ch.11 quiz guide

When two species evolve in different directions from a common point, it is called ___.

divergent evolution

___ starts with related species that look very similar but are faced with different ecological problems. Over time, their body parts become modified differently to fit their own set of conditions. The result is related organisms that have different morphologies.

divergent evolution

The gene pool of a population of bighorn sheep in the southwest United States is altered when several sheep cross over a mountain pass and join the population. This would be an example of ___.

gene flow

A random alteration in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant of the gene is

gene mutation

Which of the following would NOT be a cause of sympatric speciation?

geographic separation

The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ___ structures.

homologous

In order for natural selection to occur, which of the following is NOT needed?

Populations must be geographically isolated from one another.

Which piece of evidence did Darwin observe during his 5-year journey aboard the HMS Beagle?

A South American species of finch is most likely the ancestor of the Galápagos Island finches.

Natural selection, which is the mechanism of evolution, was independently described by Charles Darwin and

Alfred russel Wallace

According to the evolutionary theory, which statement is NOT true?

All living things are NOT descended from a common ancestor.

Which of the following is true about genetic drift?

It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population.

Which of the following is true about natural selection?

On average, it favors the survival of young with adaptive characteristics.

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance?

One involves the movement of the organism, whereas the other involves a change in the environment.

Which statement is NOT true about the founder effect?

The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers, so that only a few alleles are left in survivors.

Which of the following would NOT be an example of sexual selection?

Which of the following would NOT upset Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

The northern elephant seal went through a severe population decline as a result of overhunting in the late 1800s. As a result of a hunting ban, the population has rebounded but is now homozygous for nearly every gene studied. This would be an example of ___.

a bottleneck

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?

a flood causes the formation of a new lake

During allopatric speciation

a geographic separation occurs between subpopulations.

Which of the following would NOT upset Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

all individuals in a population having the same chance at reproducing

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection?

all of the above. ( The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner.)

If two adjacent populations of the same species show gene flow, then the two populations will

become more similar in their gene pools

Almost all living organisms use DNA, ATP, and the same DNA triplet code. This is an example of evolution based on

biochemistry (= molecular biology)

Homologous structures such as the bones in wings, flippers, and arms are most closely concerned with

comparative anatomy

In the case of Darwin's finches, an ancestral finch species from the mainland arrived on the Galápagos Islands and soon developed into many new species via adaptive radiation. The finches did NOT undergo adaptive radiation back on the mainland. What is the most plausible biological explanation?

competition from many other bird species on the mainland that was absent on the islands

The fact that DNA sequences are more similar in more closely related organisms is evidence of what?

descent with modification

What is the unifying theory in biology that explains the relationships of all living things?

evolution

A scientific theory is an idea proposed by someone but which does not have any evidence supporting it.

false

All mutations either increase or decrease the fitness of an organism.

false

Among biologists, the theory of evolution is still controversial.

false

Biologic evolution changes individual organisms.

false

The theory of evolution attempts to explain the origin of life.

false

Which evidence for evolution uses impressions of plants and animals pressed into sedimentary rock?

fossil record

Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms?

gene flow

The Hawaii archipelago was originally colonized by just a single species of honeycreeper (a type of bird). Over time, this species underwent many changes to occupy empty ecological niches and there are now many species. This is an example of ___.

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly?

longer distance between more divided groups

What is the term used to describe the accumulation of small changes in the allele frequencies of a gene pool of a species over time?

microevolution

the raw material of evolution change is

mutation

Which of the following agents of evolutionary change results in adaptation?

natural selection

Within a population, plants that produce a toxin that kills plant-eating insects are more likely to survive and reproduce than plants that do not produce the toxin. This would be an example of ___.

natural selection

If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, what is the net effect?

no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same

Which of these conditions is NOT among the requirements of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

small population with genetic drift

A small, reproductively isolated religious sect called the Dunkers was established by 27 families that came to the United States from Germany over 200 years ago. The frequencies for blood group alleles in this population differ significantly from those in the general U.S. population. This would be an example of ___.

the founder effect

The Amish of Lancaster, PA. have a higher frequency of an unusual form of dwarfism than the population at large. This is probably due to

the founder effect

What evidence would NOT be studied by a biogeographer?

the genetic makeup of organisms that evolved in separate but similar conditions

The observation by ________ that human reproductive potential would rapidly outstrip available food and living space was an important concept adopted by Darwin in formulating his theory of natural selection.

thomas malthus

Which of the following conditions does NOT contribute to evolution?

unchanging environmental conditions

Anatomical features that are fully developed and functional in one group of organisms but reduced and functionless in a similar group are termed

vestigial