CH. 9 psychology
As adopted children get older, their intelligence test scores tend to become _____ like their _____.
more; biological parents
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
Makaila is able to discriminate speech sounds and can even read lips. Makaila is MOST likely about _____ months of age.
4
4 months
Babbles many speech sounds ("ah-goo")
10 months
Babbling resembles household language ("ma-ma")
Broca's area
Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
_____ is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable.
Creativity
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
the most systematic procedure for solving a problem is an
algorithm
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
Actors are very good at being able to express feelings for a variety of situations. It can safely be assumed that these actors would score high on measures of _____ intelligence.
emotional
availablity heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
representativeness heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they see to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
Compared to North American students, Asian students perform:
better on math aptitude and achievements tests and they spend more time studying.
Studies in which researchers test and compare people of various ages at one point in time are known as _____ studies.
cross-sectional
Fluid intelligence _____ with age. Crystallized intelligence _____ with age.
declines; does not decline
which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative person?
extrinsic motivation
Twenty-eight-year-old Melissa is a research psychologist. She is known for her creative research problem solving and the ability to abstractly interpret research data. Melissa is demonstrating:
fluid intelligence.
a major obstacle to problem solving is fixation which is an
inability to view a problem from a new perspective
fixation
inability to view problems from a new angle focuses thinking hinders creative problem solving
24+ months
rapid development into complete sentences
Howard Gardner proposed that intelligence is:
reflected in any of several specific abilities.
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
An experiment finds that men who take a spelling test have lower scores after they read an article about how women typically outscore men on this kind of test. This finding supports the concept of _____ threat.
stereotype
insight
sudden aha! reaction provides instant realization of solution may not happen
While on vacation in Mexico, James attempts to speak Spanish. However, he is finding it difficult to communicate with others. He is using Spanish terms, but he places words together according to the English language. James is having difficulty with:
syntax.
To say that the heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent of
the variation in intelligence within a group of people are attributable to genes
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
Standford-Binet
the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test
Most people with savant syndrome typically have low scores on most indexes of intelligence but score very high in one or two areas. This suggests that:
there are multiple intelligences in contrast to the idea that there is a global intelligence factor.
Charlotte's identical twin sons are participating in a research study that includes MRI scans. The MRI findings will MOST likely indicate that:
they have very similar gray matter volume.
12 months
one-word stage ("kitty")
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
Prompt and clear feedback regarding one's performance on a psychology practice test is MOST likely to inhibit:
overconfidence.
Overconfidence
overestimating the accuracy of our own knowledge allows us to be happy and make decisions easily puts us at risk for errors
The three basic building blocks of language are _______, _______, _______.
phonemes, morphemes, and grammar
Being able to take care of one's daily habits, such as diet and personal hygiene, is an example of a _____ skill.
practical
What was the premise of researcher Noam Chomsky's work in language development?
Chomsky maintained that humans are biologically predisposed to learn the grammar rules of language
Children reach the one-word stage of speech development at about
1 years old
_____ is to a multiple-choice test in a U.S. history class as _____ is to the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT).
Achievement; aptitude
"Sound it out," Mrs. Sands encourages her first grade students when they struggle to read a word aloud. Mrs. Sands is introducing her students to:
phonemes.
Arnold had difficulty recognizing that bullfighting was a sport because it failed to resemble his _____ of a sport.
prototype
John has a harder time remembering that tomatoes are considered a fruit than are apples. This is because apples more closely resemble his _____ of fruit.
prototype
When someone mentions hamburgers, Trisha immediately thinks of a Big Mac. In this instance, a Big Mac is a(n):
prototype.
Tom and Linda's young infant, Jake, is just starting to pay attention to their faces when they speak to him. Jake has hit which milestone?
receptive language
The ability to understand language is called:
receptive language.
heuristic
simple thinking shortcut, such as the availability heuristic (which estimates the likelihood based on how easily events comes to mind) lets us act quickly and efficiently puts us at risk for efforts
At a faculty-student mixer, Mildred's psychology professor introduces her to a faculty member from the linguistics department. Mildred's professor remarks that the linguist is one of North America's foremost phonologists. Based on her study of the psychology of language, Mildred surmises that the faculty member studies:
sounds.
Females tend to outscore males on which of these skills?
spelling, emotion detecting, and locating objects
________ can lead to poor performance on tests by undermining test takers' belief that they can do well on the test
stereotype threat
Blacks have been found to score lower on tests of verbal aptitude when tested by Whites than when tested by Blacks. This BEST illustrates the impact of:
stereotype threat.
In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns (for example, green car). This illustrates an English language rule of:
syntax.
When young children speak in short phrases using mostly verbs and nouns, this is referred to as
telegraphic speech
achievement tests
tests designed to assess what a person has learned.
aptitude tests
tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Carl's identical twin sons are participating in a research study that includes MRI scans. The MRI findings will MOST likely indicate that:
the areas in their brains associated with verbal intelligence are very similar.
Shortly after their daughter, Tiffany, was born, Jeremy and Tara moved from Nebraska to New Zealand to work with the native population. After a few years there they notice that their daughter began to speak English as well as Maori, the language of the native New Zealanders. This is an example of:
universal grammar.
University grades are used to access the predictive _____ of the SAT.
validity
Identical twins Skyler and Sloane live with their biological parents. Skyler took an intelligence test when he was 9 years old and got a score of 100. Sloane took the same test. What would one predict Sloane's score to be?
very close to 100
framing
wording a question or statements so that it evokes a desired response can influence other's decisions can produce a misleading result
The textbook notes that _____ has many words for interpersonal emotions such as sympathy; this contrasts with English, which has a rich vocabulary for self-focused emotions such as anger.
Japanese
On what assumption did Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon base their concept of mental age?
Learning disabled children should perform as well as younger children on the tests, and gifted children should perform as well as older children.
The widely used American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was developed by:
Lewis Terman.
Teresa is a Black woman scheduled to take a math aptitude test. To ensure her best performance and reduce the chance of stereotype threat, which situation would MOST likely be recommended for her?
She should have a Black woman administer the test.
_____ intelligence is one of Gardner's forms of intelligence.
Spatial
predictive validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.
A high school implements a remedial math program targeted at incoming freshmen who failed previous math classes. Stereotype threat research would predict which result for the program?
This remedial math program might create a self-fulfilling prophecy that could cause lower scores on math tests.
24 months
Two - word speech ("Get ball.")
Werknicke's area
a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
nudge
a framing of choices by which governments and companies can, without coercion or altered incentives, encourage people to make choices that help their health, etc.
cohort
a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period
mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
concepts
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
An algorithm is:
a rule that guarantees a problem's solution.
sterotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative sterotype
Heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
If intelligence is a unitary mental ability rather than a group of separate abilities, factor analysis should reveal:
a single cluster of mental abilities.
insight
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for support for our own views and ignore contradictory evidence lets us quickly recognize supporting evidence hinders recognition of contradictory evidence
creativity
ability to innovate valuable ideas produces new insights and products may distract from structured, routine work
general intelligence
according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
A test designed to assess whether newly graduated medical students should be granted the legal right to practice medicine would MOST likely be considered a(n) _____ test.
achievement
Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This BEST illustrates problem solving by means of a(n):
algorithm.
terrorist attacks made Americans more fearful of being victimized by terrorism than of other greater threats. such exaggerated fear after dramatic events illustrates the _________ heuristic
availability
two word stage
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
babbling stage
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
the environmental influence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development is
being raised in conditions of extreme deprivation
_________ is one part of the brain that, if damaged, might impair your ability to speak words. Damage to ______ might impair your ability to understand language
broca's area; Wernicke's area
belief perserverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify mental biases that are likely to impede effective problem solving. Her research is MOST likely in the area of _____ psychology.
cognitive
Most researchers agree that apes can
communicate through symbols
a mental grouping of similar things is called
concept
In one experiment described in the textbook, researchers reduced belief perseverance by encouraging participants to:
consider the opposite point of view.
Raul is very skilled at taking aptitude tests and finding solutions to mathematics and science problems. Raul's skills illustrate:
convergent thinking.
Maggie, a graduate student at a local university, is interested in the impact of the No Child Left Behind legislation on intelligence. As a result of this, she gives an intelligence test to people in different age groups from 15 to 45. Maggie is conducting a(n) _____ study.
cross-sectional
Dr. Milano compares the performance of a group of 20-year-olds, a group of 45-year-olds, and a group of 70-year-olds on several tests of fluid intelligence and several tests of crystallized intelligence. Dr. Milano's investigation BEST exemplifies a:
cross-sectional study.
When Loretta uses knowledge that was acquired through experience, she probably relies MOST heavily on her _____ intelligence.
crystallized
intelligence quotient (IQ)
defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
According to the principle of belief perseverance, when faced with evidence that conflicts with one's point of view on a controversial issue, one tends to:
discount the information.
In Gardner's theory, _____ intelligence is the ability to ponder large questions about life, death, and existence.
existential
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
intuition
fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts is based on our experience; huge and adaptive can lead to us to overfeel and underthink
A(n) _____ refers to an inability to view a problem from a new perspective.
fixation
Barry attempts to solve an abstract word problem that he has never seen before. He is given three minutes to come up with the solution. Barry MOST likely relies on his _____ intelligence to complete the task.
fluid
Most adults are more likely to choose a birth control method that is said to have a 95 percent success rate than one that is said to have a 5 percent failure rate. This best illustrates the impact of _____.
framing
when consumers respond more positively to ground beef as "75% less lean" than to the same produced labeled "25% percent fat" they have been influenced by
framing
Bilingual children learn to inhibit one language while using their other language. Thus, if asked to say whether a sentence is grammatically correct ("Why is the cat barking so loudly?"), bilingual children can focus more quickly on grammar alone. According to Wallace Lambert and colleagues, this bilingual advantage may be caused by:
increased word power.
Although it may not always happen, a(n) _____ allows one to instantly see the solution to a problem.
insight
Factor analysis has been used to assess whether:
intelligence is a single trait or a collection of distinct abilities.
When he was very young, William took an intelligence test as part of a research study. Decades later, William is asked if he would be willing to take another intelligence test in order to test the stability of intelligence. By agreeing to take another intelligence test, William is engaging in a(n) _____ study.
longitudinal
semantics
Meaning of words and sentences
syntax
Sentence structure
How many morphemes are in the word cats? How many phonemes?
2 morphemes- cat & s 4 phoememes- c, a, t , s
According to the textbook, Rico is a border collie with a _____-word vocabulary for objects. Researchers assume that he can infer that an unfamiliar sound refers to an object he has never seen before.
200
algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure guarantees solution requires time and effort
algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
normal curve
A symmetrical, bell-shape curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.
An instructor has just asked the class, "What is intelligence?" Which definition embodies the spirit of psychology's simplest answer?
Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure.
The _____ is one of the MOST widely used intelligence tests for children. It can be given to children between the ages of 6 and 16 and can be completed without reading or writing.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
In which part of the brain would a lesion MOST likely result in a disruption of language comprehension and expression?
Wernicke's area
lingustic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Down syndrome is a disorder of varying severity caused by:
an extra copy of chromosome 21.
To be diagnosed with _____ a person must score a 70 or lower on an intelligence test and experience difficulty in independent living.
an intellectual disability
An inability to speak or understand language is known as:
aphasia.
An _____ test measures a person's capacity to learn, whereas an _____ test measures what a person has already learned.
aptitude; achievement
Alessa achieved an intelligence test score of 100 on a current version of the Stanford-Binet test. This indicates that relative to other adults her age her intellectual abilities:
are supposedly average.
Alan is a bright young man, who scored very high on both the critical reading and mathematics sections of the SAT. He is an excellent map reader and his reasoning abilities are fantastic. According to Charles Spearman, _____ intelligence is likely underlying these abilities.
general
To solve a problem, people often make use of simple thinking strategies. These strategies will allow them to make judgments and solve problems efficiently by following a(n) _____.
heuristic
To solve a problem, people often make use of simple thinking strategies. These strategies will allow them to make judgments and solve problems efficiently by following a(n):
heuristic.
The strongest support for heredity's influence on intelligence is the finding that
identical twins, but not other siblings, have clearly identical intelligence
belief perseverance
ignoring evidence that proves our beliefs are wrong supports our enduring beliefs closes our mind to new ideas
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
Similar intelligence test scores for identical twins reared apart are taken as evidence for the:
importance of genetic influences on intelligence test scores.
grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
phoenemes
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Makayla is taking a child development class and has been assigned a class project of her choice. She has chosen to analyze child drawings. She collected child drawings from a nearby elementary school from a total of 50 children in the third grade. Now she is in the process of analyzing the drawings and preparing her presentation. She has completely lost track of time. She meant to work on this for only an hour but when she looks at the clock three hours have passed. She is completely interested in the project and finds it challenging to analyze them. Makayla is demonstrating _____ motivation.
intrinsic
Isaac Newton stated that he was able to solve difficult scientific problems by thinking about them all the time. This BEST demonstrates:
intrinsic motivation.
Makayla is taking a child development class and has been assigned a class project of her choice. She has chosen to analyze child drawings. She collected child drawings from a nearby elementary school from a total of 50 children in the third grade. Now she is in the process of analyzing the drawings and preparing her presentation. She has completely lost track of time. She meant to work on this for only an hour but when she looks at the clock three hours have passed. She is completely interested in the project and finds it challenging to analyze them. Makayla is demonstrating:
intrinsic motivation.
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought is called _____.
intuition
After gathering extensive information about the colleges she was interested in attending, Krista let the information incubate outside her conscious awareness for several days. This provided time for her decision to be potentially enhanced by:
intuition.
instead of taking the time to rationally think about every decision that is faced on a daily basis, people often resort to:
intuition.
Sharon's car accident was both emotionally and physically traumatic. She developed aphasia, which left her without the ability to express herself linguistically, because of damage to her _____ lobe.
left frontal
Benjamin Lee Whorf's controversial hypothesis, called ______________ ______________, suggested that we cannot think about things unless we have words for those concepts or ideas.
linguistic determinism
In 1932, every child born in Scotland in 1921 was given an intelligence test. At age 80, the survivors were tested again. Finally, at age 90, the remaining survivors were again retested. This investigation exemplifies a _____ study.
longitudinal
in the early 20th century, somepsychologits noted that animal consciousness can be inferred from their behavior. In the early 21st century, other scientists argued that animal consciousness can be inferred from their brain's _________
neural networks
The American version of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test initially worked poorly with California schoolchildren because it was not _____ for American students.
normed
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
"You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend. Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her boyfriend would not tell her what was bothering him. Iris is demonstrating:
the availability heuristic.
validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
reliabilty
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
lingusitic relativity
the idea that language has an influence on the way we think
fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
morphemes
the smallest units of meaning within a language, may be a part of a word
one word stage
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
Sultan, a chimpanzee studied by Wolfgang Köhler, displayed evidence for animal cognition. He was given a short stick that could not reach a banana but then seemed to have an Aha! experience. He used the short stick:
to pull in a longer stick, which he used to reach the banana.
Mark, a toddler of 2 years of age is starting to put nouns and verbs together for the first time. Mark is experiencing the _____ stage.
two-word
Sheila is experiencing telegraphic speech and says things like "me go," "mama bye," and "dada go." She is in the _____ stage of language acquisition.
two-word
according to Chomsky, humans have a built in predisposition to learn grammar rules; he called this trait ______
universal grammar