Ch.1 Hw psychology

Which of the following are among the contemporary approaches to psychological science?

- behavioral - cognitive - humanistic - sociocultural

For a theory to be scientific, there must be some way to prove it wrong. In other words, the theory must be _______

Falsifiable

What does it mean that the hours a child spent watching TV and the total number of discipline problems the child has in school are correlated +.45?

The more hours a child spends watching TV, the more likely it is that the child will get into trouble at school.

Which of the following are advantages of using a within-participant design in experimental research?

It requires only half the number of participants. The researcher knows that the groups are the same people in each condition.

What is a disadvantage of a within-participant design?

The order of the conditions might influence their effects on performance.

_____ developed the first laboratory devoted to psychological research.

Wilhelm Wundt

Who was the major proponent of the functionalist movement?

William James

Experimenter and participant expectations are two types of experimenter ______.

bias

Which approach to psychology emphasizes the role of physical processes such as brain and nervous system functioning?

biological approach

Which of the following are significant ingredients in producing behavior, according to the biopsychosocial approach?

biological factors psychological factors social factors

The _____ perspective on human behavior asserts that biological, psychological, and social factors are all significant ingredients in producing behavior.

biopsychosocial

Which of the following are descriptive research methods?

case studies surveys observation interviews

A researcher wants to know if giving students chocolate before an exam will improve their scores. Two groups of students take the exam, but only one group gets chocolate first. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

chocolate

the _____ approach focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.

cognitive

Which psychological perspective focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing—that is, how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems?

cognitive approach

During the third step of the scientific method, when researchers test the hypothesis, they

conduct empirical research.

In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the _____ group.

control

Research that involves determining the relationship between variables and whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together is called ______ research.

correlational

Which of the following are types of psychological research?

correlational experimental descriptive

The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a(n) ___ _____

correlational coefficient

The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a(n)

correlational coefficient.

Your roommate tells you that he spent four hours at Starbucks this week and his GPA is a 3.1. You spent six hours at Starbucks this week and your GPA is 3.5. You have started collecting data in which type of research?

correlational research

The term _____ is used to describe any aspect of a study that communicates to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave.

demand characteristic

In an experiment, the ______ variable is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation.

dependent

In an experiment, which variable is measured by the experimenter?

dependent variable

_____ research serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of a phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs, but it cannot provide causal information.

descriptive

The degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address is called ______ validity.

external

If two variables are correlated, then one of them must cause the other.

false

The second step in the scientific method involves

formulating a hypothesis.

Which of these are among the steps in the scientific method?

formulating hypotheses and predictions observing some phenomenon drawing conclusions

_____ is a historical approach advocated by William James that concentrated on mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment.

functionalism

_____ is an approach that concentrates on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environment.

functionalism

the ______ approach to psychology emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.

humanisitic

Which psychological perspective emphasizes a person's positive qualities, capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny?

humanistic approach

A(n) ______ is an idea arrived at logically from a theory. It can be thought of as an educated guess, and it can be tested.

hypothesis

A(n) ______ variable is the manipulated experimental factor in an experiment.

independent

In an experiment, the ________ variable is manipulated by the experimenter

independent

The degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable(s) is called ________ validity.

internal

Jiang-Li attempts to study the structure of her mental processes by thinking carefully about the experience of sunlight warming her skin. Jiang-Li is practicing _____.

introspection

Pedro is thinking deeply about his feelings and monitoring how he responds to common stimuli. Pedro is engaging in ____ which is also an approach historically used by structuralists in the field of psychology.

introspection

A behaviorist might study

learning through environmental determinants.

An experiment involves _____ one variable and observing the effect on another variable.

manipulating

An operational definition is an objective description of how a research variable is going to be _____ and observed.

measured

The biological approach to psychology focuses on the brain and ________ system

nervous

Which of the following are NOT among the contemporary approaches to psychology?

physical and exploratory

Scores on an exam go down as the time spent studying goes down. This is an example of

positive correlation

If two variables have a correlation of +.98, the two variables are _____ correlated. In other words, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other also increases.

positively

Random assignment reduces the likelihood that the results of an experiment will be due to any _____ between groups.

preexisting differences

The steps in the scientific method do NOT include

preparing meta-analyses.

What approach is practiced by a psychologist who believes that the way people think, feel, and behave are influenced by sexual and aggressive impulses that are buried deep within the unconscious mind?

psychodynamic approach

Which psychological perspective emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early family experiences?

psychodynamic approach

In some research, the researchers are not able to use random assignment to divide participants among groups. Instead, they compare preexisting groups. What type of research is this?

quasi-experimental design

The practice of _______ assignment in experimental research is used to make sure that experimental and control groups are equivalent.

random

experimental research

research concerned with establishing causal relationships between variables

descriptive research

research that involves finding out about the basic dimensions of some variable

correlational research

research that is interested in discovering relationships between variables

Correlational research involves gathering data on

sets of variables.

The _______ approach specifically examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior.

sociocultural

Which psychological perspective examines the ways in which the social and cultural environments influence behavior?

sociocultural approach

In social psychology research, the term confederate refers to

someone who plays a specific role that helps the researcher manipulate the social situation.

________ of consciousness is the term used by James to describe the natural flow of thought.

stream

William James used the term _____ to describe the natural flow of thought.

stream of conciousness

_____ is a nineteenth-century school of psychology that argued that breaking down mental processes into elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior.

structuralism

________ is the name of the approach to psychology endorsed by Wilhelm Wundt.

structuralism

The behavioral perspective

suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study.

What is a longitudinal design?

systematic observation that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time

What is random assignment?

the assignment of participants to research groups by chance

A curious psychologist sees something and wants to know how or why it is the way it is. This best describes

the first step in the scientific method: observing some phenomenon.

The soundness of conclusions that can be drawn from an experiment is known as

validity.

Functionalism had its roots in the views of

william james

In an experiment, random assignment is most effective

with a large pool of people.

In some research studies, participants will be in both the control group and the experimental group. Each participant is exposed to all of the conditions. This type of research is called a(n) _______-participants design.

within

In some experiments, the same people are in the control group and the experimental group. Each participant is exposed to all of the conditions. What is the term for this type of research?

within-participant design

Psychologists study _____.

behavior and mental processes

Which statements are true of survey research?

A disadvantage is that people may not answer honestly. People are asked to self-report.

What is the difference between a theory and an opinion?

A theory is falsifiable, whereas an opinion is not.

What is the correct interpretation of the statement "Extroversion and attending parties are positively correlated"?

People who go to parties tend to be extroverted.

Which of the following is an example of correlational research?

SAT scores are related to GPA.

Science is most defined by _____ it investigates.

What

_____ created the first psychology laboratory.

Wundt

Psychology is best characterized as

a behavioral science that treats psychological disorders.

What is a theory?

a broad idea, or set of closely related ideas, that attempts to explain certain observations

When conducting empirical research, the first thing a researcher needs in order to conduct a study is

a concrete way to measure variables of interest.

Researchers studying the long-term effects of an antidepressant have asked participants every six months of the past decade to undergo blood work, a physical, and a short mental status exam. They are now compiling their research. What type of research have they been conducting?

a longitudinal design

Scores in bowling go up as ability goes up. This is an example of

a positive correlation.

What is survey research?

a standard set of questions used to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic

What is a hypothesis?

a testable prediction that is derived logically from a theory

Critical thinking is a(n) _____ process that involves engaging with ideas and not settling for simple answers.

active

What is a variable?

any factor in an experiment that can be changed or tested.

Quasi-experimental designs do not randomly assign participants to a condition because

assignment is either impossible of unethical.

The ______ approach uses concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.

evolutionary

Which is the psychological perspective that uses concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors?

evolutionary approach

A(n) _____ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more variables believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other variables are held constant.

experiment

In an experiment, the group that receives the treatment the researchers want to study is known as the _____ group.

experimental

The first step in conducting a scientific inquiry is

observing some phenomenon in the world.

A researcher wants to correlate tension with depression. She develops tests that measure these two emotional states. The tests are her _____ of the variables she is interested in.

operational definitions

Random assignment is a procedure in which _____ are assigned to either the treatment or control group on the basis of chance.

participants

Contemporary psychology was deeply influenced by _____, the rational investigation of the underlying principles of being and knowledge.

philosophy

A(n) ________ , Correct Unavailable is a broad idea that can be used to make predictions about future observations.

theory

A key theme in the scientific method is that knowledge comes from empirical research.

true