CH.10

believed to have a biological basis

a race is an ethnic group ....?

plural society

a society that combine ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization (i.e., use of different environmental resources by each ethnic group), and the economic interdependence of those groups

depend on one another's activities; occupy different ecological niches; trade with one another

according to fredrik barth, a plural society is most successful when the ethnic groups do which of the following?

nation-state

an autonomous political entity; a country like the U.S or Canada

race

an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

phenotype

an organism's evident traits; its "manifest biology" - anatomy and physiology

status

any position that determined where someone fits in society; may be ascribed or achieved

a rule of descent

classifying someone as a member of a certain race because they have an ancestor of that race is ...?

ethnocide

destruction by a dominant group of the culture of an ethnic group

prejudice

devaluing (looking down on) a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes

racism

discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

nationalities

ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have regain, autonomous political status (their own country)

stereotypes

fixed ideas - often unfavorable - about what members of a group are like

ethnic group

group distinguished by cultural similarities (shared among members of that group) and differences (between that group and others); ethnic group members share beliefs, values, habits, customs, norms, and a common language, religion, history, geography, kinship, and/or race

it asks about "visible minorities"

how does the Canadian census treat race?

ethnicity

identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation

by changing attitude; location; language

in which of the following ways can a Brazilian change his or her "race"?

nation

once a synonym for ethnic group, designating a single culture sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship; now usually a synonym for state or nation-state

natural selection

originally formulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace; the process by which nature selects the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment, such as the tropics

refugees

people who flee a country to escape persecution or war are known as ...?

refugees

people who have been forced (involuntary refugees) or who have chosen (voluntary refugees) to flee a country, to escape persecution or war

genocide

policies aimed at, and/or resulting in, the physical extinction (through mass murder) of a people perceived as a racial group, that is, as sharing defining physical, genetic, or other biological characteristics

discrimination

policies and practices that harm a group and its members

descent

rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of one's ancestry

hypodescent

rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged group

ascribed status

social status (e.g., race or gender) that people have little or no choice about occupying

achieved status

social status that comes through talents, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments, rather than ascription

indifference by some officials to the lives of black citizens; the shooting of an unarmed black teenager in Florida

the Black Lives Matter movement began in response to ...?

racial classification

the attempt to assign humans to discrete categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry

genocide

the most extreme form of discrimination against ethnic groups, which involves the deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder, is known as ________?

colonialism

the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time

assimilation

the process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a separate cultural unit

multiculturalism

the view of a cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable; a multicultural society socializes individuals not only into the dominant (national) culture but also into an ethnic culture

true

true or false: members of an ethnic group define themselves as different and special because of cultural features

situational negotiation of social identity

when one employs different identities in different situations, it is known as ...?

use sunscreen; stay indoors

which of the following are cultural alternatives that permit a light-skinned person to effectively live in a tropical climate?

the presence of one trait does not automatically indicate the presence of another trait; the amount that heredity contributes to phenotypical traits is often unclear

which of the following are problems with basing racial classifications on a combination of physical traits?

they have less power than majority groups; they are subordinate; they typically have difficulty accessing resources

which of the following are true of minority groups?

it suggests dissatisfaction with the existing categories

which of the following best explains what is suggested by the tripling of the "some other race" choice in the U.S census between 1980 and 2010?

in terms of geological time, they have not been in the area long enough for their skin color to have adapted; their traditional, high-fish diet provides sufficient vitamin D, making a reduction in pigmentation unnecessary

which of the following explain why indigenous groups of Alaska have dark skin rather than the expected fair skin?

migration; wars; political upheaval

which of the following have been major-factors in why many nationalities have been split up and placed in different nation-states?

light skin lets the body manufacture more vitamin D from sunlight

which of the following is a physiological advantage to light skin color?

political upheavals; migration; wars

which of the following led to the division of many imagined national communities that arose in the 18th and 19th centuries?

some countries are more assimilationist than others; the minority adopts the patterns and norms of the host culture

which of the following statements about assimilation are true?

about 70% of all countries have an ethnic group that forms an absolute majority of the population; there is substantial regional variation in countries' ethnic structures; countries with no ethnic majority are the norm in Africa

which of the following statements about ethnic diversity across the globe are true?

some states have actively worked to homogenize their populations; most countries have an ethnic majority group, and one or more ethnic minority groups

which of the following statements about ethnic diversity around the world are true?

it encourages the practice of cultural-ethnic traditions; it socializes individuals into both the dominant culture and an ethnic culture

which of the following statements about multiculturalism are true?

it stresses respect for differences rather than sameness; it assumes each ethnic group has something to contribute to the country

which of the following statements about multiculturalism are true?

they are physically indistinguishable from other Japanese; they are residentially segregated into specific neighborhoods; they are subject to discrimination

which of the following statements about the burakumin are true?

burakumin can and have found jobs as government bureaucrats; burakumin who are successful in certain occupation reserved for the burakumin can be wealthy

which of the following statements about the effects of stratification on the burakumin in Japan are true?

it is darker in southern Europe than northern Europe; it is lighter south of the tropics; it is lighter in southern Europe than the Middle East

which of the following statements are true regarding average skin color in various geographical regions?

in 2011, minority births accounted for more than half of all U.S births

which of the following statements is true about the ethnic groups of the United States?

ethnic groups can be in contact for generations in peaceful coexistence; assimilation is not inevitable

which of the following statements regarding assimilation are true?

nation

which of the following terms was once synonymous with tribe or ethnic group but now simply refers to an independent, centrally organized political unit, or a government?

a light-skinned person in the tropics

who of the following, wearing the same amount of clothing, would synthesize the most vitamin D naturally in the human body?

the tripartite scheme had more to do with politics than biology; the tripartite scheme is overly simplistic

why is the once commonly used tripartite scheme of three great races no longer used by scientists?

cultural colonialism

within a nation or an empire, domination by one ethnic group or nationality and its culture/ideology over others - e.g., the dominance of Russian people, language, and culture in the former Soviet Union