas, the second movement of Corelli's Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3, No. 10, is

fuguelike

texture of the baroque

gave homophony equal importance with polyphonic texture. bass line used to support the harmonies underlying principal melodies.

chorale contata

genera of sacred vocal music that implies the existing hymn tune- test & tune

cantata

genre that first appeared in Italy during the seventeenth century in the form we call the chamber cantata

solo concerto

genre that uses ritornello form

concerto grosso opera church cantata oratorio

genres that were typical of the late baroque

C.P.E. Bach

german sensitive style composer, expressive and turbulent applied principles of rhetoric and drama.

sculpture of the baroque

giovanni lorenzo bernini created "david" with acts of hurling stone at Goliath, apollo and daphne (turned into laurel tree), captures violent moments.

Henry Purcell

greatest of English composers, wrote Dido and Aeneas

Dido's Lamont =

ground bass

a repeated phrase that descends along the chromatic scale , always symbolic of grief in baroque music

ground bass

Variation form in which musical idea in the bass is repeated over and over while the melodies above it continually change common in baroque music

ground bass (basso ostinato)

A common variation form in the baroque is the

ground bass or basso ostinato

The common variation form in Baroque period was

ground bass/basso continuo

Florentine Camarata

group wanted to revive greek music and art- music + emotion

Baroque trumpet

had no valve could only play the harmonic series in one key

a keyboard instrument in which the strings are plucked by quills is ?

harpichord

Couperin

harpsichord

the main keyboard instruments of the baroque period were the organ and the

harpsichord

classical orchestra

harpsichord replaced by end of the century by fortepiano, composers expanded baroque conception of orchestra, standardizing number of instruments, proportions of wind instruments to strings and melodic and harmonic responsibilities of each type of instrument in the ensemble. classical musicians expanded on movements and organized them.

style brisé

harpsichord style in which melody, bass, and harmony is sketched in by sounding the appropriate tones and relying on the listener's imagination to supply the continuity of the various lines

pastoral aria

has several distinctive characteristics, all of which suggest the movement of simple shepherds attending the Christ Child-slow aria that is gentile pastoral.

rococo

having excessive asymmetrical ornamentation

polyphonic

having two or more independent but harmonically related melodic parts sounding together

Mozart, Symphony no. 40

high violins, dun dun dun dundunit, repeated, then slow and that tone is repeated.

The early baroque was characterized by

homophonic texture

second practice (stile moderno)

homophonic, expressive style introduced by Monteverdi

a dance form which often associated with sailors

hornpipe

dynamics

how loud/soft music is & how it changes

three

how many musicians are required to play a solo sonata that features a single melody instrument and basso continuo accompaniment?

four

how many musicians are required to play a trio sonata?

two

how many players are needed to perform a baroque basso continuo ?

temperd tuning

how to tune your instruments

Church modes

ike the major and minor scales in that they consist of seven tones and an eighth tone that duplicates the first an octave higher

fugue

imitative polyphonic composition, 2 to 6 lines, ex. Well-tempered Clavier J.S. Bach

1. fugal procedure used in fugue 2. ritornello form in concertos 3. binary form in sonatas and suites 4. ternary form in arias

important musical forms during baroque era (4)

false

improvisation played little or no part in baroque musical practice ? true or false

true

in 17th century england the masque was a popular type of aristocratic entertainment that combined vocal and instrumental music with poetry and dance ? true or false

first symphony

in 1800 when beethoven was 30 he wrote his

Fidelio

in 1814 beethoven completed his only opera, it was a huge success

The various dances of the baroque suite are usually

in AABB form

the various dances of the baroque suite are usually

in AABB form

French Overture

in French Baroque Opera, an orchestral introduction that consisted of a slow section with dotted rhythms, followed by a fast imitative section

French overture

in French baroque opera, an introduction that consisted of a slow section with dotted rhythms, followed by a fast imitative section

stretto

in a figue , when entries of the subject occur at faster intervals of time , so that they overlap forming dense imitiative counterpoint . stretto usually occurs at the climatic movement near the end

answer

in a fugue, the entrance of the second voice that comes in played the subject

exposition

in a fugue, the opening section in which each voice in turn has the opportunity to present the subject; in sonata-allegro form, the principal section in which all thematic material is presented

figured bass

in basso continuo, an ongoing bass line played by a solo instrument; harmonies to be filled in by a keyboard or lute performer are indicated by little numbers (figures) representing intervals

figured bass

in musical notation, a numerical shorthand that tells the player which unwritten notes to fill in above the written bass note

false

in schubert's lieder, the piano only serves as harmonic accompaniment to the vocalist and thus is reduced to a subservient role.

ricercare

in the Baroque a strict fugue with short thematic subjects

castrato

in the Baroque era, a male singer whose preadolescent vocal range was made permanent through castration; the resulting unique sonority produced internationally admired stars who sang in the difficult virtuosic style demanded by composers and audiences

Vienna

in the classical period the capital of the musical world became?

false

in the classical period vocal music assumes its greatest importance to date

Cadenza Italian for cadence

in the first movement and sometimes in the last movement, there is a special unaccompanied showpiece for the soloist. indicated in the score by a fermata, a sign meaning pause, which is placed over the chord.

chorus

in total deafness beethoven writes the 9th symphony. it is the first symphony to use

Countermelody

in variations 1 and 3 the original melody is accompanied by a new one.

venetian polychoral music

in venice, beautiful church of st. mark was designed on plan of a cross, place for festive occasions

chaconne

in which the variation are based on a repeated chord progression

characteristics of romantic music

individuality of style, expressive aims and subjects (a. songs and opera glorify romantic love b. fascination with the fantastic and diabolical c. aspects of nature d. subjects from the Middle Ages and Shakespeare's plays) Nationalism and Exoticism (a. created music with a specific national identity b. to draw on colorful materials from foreign lands) program music- instrumental music associated with a story poem idea or scene, expressive one color (a. symphony orchestra larger b.piano is the favorite instrument of the period) colorful harmonies, expanded range of dynamics, pitch and tempo (FFFF pppp, range of pitch expanded with piccolo, contrabassoon and piano's extended range, fluctuation of tempo) form- miniature and monumental

flute

instrument that never plays in basso continuo

Baroque Sonata

instrumental from for 1 to 8 instruments in several movements

concerto

instrumental genre in several movement of concertos that combine elements of baroque ritonello

program music

instrumental music endowed with literacy or pictorial association especially popular in the 19th century

Program Music

instrumental music endowed with literary or pictorial associations, especially popular in the nineteenth century

classical concerto

instrumental virtuosity, soloist against orchestra, 3 movements (fast slow fast) double exposition form orchestra exposition doe snot modulate, solo exposition modulates to second theme, shortly before the end, formal pause and candenza

prelude

instrumental work preceding a larger work

2 violins, cello, viola

instrumentation of string quartet

-harpsichord -theorbo -bass -cello

instruments that play in basso continuo

episode

interlude or intermediate section in the baroque fugue that serves as an area of relaxation between statements of the subject

overture

introductory movement, usually for orchestra, that precedes an opera, oratorio, or dance suite

overture

introductory orchestral piece, before the opera with melodies preformed in the opera.

piano sonata

just piano

Concerto

is a 3 movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestra. It combines the soloist's virtuosity and interpretive abilities with the orchestra's wide range of tone color and dynamics. has 3 movements: fast, slow, and fast. it also has no minuet or scherzo.

*Don Giovanni

is a blend of comic and serious opera making fun of the Spanish lover Don Juan.

Symphony *

is an extended, ambitious composition typically lasting between 20 - 45 min. exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra.

Chamber music

is designed for the intimate setting of a room in a home, rather than a public concert hall. it is performed by a small group of 2 or 9 musicians, with 1 player to a part. Doesn't need a conductor, so it is like a small jazz group.

String quartet

is for two violins, viola, and cello

Development

is often the most dramatic section of the movement. Themes are developed, or treated in new ways. They are broken into fragments, or motives, which are short musical ideas developed within a composition.

Minuet and trio or minuet

is often used as the third movement of classical symphonies, string quartets, and other works. It originated as a dance, it was a stately, dignified dance in which the dancing couple exchanged curtsies and bows. Is written for listening not dancing, it is in triple meter and usually in a moderate tempo, it is in A B A form. the second dance was known as a trio because it was played by 3 instruments.

String quartet*

is the most important form in classical chamber music, written for 2 violins, a viola, and a cello. usually has 4 movements: fast, slow, minuet or scherzo, and fast.

Scherzo Italian for joke

is usually A B A form and triple meter, but it moves quickly, generating energy, rhythmic drive and rough humor.

Symphony

is written for orchestra

backs brandenburg concerto no 5 is unusual in that

it gives a solo role to a harpsichord

Florentine Camerata

it was through the musical innovations of the ______ that opera was born

opera buffa

italian comic opera, before short comic operas being performed during set changes of a serious opera, became successful and italian composers began to write this. highly trained bass voice!

sinfonia

italian for "symphony"

tutti

italian for full

Handel Halleula Chorus / Baroque

its a cantata Instrumental: violin, viola, cello, double bass, , the voice is an instrument in this piece , trumpet and timpani melody: less complex than Bach, melodically driven, monody is present (mostly a single melody with simple harmony. * There are parts of polyphony in the music form: monody texture: simple hormaony there are parts of polyphony in the music. ( its a little fugal)

keyboard music in baroque

keyboard music increased, lute taken over by harpsichord and pipe organ became more popular.

concerto

large composition for orchestra & solo instrument; 3or 4 movement

passion

large scale musical depiction of Christ crusifiction or oratorio

religion during the baroque

large wars between catholic and protestant, anglicans harassed puritans, separatists violent, first book printed in america (1640) was Bay Psalm Book designed for Pilgrams and Puritans.

oratorio

large-scale genre of sacred music involving an overture, arias, recitative, and choruses, but sung - whether in a theater or a church - without costumes or scenery

instrumental music became as important as vocal music for the first rims in the ____period

late baroque

subject

main idea or theme of a work , as in fugue

Venice

leading music center in 16th century Europe

Richard Wagner - the valkyrie, act III, selection "wotan's farewell"

leitmotif - musical phrase connected to a person, event or idea syllabic - one note per syllable of text performance medium: opera (sounds like an opera- man singing)

Handle's writing seems to be ____ than Bachs

less complex

the author of a libretto

libretist

Dramatist who writes the libretto, or text, of an opera

librettist

Text of an opera

libretto

The text of an opera is called the

libretto

text or script of an opera etc

libretto

the text, or book, of a musical dramatic work is called the

libretto

opera vs. oratorio vs. cantata vs. sonata

libretto for opera- greek stories- libretto for oratorio- biblical stories cantata- singing and sacred sonata- instruments

Franz Schubert (listening) -Erlkonig

lieder through composed - music changes as the song goes on conveys galloping and the wild horseback ride one singer sounds like several characters performance medium: vocal and piano

GALANT

light, graceful music

arioso style

lighter than an aria. Arioso is similar to recitative due to its unrestrained structure and inflexions, close to those of speech. It differs however in its rhythm. Arioso is similar to aria in its melodic form, both being closer to singing than recitative; however they differ in form, arioso generally not resorting to the process of repetition.

recitative

like talking, Imitates the natural inflections of speech, usually syllabic, for monologues and dialogues, moves the plot along

major minor scale

major is happy sounding, minor is sad sounding, set of 7 pitches employed from the chromatic scale

opera buffa

makes fun of opera; comic

coda

literally "tail", a closing section that is used to round out a movement by repeating themes or developing them just further and always ending on tonic.

bourree

lively french baroque dance type in duple meter

concerto

long musical composition for one or more principal instruments with orchestral accompaniment, instrumental work, usually in three movements, highlighting contrast, A multi-movement work consisting of music that contrasts a soloist with an orchestra or band

theme

longer melody

An operatic female role that demands grace and charm would most likely be sung by a

lyric soprano

N.W.A/Straight Outta Compton/ Gangsta Rap

lyrics spoken angry lyrics hostile towards women.. no instrumental .

NWA

lyrics where viewed as hostile towards women and police. -there was a lot of profanity and it talked a lot about gang life

Italy

madrigal began in

castrati

male singer, castrated to preserve the unchanged soprano or alto voices

pants (trousers role)

male written for a female singer to better adequate a teenage boy.

handel

many consider him to be the finest composer of choral music who ever lived

science and philosophy during the baroque

many inventions and theories, new people invented new instruments and improved old ones, with inventions of telescope and microscope, increased secular influence.

music of the classical period

many more people becoming familiar with music, even amateur sheet music and instruments in homes, composers becoming independent of courts, women becoming increasingly important in music.

a type of entertainment that combined vocal and instrumental music with poetry and dance , became popular among the aristocracy

masque

requiem

mass for the dead

mozart

master of the opera

literature of the baroque

maximum emotional impact, don quixote de la manena. moliere great playwright.

long, asymmetrical melodies in an idiomatic instrumental style

melodic character of late baroque music

recitative

melody is descend gradually through an octave

characteristic of recitative

melody- natural inflection of text with high or low pitches for drama rhythm- free or flexible, syllabic style form- adaptable and flexible texture- homophonic, dry or accompanied

characteristics of aria

melody- soaring lines for emotion and voice rhythm- metered form- formal design accompaniment- by orchestra texture- homophonic

four seasons summer:

melody: The melody is very disjunct, with constant skips and leaps throughout the violin lines. The melody is echoed with strict imitation at two instances in the piece, near the beginning m. 10 and near the end m. 101. harmony: This piece is in the key of G minor with some . The chords are consonant. form: The form of this piece is ABA. texture: The texture varies between thick and thin, with up to 5 moving lines at a time.

Juicy/ BIG/East coast rap

melody; yes more important harmony: more important

paintings of the rococo

men and women dressed beautifully or nude pursuing love in pastoral surroundings was painters' trends

Although all movements of a baroque suite are written in the same key, they differ in

meter, national origin, and tempo

inversion

mirror or upside down image of a melody pattern found in fugues and twelve tone compositions

orchestra in baroque

mixed ensemble of string, wind, and percussion instruments

louis XIV of france

monarch that came to epitomize the grandeur and glory of the baroque era, building a palace so monumental that it was virtually a small, independent city

texture (baroque era)

monodic texture-early baroque polyphonic texture-late baroque linear-horizontal dimension

literature of the classical period

more prose than poetry, tons of literature being exposed with tons of people trapped in and arguing taking sides. novels.

characteristics of the german 'sensitive style'

more serious than rococo, used more chromaticism, more use of dissonance for expressive purposes, more modulation to distant keys, sentimental, homophonic, empfindsam (true and natural feelings), subtle changes in harmoney and melody, gently tugs at heartstrings

sonata allegro

most important form developed during classical period; exposition, development, recapitulation; 1st movement

sonata allegro form

most important form in music for the past 200 years, exploits contrasts of every kind - thematic material, key and tonality

symphony

most important large ensemble genre; 3 or 4 movement

Priests

most important musicians in the middle ages

strings

most important section, first violin had melody most of the time. lower strings provide accompaniment

dancing

most instrumental music in the Renaissance was made for

trills

motion between two adjacent notes (major or minor second)

Piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition

movement

dramatist

mozart is known as the first great musical

himself

mozart received a very mysterious visit from a man offering a commission to write a requiem which is a mass for the dead. mozart began to think he was writing it for

dedicated to Joseph Haydn

mozart wrote 6 string quartets

600

mozart wrote over ______ compositions, most written without any corrections, mozart worked diligently from dawn to dusk

church cantata

multi-movement sacred work including arias, ariosos, and recitatives - performed by vocal soloists, a chorus, and a small accompanying orchestra

concerto

multimovement composition for orchestra and one or more solo instruments

solo concerto of the baroque

multimovement composition for orchestra and one solo instrument

concerto grosso

multimovement composition for orchestra and small group of solo instruments, has three movements- fast, slow, fast ABA

oratorio

multimovement dramatic vocal work on a religious subject, preformed in concert style. chorus like an aria. preformed around the world today in english and on familiar bible stories.

symphony

multimovement orchestral form, 20-45 minutes, exploits range, color and dynamics of the orchestra usually in 4 movements: 1. vigorous, dramatic, fast 2. lyrical and slow 3. minuet or scherzo 4. brilliant, heroic, fast

sonata

multimovement work for solo piano or piano + 1 instrument; 3 or 4 movement

program music

music associated with story, poem, idea or scene (instrumental)

improvisation is

music created at the same time as it is performed

chamber music

music for a small instrumental ensemble with one instrument per line of music

chamber music

music for a smaller ensemble in a more intimate setting

polychoral music

music for two or more choirs, vocal, instrumental, or both, preformed antiphonically. a characteristic feature of music of the venetian school.

Where was music heard and musicians employed during the period?

music heard in the home, church and university, court musicians had more prestige

Members of the Camerata wanted to create a new vocal style based on the

music of the ancient Greek tragedies

classical precepts

music should be light, pleasing & entertaining; variety & contrast

idiomatic writing

musical composition that exploits the strengths and avoids the weaknesses of particular voices and instruments

oratorio

musical composition, usually on a religious theme, for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra

rondo

musical form in which the first section recurs, usually in the tonic ex: a-b-a-b-a or a-b-a-b-c-a and a-b-a-c-a-b -a

cantata

musical sermon, multimovement dramatic vocal work on a religious or secular subject, preformed in concert style; shorter than an oratorio.

In oratorio, the story is carried forward by the

narrator's recitatives

true

nationalism was the movement that was especially evident in those countries which did not have a strong musical tradition of their own

the word baroque has at various times meant all of the following except

naturalistic

Johannes Brahms

neoclassical composer, breathed new life into classical forms

Beethoven

nine symphonies

cornetto

now-extinct instrument of the renaissance and baroque - cross between a trumpet and a clarinet

20,000

number of people who attended his funeral?

The instrument that doubles the violin parts is the

oboe

a baroque musical composition usually expresses ___ within the same movement

one basic mood

symphonic poem or tone poem

one movement work in free form

vocal music

one opera and 2 masses

The sonata in the baroque period was a composition in several movements for

one to eight instruments

toccata

one-movement composition, free in form, originally for solo keyboard but later for instrumental ensemble as well

Corelli was unique among Italian Baroque composers in that he wrote

only instrumental music

doctrine of affections

only one movement should be expressed within one composition or one movement.

music of the baroque

opening of the first public opera house and first public concert

exposition

opening section

fugue

opens with a section called the exposition

Bach created masterpieces in every baroque form except the

opera

a large scale music drama that combines poetry , acting , scenery , and costumes with singing and instrumental music.

opera

a play set to music, sung to orchestral accompaniment, with scenery, costumes, and action

opera

tragic italian poem

opera seria

vocal genres in baroque music era

opera, mass,oratorio, & cantata

Although Handel wrote a great deal of instrumental music, the core of his huge output consists of English oratorios and Italian

operas

In their use of aria, duet, and recitative, Bach's cantatas closely resembled the ___ of the time.

operas

aria

operatic solo; a song sung by one person in an opera or oratorio

a large scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra, usually set to a narrative biblical text:

oratorio

large scale dramatic genre with a sacred text performed by solo voices, chorus , and orchestra; it is not staged or costumed.

oratorio

Bach

organ

Bach was recognized as the most eminent _____ of his day

organist

In addition to being a composer and opera impresario, Handel was a virtuoso

organist

bach was recognized as the most eminent ___ of his day

organist

form

organization and design of a composition or of a movement within a composition

baroque

originally meaning irregular, applied to the dramatic, emotional style of time from 1600 to 1750.

sonata

originally something sounded on an instrument as opposed to something sun (a cantata) - later, a multi-movement work for solo instrument, or instrument with keyboard accompaniment

embellishments are

ornamental tones not printed in the music that seventeenth and eighteenth century performers were expected to add to the melody

In Italy, music schools were often connected with

orphanages

in italy music schools were often connected with

orphanages

The orchestral prelude that opens the opera is also called the

overture

an__is an orchestral composition performed before the curtain rises on a dramatic work

overture

the instrumental number heard at the beginning of most operas , which may introduce melodies from the arias

overture

Short musical composition, purely orchestral, which opens an opera and sets the overall dramatic mood

overture (prelude)

double exposition

part of sonata allegro; in concerto, instead of repeating entire exposition, orchestra then solo exposition; only in Mozart piano concerto

Claudio Monteverdi, an early baroque composer, strove to create music that was

passionate and dramatic

a ___ is a singe tone usually in the bass that is held while the other voices produce a series of changing harmonies against it

pedal point

Single tone, usually in the bass, which is held while the other voices produce a series of changing harmonies against it; often found in figures

pedal point (organ point)

chamber music of the classical period

performed by a small group ranging from 2 to 12 instruments with one instrument for each line of music instead of several, appeals to audience on intimate level.

baroque

period from 1600 to 1750, from the first Italian operas to the death of JS Bach

ritornello

thematic section, most often played by the orchestra, begins a concerto movement, serves to divide the solo sections, and often returns to it's original form at the end of a movement.

piano concerto

piano + orchestra

piano trio

piano, violin, cello; 3 or 4 movement

Gabrielli and dynamics

piano- played by one choir alone forte- sections to be played by combined ensembles -both highly important characteristic of baroque music -shows which instrument was to play each line of music.

sonata

piece of music (for one or two instruments) having three or four movements in contrasted rhythms but related tonality

joseph haydn

pioneer in the development of the symphony and string quartet most important works include 104 symphonies in 45 years 83 string quartets

Mozart, Don Giovanni

pit orchestra of string instruments, starts then stops twice then softly plays, then a male opera signer comes in.

Fugue

theme- stated in one voice and then repeated or imitated in another

music of the rococo

pleasant, sophisticated instrumental music, included wittiness with hidden jokes, homophony, sentiment (attitude) replaced emotional effect

Lute

plucked string instrument with a body shaped like half a pear

fugue

polyphonic form popular in the baroque era in which one or more themes are developed by imitative counterpoint

first practice (stile antico)

polyphonic, conservative style of the late renaissance. appropriate for chucrch music- religious texts heard in polyphony and cool emotions enhances worship.

theme and variations

popular either individual piece or a movement of a symphony, sonata or string quartet. theme repeated over and over again and changed each time- changes in melody, harmony, dynamic, mood, major key, minor key, etc.

Corelli's Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3, No. 10, is scored for

two violins and basso continuo

string quartet

typical of the classical period

(1) Short piece usually serving to introduce a fugue or another composition; a short piece for piano.

prelude

Orchestral introductions to later acts of an opera are called

prelude

chorale prelude

prelude based on a lutheran chorale tune

chamber cantata opera sonata concerto grosso dance suite

primary genres of composition during early baroque (6)

concertato principle

principle of contrasting the sonorities of large and small, vocal and instrumental ensembles.

Hector Berlioz (listening) - Symphonic Fantastique, 4th movement "march to the scaffold"

program music idée fixe- melody that represents his beloved performance medium: orchestra

monody

prominent genre during the early baroque

Person who gives cues and reminds singers of their words pitches during an opera performance. The prompter is located in a box just over the edge of center stage, which conceals him or her from the audience

prompter

the music director of a baroque court was usually not responsible for

publicity in reaching an audience

the lament "when i am laid in this earth" is a ground bass aria from...

purcell's dido and aeneas

tone color

quality or character of sound as its passed through different types of instruments

Vivaldi's La Primavera mmusically depicts

spring

3 stylistic periods

under Beethoven: early, storm & drang, late

Vocal line in an opera, oratorio, or cantata that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech, often serving to lead into an aria

recitative

___ refers to a vocal line that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech

recitative

in opera , the plot and action are generally advanced through a kind of musical declamation , or speech

recitative

Leitmotif

recurring musical theme associated with a particular person, place, or idea

ritornello

recurring theme that functions as a refrain in Baroque compositions; can serve as intro and postlude in arias or choruses as a unifying thread.

Sonata form or sonata-allegro form

refers to the form of a single movement. It should not be confused with the term sonata, which is used for a whole composition made up of several movements.

comic operas

reform opera, light in mood, modest in performing requirements, written in the vernacular language of the intended audience.

rhythm of early baroque music

regularly repeating, driving rhythms

true

religion remained a driving force behind power struggles in the baroque era? true or false

Cantata

religious song with simple accompaniment. Monody is employed in the cantata

johann sebastian bach

renowned organist and composer; spent entire life in Germany; while music director of Church of Saint Thomas in Leipzig composed Mass in B Minor; got reputation of being one of the greatest composers of all time; perfected baroque style, Devout German Lutheran, wrote complex and beautiful religious works., was a prolific German composer and organist whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque period and brought it to its ultimate maturity. Although he introduced no new forms, he enriched the prevailing German style with a robust contrapuntal technique, a control of harmonic and motivic organisation from the smallest to the largest scales, and the adaptation of rhythms and textures from abroad, particularly Italy and France., Perfected the baroque style of music. A committed Christian, his work was meant to worship God.

passacaglia

repeating bass line

Ritornello form

repeating refrain, always played by the Tutti (large group)

vivaldi corelli handel bach

representative composers of the late baroque period

performing forces

string orchestra,with added woodwinds: organ and harpsichord in use

classical style

restrained, objective style of art from 1750-1820. references to arts of greece and rome, clarity of form & balanced design, emotional restraint characteristic of most important works or period, pervasive quality of.

Variation of a fugue subject in which the subject is presented by beginning with its last note and proceeding backward to the first

retrograde

When the main theme of a fugue is presented backward, it is called

retrograde

characteristics of the rococo

returned to renaissance ideas, ornamentation became more ornate, dress and manners more elaborate (white powdered wigs), music against baroque style and developed less complex and more natural, embellishments, aristocracy.

toccata

rhapsodic, virtuosic keyboard piece, mostly followed by structured fugue, melodic sequence, used to show off skills. ex. Toccata for organ by J.S. Bach

prima donna

rise of women singers, 1st lady

unifies the movement , recurring several times between the vocal statements of the chorale

riternello

In Italian, refrain; a repeated section of music usually played by the full orchestra, or tutti, in baroque compositions

ritornello

the first and last movements of the concert gross are often in --- form

ritornello

Compositional form usually employed in the baroque concerto grosso, in which the tutti plays a ritor- nello, or refrain, alternating with one or more soloists playing new material

ritornello form

Coda

rounds off a movement by repeating themes or developing them further. IT ALWAYS ENDS IN THE TONIC KEY.

short long rhythm

scotch snap

which is accompanied only by continuo instruments and moves with great freedom

secco ( italian for dry )

Speech like melody accompanied only by a basso continuo is called

secco recitative

Speechlike melody that is sung by a solo voice accompanied only by a basso continuo

secco recitative

speechlike melody accompanied by a basso continuo is called

secco recitative

answer

second entry of the subject in a fugue usually pitched a fourth below or a fifth above the subject

Answer

second presentation of the subject in a fugue, usually in the dominant scale, which is five steps higher than the tonic, or original scale.

movements

section of a complete work that has its own formal design and degree of individual, but it's conceived as a part of the whole; usually separated from other movement by a pause.

contrast of baroque music

secular music became equal in quality and quantity to church music, patrons, church, courts, governments, and public.

true

sensitivity and emotional expression are prominent characteristics of Romanticism

opera in the classical period

serious musical theater appeared threatened and extinct, composers tried to make opera be more 'natural', tried to lessen differences between recitative and aria.

opera seria

serious opera

Baroque Suite

set of dance-inspired movements

violin harpsichord organ

set the tone for the baroque era

Exposition

sets up a strong conflict between the tonic key and the new key, and between the first theme and the second theme. It begins with the first theme in the tonic key, or home key. Then comes bridge or transition, leading to the second theme, which is in a new key.

exposition of sonata allegro

sets up contrast between theme and new theme. first section tonic, transition modulates, second section new key and closing section new key. melodies contrasting, repetition.

Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G Major

sharp picked violins, 1st part repeated 3 times, then gets softer then a loud bang.

prelude

short independent or introductory piece for keyboard

sinfonia

short instrumental work, found in Baroque opera, to facilitate scene changes

What is a Prelude?

short piece based on the expansion of a melody, used to introduce other pieces

ritornello

short recurring instrumental passage found in both the aria and the Baroque concerto

motive

short rhythmic fragment

intermedio

short, musical-dramatic items performed between acts of a Renaissance theatrical performance

ripieno

the tutti group of the orchestra in a Baroque concerto, alternating with the concertino

sonata de camera

similar to dance-related keyboard suites, for concerts (secular)

each act of opera normally opens with an orchestra introduction , and between scenes we may find interludes

sinfonias

secco

singing style that has little accompaniment and lots of freedom

tone poem

single movements work in free form and programmatic in nature

concert overture

single-movement orchestra composition which retains the essential format of the first movement of a symphony is

rubato

slight holding back or pressing forward of the tempo

Rubato

slowing down and speeding up of music

Mozart, Piano Concerto no. 23

soft violins, then a low viola, then a high pitched flute joins, then a fast past piano keys in the middle of the song.

What instrumental sections plays the Ritornello?

solo

concertino

solo group of instruments in the baroque concerto grosso

Which Baroque sonata was intended for performance in church?

sonata da chiesa

In an opera, characters and plot are revealed through

song, rather than speech

aria

songlike vocal piece (pretty music), musically expressive with orchestral accompaniment, generally homophonic, ordered

homophonic

sounding alike, having a single melodic line with accompaniment, one melody of real interest combined with other sounds

The difference between an english opera and an italian opera was

special affects

commissions

special jobs requested for and paid by individuals

recitative

speechlike setting of a text, with homophonic accompaniment by a keyboard (dry recitative) or an orchestra (accompanied)

classical orchestra

standard group of 4 sections (bigger than baroque)

binary

standard musical form of baroque period dance movements

early opera

started when predecessors had intermedi which are theatrical performances with music between acts of a play

sarabande

stately spanish baroque dance type in triple meter , a standard movement of the baroque suite

augumentation

statement of a melody in longer note value , often twice as slow as the original.

diminuition

statement of a melody in shorter note values , often twice as fast the original

Beastie Boys/ Fight For Your Right / Early Rap

stealing rap for whites? -licensed to kill sold ten million copies -had their own style -they were speaking the lyrics -one chord instrumental -" rap" was slow -chrous more obvious

sacred music of the classical period

stile antico, still influenced by church in some parts of europe, orchestral accompaniment had great influence, after J.S. Bach and Handel- protestant music declined. Haydn & Mozart both catholic and wrote masses and oratorios and other compositions for the church. both wrote passages for solo voices, small vocal ensembles accompanied by organ and orchestra.

The first oratorios were based on

stories from the Bible

Recitative =

story

Compositional procedure used in fugues, in which a subject is imitated before it is completed; one voice tries to catch the other

stretto

___ is a musical procedure in which a figure subject is imitated before it is completed

stretto

Who's in the orchestra ~ Purcell

strings & continuo

symphony orchestra

strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion; largest ensemble

The main theme of a fugue is called a

subject

Theme of a fugue

subject

the main theme of a fugue is called the

subject

terraced

sudden (subito) changes

In baroque music, a set of dance-inspired movements all written in the same key but differing in tempo, meter, and character

suite

sets of dance inspired instrumental movements are called

suites

The music director of a court in the baroque period

supervised and directed the musical performances, composed much of the music required for performances, and was responsible for the upkeep of the instruments and music library

artistic style of baroque

tensions and strain, caught in a midst of drama

recitative

the vocal style in opera that imitates the natural inflections of speech is called ?

Classical melody is about ...

symmetry, melody, and form

tonal system

system of harmony, based on major and minor scales

figured bass

system of musical shorthand by which composers indicated intervals above the bass line with numbers (figures) rather than with notated pitches, with improvised harmonies.

basso continuo

system of notation and performance practice used in the baroque period, in which an instrumental bass line is written out and one or more players of keyboard, lute, or similar instruments fill in the harmony with appropriate chords or improvised melodic lines

fragmentation

take one section & turn into its own theme or motive

program music

tells a story; antecedent to psychological progression

stile concertato

term in the early Baroque music referring to either a genre or a style of music in which groups of instruments or voices share a melody, usually in alternation, and almost always over a basso continuo; style developed in Venice by Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli

viennese style

term sometimes applied to the classical style to show "objective style"

baroque

term used to describe the arts generally during the period 1600-1750 and signifying excess and extravagance

da capo form

ternary (ABA) form for an aria, so called because the performers, when reaching the end of B, "take it from the head" and repeat A

Abrupt alternation between loud and soft dynamic levels; characteristic of baroque music

terraced dynamics

baroque dynamics consisted mainly of sudden alternations between loud and soft called

terraced dynamics

librettos

text of a dramatic vocal work

A unique feature of Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No, 5 is that this was the first time

that the harpsichord has been used as a solo instrument in a concerto grosso

ground bass

the English term for basso ostinato

Tradgédie Lyrique

the French equivalent of Italian opera seria, with a similar seriousness of tone but with a focus on the preservation of the text when set to music and the frequent presence of dance interludes

tragédie lyrique

the French equivalent of Italian opera seria, with a similar seriousness of tone but with a focus on the preservation of the text when set to music and the frequent presence of dance interludes

which of the following is a set of forty-eight prelude and fugue by bach ?

the well tempered clavier

chorale

the German word for the hymn of the Lutheran church - hence a simple religious melody to be sung by the congregation

handels oratorios are usually based on

the OT

Handel's oratorios are usually based on

the Old Testament

When another voice presents the main theme of the fugue in the dominant key, this is called

the answer

true

the arise " when i am laid in earth" is unified by a descending chromatic scale ground bass ? true or false

monody

the baroque period witnessed a new style of music which featured a single vocal melody with accompaniment this was known as ?

Basso Ostinato

the bass is repeated over and over while the melodies above constantly change

Recapitulation

the beginning of it brings resolution, as we again hear the first theme in the tonic key. In the recapitulation the first theme, bridge, second theme, and concluding section are presented more or less as they were in the exposition, with one difference all the principal material is now in the tonic key.

false

the character piece was a favorite and unique genre of vocal literature in the Romantic period

basso continuo

the classical period marked the end of

cadence

the close of a musical section

basso continuo

the continuous, supporting bass line of a baroque composition. also, the instruments accompanying baroque compositions, consisting of two or more instruments performing bass line (1 must be keyboard)

program music

the correlation of instrumental music with some story or extramusical idea became known generally as

countersubject

the counterpoint with which the original voice accompanies the answer in a fugue

romantic period

the dates 1825-1900 approximately set off that era of music known as

equal temperament

the division of the scale based on an octave that is divided into twelve exactly equal semitones

dominant

the fifth scale degree

the Florentine camerata

the group of early baroque writers , artists and musicians whose aim was to resurrect the musical drama of ancient greece was known as ?

concertino

the group of instruments that function as soloists in a concerto grosso

true

the industrial revolution led to major improvements in the production of musical instruments, thus providing composers with a wider array of timbres with which to work.

true

the instrumentation of the orchestra was well standardized by the classical period

Musical Form

the large scale structure of a musical work

ripieno

the larger of the two ensemble in the baroque concerto grosso

ripieno

the larger of the two ensembles in the Baroque concerto grosso, In baroque music, especially concerto grosso, term means the main group of instrumentalists as opposed to the small/solo group which is known as the concertino

contralto

the lowest female singing voice

false

the musical forms of the classical period have fallen into disuse after 1825

opera seria

the noble "serious" opera of the Italian style that dominated European music throughout the 18th century, with its standard alternation of recitative and aria and focus on larger-than-life characters

which of the following was Not an important keyboard instrument in the baroque ?

the piano

melodic sequence

the repetition of a musical motive at successively higher or lower degrees on the scale

the members of the florentine camerata wanted the vocal line of their music to follow

the rhymes and pitch fluctuations of speech

The members of the Camerata wanted the vocal line of their music to follow

the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech

in which voice is the subject first heard in contrapunctus , from the art of fugue ?

the second to top voice , oralto

subject

the single main theme of a fugue

melodic sequence refers to

the successive repetition of a musical idea at higher or lower pitch levels

terraced dynamics refer to

the sudden alteration from one dynamic level to another

opus

the system by which composers enumerate and identify their compositions

fast, slow, dance, fast

the tempos of the four movements in a symphony are in what order?

subject

the term for the principal theme in a fugue

libretto

the text of an aper a is called ?

libretto

the text of an opera

libretto

the text of an opera or other dramatic musical work

Pre-classical period

the transition from the baroque style to the full flowering of the classical

Four seasons fall:

this first section is upbeat and joyful as peasants celebrate the bountiful harvest Movement two depicts the peaceful sleep following the harvest festival. The poem describes cool breezes replacing the songs and dances. In the orchestra, festive music fades away in favor of peaceful melodies

classical concerto

three movement work for instrument soloist and orchestra-combines solo's virtuosity with orchestra's range of color and dynamics, fast slow fast.

Chords-

three or more notes sounded simultaneously

percussion

timpani were used for rhythmic bite and emphasis

Bach probably wrote his B minor mass for what reason?

to show what he could do with this form

rise of tonality in the baroque

tonal system, increasing use of triads, replaces modality in organizing music

Between Classicism & Romanticism

transition by Beethoven

To evoke angry or warlike feelings in some of his texts, Monteverdi introduced new orchestral effects, including pizzicato and

tremolo

Musical ornament consisting of the rapid alternation of two tones that are a whole or half step apart

trill

Corelli =

trio sonata

instrumental genres

trio sonata ,concerto grosso ,suite ,prelude, fugue, chaconne, passacaglia

rhythm

troubadour and trouvere's lacked in

the harpsichord is incapable of crescenders and dimuendus true or false ?

true

equal tempered tuning

tuning system of instruments based on the division of the octave into 12 equal half steps. the same system used today

In Italian, all; the full orchestra, or a large group of musicians contrasted with a smaller group; often heard in baroque music

tutti

the large group of players in a concerto gross in known as the

tutti

double-exposition form

two expositions, the first for the orchestra, the second for the soloist with the orchestra

Basso Continuo

two instruments- one to play the bass line & one to play the harmony

Consonance

two or more notes that when sounded simultaneously are pleasing, sweet, harmonious

The French overture has

two sections: slow-fast

the french overture has

two sections: slow-fast

Mozart, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik

two sharp fast strokes of violin then a drawn out tone, repeated, then gets quiet and returns to normal tone.

chromaticism

use of tones that are not in the scale in which a composition is based.

florentine camerata

used same melody for several verses of a strophic song believed any relationships between words and music, and combos of melodic lines in the polyphonic madrigals with the understanding text, made melody based on the ideals of the ancient greeks

antonin Dvorak - string quartet in F major, Op. 96 "American" 3rd movement

uses folk-like melodies pentatonic scales performance medium: string quartet (favorite one - just strings)

chamber music

usually instrumental, performed in a small concert hall or private residence with just one performer on each part

Antonio vivaldi spent most of his life working at an institution for orphaned and illegitimate girls in

venice

the first opera house in Europe to offer entry to anyone with the price of admission opened in 1637 in

venice

jig

vigorous dance developed in the british isles

Vivaldi

violin

composers in the middle baroque phase favored writing compositions for instruments of the ___ family

violin

the orchestra evolved during the baroque period into performing group based on instruments of the __ family

violin

Antonio vivaldi was famous and influential as a virtuoso

violinist

Vivaldi was famous and influential as a virtuoso

violinist

solo concerto and concerto grosso

virtually identical genres, with the exception that one features multiple soloists and the other only has one

Recitative

vocal line in an opera, oratorio, or cantata that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech, often serving to lead into an aria.

Early Baroque period

vocal music, Monteverdi, homophonic texture, dissonance, Contrast, Opera was established

monody

vocal style established in the Baroque, with a solo singer and instrumental accompaniment

melodic style of early baroque music

vocal style marked by quick shifts from long to short notes expansive and unpredictable rather than short and symmetrical

Voice ranges which include coloratura soprano, lyric soprano, dramatic soprano, lyric tenor, dramatic tenor, basso buffo, and basso profundo, among others

voice categories of opera

Which of the following is not a part of the baroque suite?

waltz

Jongleurs(Juggler)

wandering minstrels, performed music and acrobates in castles,taverns,and towns

Ludwig van Beethoven

was able to work as an independent musician in Vienna. His success was gained through a wider middle-class market for music and a commanding personality that promoted the nobility to give him gifts and treat him as an equal.

Style Galant

was applied to this light, graceful music, in music style gallant is comparable to the rococo style in art.

A typical baroque operatic form was the da capo aria in ABA form in which the singer

was expected to embellish the returning melody with ornamental tones

a typical baroque operatic form was the da part aria in ABA form in which the singer

was expected to embellish the returning melody with ornamental tones

Vienna

was one of the music centers of Europe during the classical period, and Hayden, Mozart, and Beethoven were all active there. 4th largest city in Europe

the piano

was the favorite keyboard instrument of the late eighteenth century, replacing the harpsichord

Joseph Hayden

was the first, and was content to spend most of his life serving a wealthy aristocratic family.

in the church

was where most ordinary citizens heard music

Theme and variations

was widely used in the classical period, it is a basic musical idea-the theme-is repeated over and over and is changed in time.

which of the following was one of the greatest painters of the french rococo ?

watteau

Tone the piano equally out of tune so you can play in any key signature

well tempo

opera

were first called "musical tales". The novelty in this new genre was that they accentuated the dialogue of the drama, representing all of it through singing.

Snoop Dog/ Doggy style /

west platinum 4 times

contrast in sound between the tutti and concertino

what is the most distinctive feature of the concerto grosso?

1600 northern italy

when and where did baroque music first appear

doubling

when another instrument joins in and plays something

haydn

when beethoven was 22 _____ became his tutor

lose more of his sense of hearing

when beethoven was in his late 20s he started to ________________ which made his temper and rages worse and cause wild mood swings.

vivaldi's "the spring" concerto from the four seasons

which composition is an example of a solo concerto?

the well-tempered clavier

which of bach's compositions includes preludes?

the age of freedom and democracy

which of the following does not characterize the baroque era ?

curie

which of the following was Not an important scientist of the brogue era ?

binary

which type of musical form was most often used for each movement of a sonata?

true

while playing the basso continuo , musicians in the baroque era improvised on the figured bass ? true or false

Recorders

whistle-type woodwind instruments.

henry purcell

who was: -Hired as a musician at Westminster Abbey at a youthful age, later worked for the king's Chapel Royal as well -His most famous opera, Dido and Aeneas, was composed for amateur performance by a girl's school -He is considered one of the best English composers of all time -In addition to composing, he was employed as an organist

corelli's musical style

who's musical style? -chords move from one to the next, forming a tightly linked chain of harmonic movement -first to write a modern harmonic style -the bass line often moves up by chromatic half steps, contributing to the direction and cohesiveness of his music -some movements make use of a walking bass

handel

who's oratorios: -use the operatic forms of recitative and aria -chorus serves a dual function, sometimes serving as narrator, other times providing moralizing commentary -basically an opera with a religious subject -appealed to a large number of religious groups

psychological progression

whole work tells a story; 1 of 3 perameters of Beethoven's compositional style

chamber music of baroque

wind instruments increased and world's finest violins with new bowing techniques

concerto grosso

with a small group of soloist and orchestra

expanded into professional performance careers , including as opera singers

woman roles in baroque music ?

basso continuo accompaniment

word meaning continuous bass also refers to performance groups with bass, chordal instruments such as harpsichord & organ, along w/ other instruments like cello & bassoon.

serenade

written for evening entertainment, light in mood-written for small string orchestra or string quartet and double bass.

The Well-Tempered Clavier features preludes and fugues

written in all 24 major and minor keys

Haydn

wrote jokes within his music

mozart

wrote last 3 symphonies in 6 weeks

Franz Schubert

wrote over 143 lieder

Bach /Brandenbrug Concerto/ Baroque:

• Features a solo group ( a flute, a violin, and a harpsichord) • The concerto opens up with a loud bright sounding orchestral ritornello • Once the ritornello ends with a solid cadence ,the three solo instruments chime in with rapid polyphony( they dominate the rest of the movement) • Sometimes the orchestra will come in with a clear fragments of the ritornello in different keys • The harpsichord has it own lengthy solo at one point ( a cadenza - an improvised solo passage within a larger piece) • There is harmonic tension in the cadenza • The second movement is in the minor mode