Ch.12 Text Questions

______ are rules of thumb, educated guesses, or common sense judgements.

Heuristics

______-defined problems refer to problems that do not have a direct path to achieving the desired goal.

Ill

______-defined problems have correct answers, and certain procedures lead us to them.

Well

Maier (1931) provided participants with useful and useless hints to solve the two-string problem. Some of the participants who correctly solved the problem mentioned the useless cues as helping them. This demonstrates a lack of ______ in the nature of insight!

consciousness

Chase and Simon (1973a, 1974b) studied the memories of expert and novice chess players for the arrangement of chess pieces on a chess board. They found that ______.

experts did better than novices only when pieces were in actual game arrangements

Being unable to think about a hammer as anything other than a tool used to pound nails into a wall means that you are focusing on a specific characteristic of the hammer, referred to as a ______.

fixation

Experts ______ novices.

have a slower start but quickly catch up to

In order to quantify creativity, we count the number of different ideas an individual can generate. This is called ______.

ideational fluency

Deciding what parts of a problem are irrelevant to solving it tends to be more difficult when you are dealing with what type of problem?

ill-defined

A(n) ______ problem is one in which the solution occurs suddenly onto your consciousness.

insight

Imagine you are playing a trivia game with friends. You are asked who the main character of Mission Impossible is. You know the actor but cannot come up with his name at the moment. The next day, while you are walking to class, you suddenly see an ad for a sunset boat ride across the waterway and the actor Tom Cruise pops in your head. What kind of thinking is involved in this situation?

insight

You know that your ultimate goal is to get a certificate in research in psychology. In order to do that you have to jump through a bunch of hoops. However, when you think of the requirements semester-by-semester and keep your eyes on the end goal, what heuristic are you using?

means-end analysis

When people notice similarities between past problems and current ones and use the same problem-solving techniques that have worked in the past, they are creating ______.

mental sets

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory, people who are "street smart" have a high level of ______ intelligence.

practical

According to Gestalt psychologists, problem solving is a ______ process.

productive

Problem solving by using previous experiences and what is already known is referred to as a ______.

reproductive process

Imagine you have an appointment to meet your tax accountant. You have to pick up forms from your work before you meet them. You know that it takes 20 minutes to get to work and another 15 minutes to get to your accountant's office. You have to meet at the office at 3pm. What technique are you using when you to decide what time you need to leave your house?

working backwards

According to Pertz et al. (2003), the problem solving cycle consists of several steps. Put the following steps in order from first to last.

1- Recognize or identify the problem. 2- Develop a strategy. 3- Monitor progress toward the goal. 4- Evaluate the solution for accuracy.

______ should always produce the correct solution.

Algorithm

______ refers to a cognitive process that involves discovering, analyzing, and solving problems.

Problem solving

Who is considered to be the most creative thinker?

Tai, who had a bunch of novel ideas on how to use a pencil