CH.1 Psychology

random assignment

A psychologist wants to be sure that her research findings do not result from age or personality differences between participants in the experimental and control groups. She should use...

experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular effect is called a(n)......

hindsight bias

Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women consider the research findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of...

theory

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events is called a(n)...

nature and nurture

Angie wonders whether her calm and relaxed personality style was learned or inherited. Angie's concern is most directly relevant to the issue of...

natural selection

Charles Darwin suggested that the evolution of living organisms is guided by...

critical thinking

Checking on the credibility of the sources of information you use in a class report is most indicative of...

providing therapy to troubled people

Clinical psychologists specialize in...

critical thinking

Discerning the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates ________, which is an important learning tool.

positive psychology

Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive is the major focus of.......

predict the outcomes of research studies before they are told the actual results

Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perceptions that psychological research merely documents the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to....

social-cultural

Dr. Matias has concluded that very few people in a small African country suffer from alcohol use disorder because of the strong influence of their religion. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.

mental processes

Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of...

functionalism

Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to ________.

potential growth

Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's...

confounding variable

If participants in the experimental group of a drug treatment study are much younger than participants in the control group, the age of the research participants is a....

experimental

In a test of the effects of cigarette smoking on physical health and development, groups of monkeys were raised in either a smoke-free or smoky environment. Monkeys in the smoky environment were assigned to the _______ group.

an experiment

In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of

independent

In an experimental study of the impact of exposure to criticism on self-esteem, exposure to criticism would be the ________ variable.

mental processes

In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of...

nature and nurture

Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of....

is a random and coincidental occurrence.

On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy....

replication

Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of the findings?

developmental

Professor Helms conducts basic research on the progressive changes in infants' perceptual skills during the first year of life. Professor Helms is most likely a ________ psychologist.

far outweighed by gender similarities.

Psychological differences between the genders are...

test principles that help explain behavior.

Psychology experiments are typically designed to...

critical thinking

Questioning whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates...

retrieve

SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, ________, and review.

survey a large representative sample of the college student population

Suppose you want to find out which candidate college students will vote for in an upcoming national election. To be sure the sample of college students you survey is representative of the college student population, you should...

hypothesis

Testable prediction that gives direction to research.

SQ3R method

The _________________ ____________ encourages students to survey a text chapter's organization before actually reading the chapter itself.

a single individual or group is studied in great depth.

The case study is a research method in which...

natural selection

The evolutionary perspective focuses on the impact of ________ on human traits.

a researcher manipulates one or more factors that might affect behavior.

The experiment is a research method in which...

evolutionary

Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?

Plato

Which philosopher concluded that certain ideas were inborn?

natural selection

Which principle suggests that inherited traits contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations?

cognitive

Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?

cognitive

Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning?

naturalistic observation

Which research method would be most effective for identifying the mating rituals of North American deer?

gender difference

The risk of being color deficient is greater for men than for women. This best illustrates an important...

recognize errors in our own ideas

The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to....

psychiatrist

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a...

scientific

The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts than a method of evaluating ideas best highlights the ________ character of psychology.

theory

The value of a(n) ____________ is most closely tied to its usefulness in generating testable hypotheses.

replication

This involves repeating an earlier research study.

positive psychology

To balance psychology's historical focus on human problems and negative emotions, Martin Seligman called for the development of...

naturalistic observation

To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. Which research method did this illustrate?

correlation research

To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income level, researchers would most likely make use of...

control

To investigate the impact of distracting sounds on learning effectiveness, research participants tried to memorize lists of words in either a quiet or a noisy setting. Participants in the quiet setting were assigned to the ______ group.

random assignment

To minimize any differences between participants who are in the control and experimental groups, psychologists make use of...

control group

To provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n)....

an empirical approach

Using scientific procedures to test whether watching violent movies increases the frequency of emotionally upsetting dreams best illustrates...

random sampling

When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as...

critical thinking

When you question the claim that hypnosis helps people to recall memories more accurately, you are most clearly demonstrating...

evolutionary

Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?

behavior genetics

Which perspective studies the relative contributions of our genes and our environment on our individual differences?

neuroscience

Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?