Ch.1 -2

perceived availability

It does not appear to explain differences in rates of use over time

Perceived risk of regular use

It essentially is a mirror image of the trend of rates in using marijuana

Why has measurement of impulsivity become more popular recently among studies aiming to correlate rate of substance use to personality of users? Multiple choice question. A. Small-scale survey studies are the only ones that can generate accurate data on personality types. B. Local survey studies measure radical personality traits rather than traditional ones. C. Large-scale survey studies of the general population have yielded weak correlations with other personality traits. D. Regional survey studies of the urban minority consider only white males in their surveys.

Large-scale survey studies of the general population have yielded weak correlations with other personality traits.

According to a study conducted by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, identify an accurate statement about the correlation between gender and rate of substance use.

Males are more likely to indulge in substance use than females

Which drug has been used as an indicator for much of the research on correlates of drug use?

Marijuana

The 1960s experiments on drug use by monkeys concluded that _____. Multiple choice question. drug-taking behavior results only in physiological dependence on the drug existence of withdrawal symptoms is mandatory for the development of drug-taking behavior the drugs themselves positively reinforce the drug-taking behavior physical dependence on drugs is independent of parameters considered in these experiments

the drugs themselves positively reinforce the drug-taking behavior

Since every psychoactive drug acts at multiple sites, both in the brain and on other organs, ______________________.

the effect of a drug sought by a user is accompanied by other bodily reactions

abuse

the use of a substance in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug use causes problems or greatly increases the chances of problems occurring

drug misuse

the use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other than, those prescribed by a physician or dentist

When drug abuse, drug dependence, and deviant drug use are talked about, it is _______that is being referred to.

the way the drug is being used

According to research conducted on personality types that typically tend to be involved in drug-taking behavior, _____. Multiple choice question. there is a relationship between a user's personality and drug-taking behavior drug-taking behavior is purely hereditary and does not depend on a user's personality impulsivity has been ruled out as an influence of personality on drug-taking behavior there is insufficient data to link sensation-seeking behavior with use of drugs

there is a relationship between a user's personality and drug-taking behavior

Match the drawbacks of research on drug use by adolescents and young adults with their descriptions. Bias in information gathered Discrepancy in honesty of answers

-As only those students who are in classrooms can be surveyed, high school dropouts, who are more likely to use drugs, are excluded from the research data. -In most cases, there is no way of confirming a student's claims on a questionnaire.

In the context of the data gathered by the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) system, rank the top four classes of drugs involved in emergency room visits in decreasing order of number of cases (from the highest to the lowest).

1. Alcohol-in combination 2. Cocaine 3. Prescription opioids 4. Marijuana

Identify an example of a withdrawal syndrome. Multiple choice question. A heroin user who experiences diarrhea when he or she stops using An opium user who snorts the drug when he or she is tired A cocaine user who is not satisfied with his or her regular dose A marijuana user who continues his or her use because of its effect

A heroin user who experiences diarrhea when he or she stops using

Identify an accurate statement about attributing cause of dependence to a substance. Multiple choice question. Dependence does not depend on any other factor apart from the very use of a substance. A substance itself is the entire cause of a dependence problem. Dependence is influenced by many factors excluding the very use of a substance. A substance itself cannot be seen as the entire cause of a dependence problem

A substance itself cannot be seen as the entire cause of a dependence problem

Why has marijuana smoking been used as an indicator for much of the research on correlates of drug use? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Its use is highly dissimilar to trends in alcohol use. B. Enough adults have used it to prevent researchers from surveying high school students. C. Enough people have tried it so that meaningful correlations can be carried out. D. Its use has been a matter of some concern.

A. Its use has been a matter of some concern B. Enough people of tried it so that meaningful correlations can be carried out

Identify an accurate statement about substance use. Multiple choice question. A. Not all substance use is abuse. B. Amount of drug consumed does not influence its effect on a user. C. Every psychoactive drug acts at a single site in the brain. D. User history with a drug does not influence its effect on the user.

A. Not all substance use is abuse

According to a study conducted by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, identify the risk factors most likely associated with marijuana use among adolescents.

A. Perceiving that substance abuse is prevalent at one's school B. Having friends who use marijuana C. Engaging in frequent fighting, stealing, or other antisocial activities

Match the reasons for the federal government creating restrictive regulations for the sale and use of some psychoactive drugs in the 21st century with their descriptions. A. Toxicity B. Dependence C. Crime

A. Some drug sellers were considered to be endangering the public health and victimizing individuals by selling dangerous chemicals, often without putting appropriate labels or warnings on them. B. Drug users came to be seen as a threat to public safety—resulting in widespread attitude that drug-crazed individuals would often break the law in violent, horrible ways. C. Some drug sellers were seen as victimizing individuals and endangering their health by selling them habit-forming drugs, often without putting appropriate labels or warnings on them.

A typical problem faced by people while classifying substances as drugs is _____. Multiple choice question. A. differentiating between food and drugs B. deciding whether drugs can be misused C. treating an artificial compound as a natural drug D. knowing a drug's exact chemical composition

A. differentiating between food and drugs

The Regonian Medical Council has conducted a correlational study on the risk factors of heroin use by adolescents in the country of Regonia. The findings point out that delinquent adolescents whose parents frequently monitor their activities are more likely to indulge in heroin use. They also suggest that perceived ease of availability of the drug or perceived risk of use has no influence on its rate of use. However, the limitation of the study conducted by the Regonian Medical Council is that it _____. Multiple choice question. A. fails to determine whether parental monitoring increases heroin use or heroin use increases monitoring B. concludes that nonmedical use of heroin does not amount to substance abuse C. fails to determine if availability is a factor influencing rate of heroin use by college students D. concludes that perceived risk of heroin use has a large impact on its use

A. fails to determine whether parental monitoring increases heroin use or heroin use increases monitoring

Addiction is a controversial and complex term because _____. Multiple choice question. A. it has different meanings for different people B. every educational body teaches an incorrect version of its definition C. all legal institutions hold only one definition true D. its definition has not been approved by the FDA

A. it has different meanings for different people

Ch.2

Ch.2

A drug user shows a _____ when there are clear withdrawal signs when the drug is not taken. Multiple choice question. A. physiological dependence B. psychological dependence C. affective dependence D. emotional dependence

A. physiological dependence

Deviant drug use by an individual causes members of the individual's group to _____. Multiple choice question. A. take corrective action when it occurs B. always employ informal actions for correcting such behavior C. join the individual in the drug use D. always employ formal actions for encouraging such behavior

A. take corrective action when it occurs

Identify a substance that is most likely linked with criminal and violent behavior.

Alcohol

Identify an accurate statement about studies conducted to determine genetic influence on drug use. Multiple choice question. A. These studies conclude that genetic factors do not play any role in whether substance use develops into a serious problem. B. Studies that focus on people diagnosed with substance use disorders are likely to produce significant results. C. Studies of genetic variability in impulsivity and related traits show a lack of association with substance use disorders. D. These studies conclude that genetic factors do not influence an individual's drug use.

B. Studies that focus on people diagnosed with substance use disorders are likely to produce significant results.

Researchers studying extent of drug use have always been most interested in drug use by _____, because this is the age when drug use usually begins and reaches its highest levels. Multiple choice question. A. senior citizens B. adolescents and young adults C. children and adolescents D. middle-aged people

B. adolescents and young adults

How does a regular drug user overcome his or her body's tolerance toward a particular drug to experience the desired effect of the drug? Multiple choice question. By using a less potent drug By changing the drug By increasing the dose of the drug By foregoing use of the drug

By increasing the dose of the drug

Studying antecedents of drug use is important because measurement of these factors before increase in substance use helps researchers _____. Multiple choice question. A. summarize treatment methodologies B. determine the cause of substance use C. correlate tendency to experiment to genetics D. create advanced rehabilitation protocols

B. determine the cause of substance use

Studies of risk and protective factors of substance use conclude that adolescents who are likely to smoke cigarettes, drink heavily, and smoke marijuana are likely to _____. Multiple choice question. A. have parents as a source of social support B. engage in other deviant behavior C. be committed to school D. participate in two or more extracurricular activities

B. engages in other deviant behavior

Why is it logical for deviance-prone young people to use beer or cigarettes as their gateway substances?

Because they are more widely available that psychoactive drugs

According to the data collected by the Monitoring the Future Study by University of Michigan on marijuana use by 12th-graders, what is the observed trend on the use rates of the drug? Multiple choice question. A. While marijuana use has decreased gradually from 1975 to 1978, the perception of associated risk has remained unchanged. B. While marijuana use increased steadily from 1975 to 1992, its availability declined after 1992, affecting its use. C. There have been small changes in the rates of marijuana use since 1997. D. There has been no decline in the rates of marijuana use since 1978.

C. There have been small changes in the rates of marijuana use since 1997

Studies of risk and protective factors of substance use found that _____. Multiple choice question. A. calling early use of alcohol deviant behavior does nothing to change one's perspective of such behavior B. calling early use of marijuana deviant behavior helps explain why this behavior appears in some people C. an adolescent's conduct is less influenced by society's expectations than most others of the same age D. an adolescent's conduct or behavior at school conforms to the general norms and trends of society

C. an adolescent's conduct is less influenced by society's expectations than most others of the same age

While different research laboratories have different ways of measuring impulsivity, in general, it _____. Multiple choice question. A. corresponds to a level of danger a substance poses for a user who is below the age of eighteen B. assigns a constant value that corresponds to the amount of dishonest claims made during a survey C. relates to a person's tendency to act quickly and without considering long-term consequences D. allocates a degree of certainty to research data aiming to correlate substance use to race

C. relates to a person's tendency to act quickly and without considering long-term consequences

Ch.1

Ch.1

Identify a true statement about drug-related crimes.

Crimes may be carried out for the purpose of obtaining money to purchase illicit drugs

Identify a true statement about drug-related crimes. Multiple choice question. Criminal behavior and drug use are attributed to hereditary factors. Criminal behavior occurs only when a drug temporarily alters a user's personality. Crimes may be carried out only if the criminal is under the influence of drugs. Crimes may be carried out for the purpose of obtaining money to purchase illicit drugs.

Crimes may be carried out for the purpose of obtaining money to purchase illicit drugs

According to the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), alcohol dependence _____. Multiple choice question. A. was secondary to another disorder, such as depression B. was never a disorder C. needed to be treated as a secondary problem D. needed to be recognized and treated as a primary problem

D. needed to be recognized and treated as a primary problem

Identify the main concerns that motivated the federal government to pass laws that placed restrictive regulations on the sale and use of psychoactive drugs. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Dependence Toxicity Availability Lethargy Crime

Dependence Toxicity Crime

The _____ was set up by the U.S. government in an effort to monitor the toxicity of drugs other than alcohol. Multiple choice question. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) National Survey on Drug Use and Health Monitoring the Future Project

Drug Abuse Warning Network

The total number of deaths caused by cocaine, heroin, and marijuana is higher than the deaths caused by either alcohol or tobacco. True false question. True False

False

True or false: According to the 1960s experiments on self-administration of morphine by monkeys, only those monkeys who were initially made physically dependent on the drug continued pressing the lever for their morphine intake.

False

True or false: All drugs have reinforcing properties. True false question. True False

False

True or false: For a chemist, it would seem logical to ascribe morality to the drug itself. True false question. True False

False

True or false: The data on the correlation between gender and rate of substance use obtained by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health do not support the common notion of people that males are more likely to indulge in substance use than females. True false question. True False

False

Identify an accurate statement about the effect of psychoactive drugs on a user.

It is powerfully influenced by the user's history and expectations.

Identify the substance, which causes emergency room visits, that is not included the data collected by the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) system. Multiple choice question. Only heroin use by females Only cocaine use by an adolescent Only marijuana use by senior citizens Only alcohol use by an adult

Only alcohol use by an adult

Identify the substance, which causes emergency room visits, that is not included the data collected by the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) system. Multiple choice question. Only heroin use by females Only marijuana use by senior citizens Only cocaine use by an adolescent Only alcohol use by an adult

Only alcohol use by an adult

Match the popular drugs with their beneficial applications: Heroin Cocaine Methamphetamine

Painkillers Local anesthetics Treatment of ADHD and obesity

_____ dependence on a drug implies that a user's body has become adapted to the drug's presence. Multiple choice question. Psychological Physical Effective Affective

Physical

___________dependence on a drug implies that a user's body has become adapted to the drug's presence.

Physical

______________ dependence on drugs is increasingly accepted as the real driving force behind repeated drug use.

Physiological

_____ dependence of a user on a drug is indicated by frequent use of the drug, craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after quitting its use. Multiple choice question. Impulsive Psychological Toxic Antecedent

Psychological

_____ dependence on drugs is increasingly accepted as the real driving force behind repeated drug use. Multiple choice question. Chronic Psychological Acute Physical

Psychological

_______________ dependence on drugs is increasingly accepted as the real driving force behind repeated drug use.

Psychological

Identify an accurate statement about gateway substances

They are an early indicator of the basic pattern of deviant behavior a typical user exhibits

Identify a true statement about the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). Multiple choice question. It was developed by the National Center for Health Statistics. The DAWN system collected data on drug-related emergency room visits. Every emergency room in the United States participated in the DAWN system. It was launched in 2011.

The DAWN system collected data on drug-related emergency room visits.

reinforcement

a procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated. The behavior of taking a drug may be reinforced by the effect of the drug.

Identify a true statement about the initial experiments carried out in the 1960s on self-administration of morphine on monkeys. Multiple choice question. The monkeys were allowed to experience the initial stages of withdrawal in the initial experiments. These experiments were based on the predominant view that drug use is driven by behavioral dependence. The monkeys were directly attached to the morphine-releasing apparatus without a controlling equipment. These experiments concluded that drug use is driven by a combination of acute and chronic toxicity of the drug.

The monkeys were allowed to experience the initial stages of withdrawal in the initial experiments

Identify a true statement about genetic influence on substance dependence.

The specific genes influencing dependence are unknown

Identify a true statement about genetic influence on substance dependence. Multiple choice question. One's genes determine the type of neurotransmitters involved in causing dependence. The specific genes influencing dependence are unknown. The specific genes influencing dependence are known. There is no biological basis for dependence.

The specific genes influencing dependence are unknown

Identify an accurate statement about the biological basis for substance dependence. Multiple choice question. There is evidence against substances causing behavioral dependence. The brain contains only one neurotransmitter, dopamine, which influences substance dependence. The substance is always entirely responsible for the ill-effects of dependence. There are genetic influences on drug use, effects, and dependence.

There are genetic influences on drug use, effects, and dependence

Identify an accurate statement about the biological basis for substance dependence.

There are genetic influences on drug use, effects, and dependence.

In the context of young adults with college degrees, identify an accurate statement about the trend in substance use according to the findings of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

They are much more likely to drink alcohol and much less likely to use tobacco.

_____ typically precedes a user's physical dependence on a drug. Multiple choice question. Behavioral toxicity Physiological toxicity Tolerance Withdrawal

Tolerance

True or False: Any drug that produces effects might produce some benefit when used carefully and has the potential to produce harm when abused.

True

True or false: Any drug that produces effects might produce some benefit when used carefully and has the potential to produce harm when abused. True False

True

Reinforcement

a procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated

According to the early medical models of substance dependence, when was the substance said to be cured?

When a user no longer had withdrawal symptoms

According to the early medical models of substance dependence, when was the dependence said to be cured?

When the drug user no longer had withdrawal symptoms

withdrawal syndrome

a consistent set of symptoms that appears after discontinuing use of a drug

addiction

a controversial and complex term that has different meanings for different people

illicit drug

a drug that is unlawful to possess or use

dependence

a state in which the individual uses the drug so frequently and consistently that it appears that it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug

DAWN (Drug Abuse Warning Network)

a system for collecting data on drug-related deaths or emergency room visits

biopsychosocial

a theory of perspective that relies on the interaction of biological, individual psychological, and social variables

correlate

a variable that is statistically related to some other variable, such as drug use

antecedents

a variable that occurs before some event such as the initiation of drug use

AIDS

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

drug

any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its chemical nature alters structure or function in the living organism

psychological dependence

behavioral dependence; indicated by high rate of drug use, craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after stopping use

The idea that substance dependence is like a disease takes a broad, ___________ perspective that dependence might be related to dysfunctions of biology, personality, social interactions, or a combination of these factors.

biopsychosocial

In the context of drug use, antecedents are ________________.

characteristics that predict later initiation of drug use

In the context of substance dependence being a family disorder, _____ facilitates further substance use by that user. Multiple choice question. codependence of family members on the user a high income for the user and the family members of the user rehabilitation of the user reinforcement by family members of the user

co dependence of family members on the user

In the context of substance dependence being a family disorder, __________ facilitates further substance use by that user.

codependence of family members on the user

According to the Monitoring the Future Project by University of Michigan, conducted on marijuana use by 12th-graders, the best way to achieve low rates of marijuana use is to ___________________.

convince students that it is risky to use it

A typical problem faced by people while classifying substances as drugs is ______________.

differentiating between food and drugs

Peele and others argued that substance dependence should not be classified as a disease because it _____. Multiple choice question. does not have many of the characteristics of classic medical diseases does not entirely reinforce substance-taking behavior in users is not an underlying problem with a user is not a primary problem with a user

does not have many of the characteristics of classic medical diseases

Peele and others argued that substance dependence should not be classified as a disease because it ______________.

does not have many of the characteristics of classic medical diseases

People and others argued that substance dependence should not be classified as a disease because __________________.

does not have many of the characteristics of classic medical diseases

physical dependence

drug dependence defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome, implying that the body has become adapted to the drug's presence

The basis for laws concerning drug use and drug users was the belief that _____. Multiple choice question. drug users are victims drug users are patients drug use causes crime drug use causes genetic disorders

drug use causes crime

The basis for laws concerning drug use and drug users was the belief that ________________.

drug use causes crime

The notion that _____ forms the basis of arguments in favor of passing laws to regulate drug use and drug users. Multiple choice question. drug use changes a user's personality in a lasting way drug users never possess a feeling of moral responsibility drug users are always people who are in dire need of money drug use changes a user's genetic makeup temporarily

drug use changes a user's personality in a lasting way

deviant drug use

drug use that is not common within a social group and that is disapproved of by the majority, causing members of the group to take corrective action when it occurs

Studies of risk and protective factors of substance use conclude that adolescents who are likely to smoke cigarettes, drink heavily, and smoke marijuana are likely to __________________.

engage in other deviant behavior

According to early medical models on substance dependence, dependence was characterized by the _____. Multiple choice question. absence of psychological dependence on a drug absence of a withdrawal syndrome due to drug intake existence of a withdrawal syndrome due to a lack of drug intake existence of psychological dependence on a drug

existence of a withdrawal syndrome due to a lack of drug intake

To prove that all compulsive behaviours have some common physiological or biochemical action in the brain theorists have _____. Multiple choice question. excluded the possibility of genetics playing a role in determining dependence focused on studying dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain attributed all blame of a substance dependence problem to the substance itself carried out animal experiments to disprove behavioral dependence of a user on drugs

focused on studying dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain

To prove that all compulsive behaviours have some common physiological or biochemical action in the brain theorists have _________.

focused on studying dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain

In the context of drug use, one of the first drugs used by a typical user is known as a(an) _________________.

gateway

Jacqueline, a social drinker, has never caused problem for herself or others after drinking. In this scenario, Jacqueline is not an alcoholic because _______________.

her substance use is not abuse

According to research, effects of psychoactive drugs on a user are influenced by _____________________.

his or her expectations of the effects they will produce

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

In the context of substance use, a significant development has been _______________.

increased efforts by governments to limit access to dangerous drugs

Many drug users are motivated to continue using substances because the behavior of taking a drug _____________________.

is reinforced by the effect of the drug

A criticism of the research work focused on explaining dependence through dopamine levels is that this model _____. Multiple choice question. is too simple is too arbitrary places the blame on the chemical compound considers too many other neurotransmitters

is too simple

Data on marijuana use can be used to make a broader statement that illicit drug use among high school seniors has not changed a great deal between 1998 to 2012 because ____________.

marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug

According to the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), alcohol dependence _________________.

needed to be recognized and treated as a primary problem

Examination of the lives of alcohol-dependent individuals reveals that alcohol dependence _____. Multiple choice question. is neither a genetic trait nor biologically influenced does not influence the personality of an alcoholic often exists within a dysfunctional family is caused by malicious effects of alcohol

often exists within a dysfunctional family

Examination of the lives of alcohol-dependent individuals reveals that alcohol dependence _______________.

often exists within a dysfunctional family

gateway

one of the first drugs used by a typical drug user

toxic

poisonous, dangerous

Toward the development of the _____ of drug use, monkeys and rats were given intravenous catheters for the self-administration of morphine. Multiple choice question. acute reinforcement graph positive reinforcement model negative reinforcement data chronic reinforcement trend

positive reinforcement model

tolerance

reduced effect of a drug after repeated use

chronic

referring to drugs, the long-term effects from repeated use

acute

referring to drugs, the short-term effects of a single dose

In psychology, _____ is a procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated. Multiple choice question. withdrawal reinforcement toxicity impulsivity

reinforcement

While different research laboratories have different ways of measuring impulsivity, in general, it ___________________.

relates to a person's tendency to act quickly and without considering long-term consequences.

Prior to being recognized and treated directly, psychiatrists assumed that alcohol dependence was _____. Multiple choice question. induced by one's family the primary problem secondary to another disorder never a problem

secondary to another disorder

According to the scientific data collected on the potential of a substance to cause dependence, it can be concluded that _____. Multiple choice question. substance dependence cannot be attributed to a chemical compound all substances are addictive only in combination with other substances every substance induces only physical dependence some substances are more addictive than others

some substances are more addictive than others

When a person's substance use is recurrent, and the problems lead to significant impairment or distress, that person is diagnosed with _______________.

substance-use disorder

The phenomenon, seen with many drugs, in which repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect is known as _____. Multiple choice question. tolerance dependence toxicity impulsivity

tolerance

Drugs are said to be _____ when they produce effects that interfere with normal functioning in such a way as to produce dangerous or potentially dangerous consequences. Multiple choice question. toxic gateway malicious antecedent

toxic

behavioral toxicity

toxicity resulting from behavioral effects of a drug

Drug use might cause criminal behavior when a person is _____. Multiple choice question. using drugs under medical supervision under rehabilitation for drug use abstaining from drug use under the influence of a drug

under the influence of a drug

People's understanding of the term addiction ranges from those who apply the term broadly to anyone who is especially interested in an activity to those who can apply the term only to people ________________.

whose lives have been completely taken over by substance use