Ch.10 Leadership and Organizational Change

Fiedler;s contingency approach defines 3 major variables:

- Leader-member relations—personal relations with members of the group. • Task structure—degree of structure in the task assigned to the group • Position power—power and authority a leader's position provides.

___________________ feedback is getting evaluative input from subordinates, peers, and superiors helps identify aspects of one's leadership that might need to be changed.

360-degree

The Achievement-Power-Affiliation holds that all people have 3 needs:

A need to achieve, a need for power, a need for affiliation

McCelland's ____________ ______________ _______________ theory emphasized needs that are learned and socially acquired as individuals interact with the environment

Achievement-Power-Affiliation

Who created the Immaturity-Maturity Theory?

Argyris

The Blake and Mouton Managerial Grid then became the basis for the Leadership Grid® was developed by who?

Blake and McCanse

The leadership continuum developed by Tannerbaum and Schmidt includes which two major components?

Degree of authority used by the manager and the amount of freedom available to the employee.

______is the to which a person is in tune with his/her own feelings and the feelings of others.

Emotional intelligence

The _________________ ______ ____________________ introduced the frustration-regression principle, which suggested that if higher-level growth needs were not met the employee would become frustrated and regress to lower-level relatedness or existence needs. (Alderfer)

Existence Relatedness Growth

Alderfer grouped human needs into three categories: (explain each one)

Existence: basic needs (food, water, shelter, safety) Relatedness: involvement w/ family, friends, co-workers, and employers Growth: desire to be creative, productive, and complete meaningful tasks

______________ theory assumes people can determine the outcomes they prefer and make realistic estimates of their chance of attaining them

Expectancy

_________________ theory attempts to explain behavior in terms of an individual's goals, choices, and expectations of achieving these goals.

Expectancy

_____________ is factors outside of the individual that drive behavior

Extrinsic

Democratic is the leadership style in which the leader allows the group to make the decision. TRUE or FALSE

False

Hershey and Blanchard expanded the contingency approach to leadership by incorporating concern for people and concern for production in their leadership model. TRUE or FALSE

False

The Blake and Mouton leadership grid has two dimensions, those dimensions are concern for production and concern for service TRUE or FALSE

False

The concept of valence in expectancy theory is the expectancy that increased effort will lead to increased performance. TRUE or FALSE

False

_______________ identified several techniques that are being used in leadership development programs like 360 degree feedbackNetworkingExecutive coachingMentoring

Greenberg

Which of the following would be characteristic of a Theory X manager's beliefs about the average employee?

Has an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it if possible.

What is the process of influencing the activities of employees toward goal achievement?

Leadership

Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1958, 1973) developed a __________________ _______________ of possible leadership behaviors; each type of behavior is related to the degree of authority used by the manager and the amount of freedom available to subordinates in reaching decisions

Leadership continuum

What statement would be consistent with the beliefs of Argyris' Theory?

Management creates "Mickey Mouse" jobs and then is surprised with "Mickey Mouse" behavior.

________________ is the inner striving conditions (wishes, desires, and drives) that activate or move a person.

Motivation

According to the ________________ ___________________ theory, each need is prepotent or dominant over all higher-level needs until it has been partially or completely satisfied (created by Maslow)

Need Hierarchy

__________ ________________ theory states that people are motivated by their desire to satisfy specific needs that are arranged in ascending order

Need Hierarchy

____________ are caused by deficiencies that may be physical or psychological

Needs

_______________ Leadership Model focuses on the leader's effect on the subordinate's motivation to perform; focuses on the leader's impact on the subordinate's goals and the paths to achieve those goals

Path-goal

____________________ ______________ also referred to as acquired needs, are those we learn in response to our culture or environment

Psychological Needs

___________________ approaches to leadership focus more on the interactions among leaders and their followers than on characteristics of the leaders themselves

Reciprocal

_____________ theory (developed by skinner) claims that people behave in a certain way bc they are associated with positive and others with negative outcomes

Reinforcement

__________________ and _________________ approaches emphasize leadership skills, behavior, and roles thought to be dependent on the situation.

Situational, contingency

What are McGregor's predominant two concepts of human nature

Theory Y and X

_____________ concepts in leadership are personal characteristics that describe how a person thinks or feels or acts

Trait

___________________ leadership occurs when leaders transform or change their followers in ways that lead the followers to: trust the leader, perform behaviors that contribute to the achievement of organizational goals and perform at a high level.

Transformational

A change agent is a person who initiates a change TRUE or FALSE

True

TRUE OR FALSE The Need Hierarchy theory claims that a satisfied need is no longer a motivator

True

TRUE or FALSE Theory X is negative

True

Theory Y is positive

True

IQ is a non-predictor of success in life TRUE or FALSE

True (predicts approx. 6% of job success)

Theory ___ suggests that motivation will be primarily through fear and that the supervisor will be required to maintain close surveillance of subordinates if objectives are to be obtained

X

Theory ___ relates to basic philosophies or assumptions that managers hold regarding the way employees view work and how they can be motivated

Y

The process of motivation can be viewed as a causative sequence. Which of the following is the sequence? a. Needs ->Drives/Motives ->Achievement of goals b. Drives/Motives -> Needs -> Achievement of goals

a.

When a person goes overboard in one area or activity to make up for deficiencies in another: a. compensation b. repression c. projection

a.

When an individual attributes his or her own feelings to someone else: a. projection b. regression c. rationalization

a.

Which of the following is the CORRECT ascending order of specific needs in the Need Hierarchy theory? a.Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization b. Safety, Physiological, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization

a.

McClelland proposed which of the following motivation theories?

achievement-power-affiliation

What are the two types of organizational commitment?

affective and continuous

Employees with high ______________ _______________ stay with an organization bc they want to stay

affective commitment

The University of Michigan and the Ohio State Leadership studies both suggested that most effective managers are those who

allow employees to participate in decisions.

Motivation could be described as

an inner force that activates or moves a person.

In the two-factor theory, the hygiene (or maintenance) factors...

are often related to dissatisfaction on the job.

Generally, the ________________ leader makes most decisions

autocratic

What are the 3 basic styles of leadership?

autocratic, laissez-fair, and democratic

Managers who hold theory X tend to be _________________, and those with a theory Y philosophy tend to be more ________________-

autocratic, participative

When an individual exhibits childlike behavior as a way of dealing with an unpleasant situation: a. withdrawal b. regression c. agression

b.

When an individual presents a reason that is less ego deflating or more socially acceptable than the true reason: a. projection b. rationalization c. repression

b.

When an individual puts something in the place of the original object- For example, a foodservice employee bypassed for promotion may seek leadership positions in organizations outside the workplace. a. compensation b.substitution c. rationalization

b.

Situational leadership would suggest that

behavior of effective leaders depends on the situation

Hygiene factors include all the following except: a.pay b.supervision c.recognition d.job security e.working conditions f.orginizational policies g.interpersonal relationships on the job

c.

Motivators include all the following EXCEPT: a. achievement b. recognition c. pay d. responsibility e. advancement f. the work itself g. potential for growth

c.

When an individual becomes less involved in work; may be exhibited by apathy, excessive absences, lateness, or turnover: a. agression b. repression c. withdrawal

c.

When an individual directly attacks the source of frustration or another object or party: a. revert/regress b. projection c. agression

c.

When an individual loses awareness of or forgets incidents that cause anxiety or frustration: a. regression b. revert/regress c. repression

c.

What are the 5 best leadership practice inventory created by Kouzes and Posner?

challenging the process, inspiring a shared vision, enabling others to act, modeling the way, and encouraging the heart.

________________ power comes from the authority of the leader to punish those who do not comply

coercive

__________________ power is based on the leaders connections with influential or important persons inside or outside the organization

connection

Two dimensions of leadership behavior emerged from Ohio State Leadership studies

consideration, and initiating structure

Employee's with high ______________ _________________ stay with an organization bc they believe they must stay, not bc they want to

continuous commitment

the ________________ leader guides and encourages the group to make decisions.

democratic

What are the three Emerging leadership competencies?

emotional intelligence, social intelligence, and metacognition

University of Michigan Leadership Studies isolated two major concepts of leadership:

employee orientation and production orientation

Psychological needs include ________________, ___________________, and ____________________

esteem, affection, and power

The motivation theory that is based on the belief that people act to increase pleasure and decrease displeasure is

expectancy

____________ power is held by those leader who are viewed as being content in their job

expert

Argyris challenged management to provide a work climate in which individuals have a chance to __________ and _____________ as individuals while working for the success of the organization.

grow, mature

According to the expectancy theory, a high level of motivation requires

high expectancy and high valence.

Reinforcement theory emphasizes

how the consequences of past action influence future actions

Factors related to dissatisfaction are called _________________________

hygiene factors

_______________ power is based on the leaders possession of or access to information that others perceive as valuable

information

Physical needs are also called ____________ or _______________ needs and include food, water, and shelter.

innate/primary

A transformational leader

intellectually stimulates follower

Both needs and goals are __________________________ and individuals are not always aware of their needs; also needs and goals are constantly ______________

interdependent; changing

________________ is motivation coming from within an individual

intrinsic motivation

____________________ also appears to be related to what has been termed Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB's)

job satisfaction

the ____________________ leader allows the group to make the decisions

laissez- faire

What type of power comes from the formal position held by an individual in an organization?

legitimate

___________________ power comes from the formal position held by an individual in an organization (the higher the position the more power you have)

legitimate

Factors related to satisfaction are called __________________

motivators

_________________ is interacting with individuals both within and outside the organization can provide important information, build peer relationships, and promote cooperation.

networking

According to Maslow's need theory, what needs to be addressed first?

physiological

________________ leadership stresses that the emotional task of the leader is primal (first and most important)

primal

When the baker blames the oven for the poor bakery product when, in fact, recipe procedures were not followed, the baker is using which defense mechanism?

rationalization

_______________ power (sometimes called charisma) is based on identification of followers with a leader (generally well liked)

referent

______________ power comes from a leaders ability to reward others

reward

The highest level of needs on Maslow's hierarchy of needs is termed _____.

self-actualization

_________________ leadership describe individuals who were servants first, not leaders first; those who worked to be sure that others' needs were met and helped others to grow both physically and emotionally.

servant

What are the two terms considered in leader effectiveness?

task behavior and relationship behavior

What are the two sets of rewards or outcomes identified in Two-Factor theory

those related to job satisfaction; those related to job dissatisfaction

Herzberg developed the _________ _____________ theory of work motivation, which focuses on the rewards or outcomes of performance that satisfy needs.

two-factor

_______________ refers to the value an employee places on rewards offered by the organization

valence