Ch.14

What is the three functions of the Nervous system

1. It monitors changes (stimuli) occuring inside and outside the body (sensory input) 2. It processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about wht should be done at each moment. (integration) 3. It causes a response by activating the effecter organs, our muscles of glands ( motor output)

A person experiences a hematoma called subdural hematoma. Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding a subdural hematoma? A.The subdural space lies between the dura and arachnoid. B.It occurs due to the disruption of an artery. C.It is closely adhered to the brain. D.It also produces CSF.

A. A subdural hematoma is a collection of venous blood between the dura and the arachnoid. An epidural hematoma is between the skull and the dura and involves an arterial bleed. The pia mater closely adheres to the brain. The choroid plexuses produce CSF.

Which of the following BEST describes successive, rapid impulses received from a single neuron on the same synapse? A. Temporal summation B. Spatial summation C. Actuation D. Facilitation

A. Temporal summation refers to the effects of successive, rapid impulses received from a single neuron on the same synapse. Spatial summation refers to the combined effect of impulses from a number of neurons on a single synapse at the same time. Facilitation refers to the effects of EPSPs on the plasma membrane potential.

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus? A.Major integrating center for afferent impulse B.Maintenance of internal environment C.Voluntary visual motor movements D.Movements of the auditory system

A. The thalamus is a major integrating center for afferent impulses. The maintenance of the internal environment is a function of the hypothalamus. The voluntary visual motor movements are controlled by the superior colliculi. The movements of the auditory system are accomplished by the inferior colliculi.

Which of the following is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system? A. Brain B. Somatic nervous system C. Peripheral nerve pathways D. Cranial nerves

A.The brain is part of the central nervous system.

An alcoholic man falls and fractures his skull. He sustains an arterial bleed near the grooves of the skull. With which of the following types of hematoma is this man most likely going to present? A. Subdural B. Epidural C. Subarachnoid D. Lumbar cisterna

B. Alcoholic persons are prone to epidural hematomas. This is an arterial bleed of blood vessels that lie within the grooves in the skull.

Which of the following is an insulating substance for the neuron? A. Schwann sheath B. Myelin C. Neurilemma D. Node of Ranvier

B. Myelin is an insulating substance. The neurilemma is the same as a Schwann sheath. This is the delicate tissue that surrounds each axon. The nodes of Ranvier are interruptions at regular intervals that occur in the myelin.

Which of the following is NOT a major division of the brain? A. Forebrain B. Cerebrum C. Midbrain D. Hindbrain

B. The cerebral hemispheres are a portion of the forebrain. The three main divisions of the brain are forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding Broca's area? A.Responsible for receptive speech B.Responsible for motor speech C.Results in the inability to hear D.Is often found in the right cerebral hemisphere

B.Broca's area is most often found on the left and is responsible for motor speech. Deficits in this area result in the inability to form words. This is also called expressive aphasia.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the cerebellum? A.Makes up fibers of the corticospinal tract B.Maintains balance or posture C.Controls respiration D.Location of cranial nerves V through VIII

B.The cerebellum is responsible for balance and posture. It is also responsible for both conscious and unconscious muscle synergy. The pons controls respirations and is the location of cranial nerves V through VIII. The fibers of the corticospinal tract are made up in the basis pedunculi.

A person experiences a traumatic event and neurons are severed. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of wallerian degeneration? A. Swelling appears. B. Neurofilaments atrophy. C. The myelin sheath shrinks. D. The axon portion degenerates.

B.The neurofilaments actually hypertrophy. The other choices are all characteristic of wallerian degeneration.

Which of the following is involved in pain transmission? A.Posterior horn B.Substantia gelatinosa C.Anterior horn D.Dorsal root ganglia

B.The substantia gelatinosa is a structure involved in pain transmission. The anterior or ventral horn contains nerve cell bodies for efferent pathways leaving the spinal cord. The posterior horn (dorsal horn) is composed primarily of interneurons and axons from sensory neurons. The dorsal root ganglion is part of the sensory ganglion.

Which of the following is a component of the midbrain? A. Cerebral hemisphere B. Tegmentum C. Cerebellum D. Medulla oblongata

B.The tegmentum, corpora quadrigemina, and cerebral peduncles are part of the midbrain. The cerebral hemispheres make up the forebrain. The brainstem is composed of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and pons.

Which is TRUE about epinephrine? A.Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers release epinephrine. B.Epinephrine stimulates only α-adrenergic receptors. C.Epinephrine induces general vasodilation. D.The action of epinephrine is the same no matter which receptor it binds.

C. Epinephrine induces general vasodilation because of the predominance of β-adrenergic receptors in muscle vasculature. Parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine. Epinephrine strongly stimulates all four types of α- and β-adrenergic receptors. The action of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) varies with the type of neuroreceptor stimulated.

Which of the following is responsible for structural support within a cell? A. Nissl substance B. Dendrites C. Microfilaments D. Microtubules

C. The dendrites are extensions that carry nerve impulses toward the cell body. The Nissl substance is involved in protein synthesis. Microtubules are involved in transport of cellular products. Microfilaments are composed of structural proteins and are responsible for support.

Which of the following neurons transmit impulses from neuron to neuron? A. Unipolar neurons B. Sensory neurons C. Motor neurons D. Interneurons

D. Interneurons, or associational neurons, transmit impulses from neuron to neuron. Motor neurons transmit impulses away from the CNS. Sensory neurons carry impulses from the peripheral sensory receptors to the CNS. Unipolar neurons have one process that branches shortly after leaving the cell body.

An individual experiences a brain injury and the medulla oblongata is affected. Which of the following would you LEAST expect to occur due to this injury? A.Alterations in heart rate B.Alterations in respirations C.Alterations in blood pressure D.Alterations in balance and posture

D. The cerebellum is responsible for balance and posture. The medulla is responsible for heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.

Which part of the brain contains all cell bodies and dendrites of neurons? A.Gyri B.Sulci C.White matter D.Gray matter

D.The gray matter contains cell bodies and dendrites of neurons. The white matter contains myelinated nerve fibers. The gyri are the convolutions of the cerebrum. The sulci are the grooves between adjacent gyri.

What is the Nervous system

Its the master controlling and communicating system of the body that transmit electrical and chemical signals between the body's many organs and tissues and the brain.

Exam Hints for Chapter 14 - The neurologic System -

My first suggestion is that you not "get lost" in this chapter which gives a very detailed review of the anatomy and physiology of the neural system. Do review the structure of the neuron, glial cells, meninges, and synapses. Also note the changes seen in the system as one ages, and be able to differentiate the different tests used to diagnose neural function.

What is the Nervous and Endocrine system responsible for?

Regulating and maintaining body homestasis.

Astrocytes

attach neurons to blood vessels

oligodendroglia

create myelin in the CNS and give support by forming a ridid network

ependymal cells

line the choroid plexus and regulates the cerebrospinal fluid production

microglia

phagocytic

schwann cells

produce teh myelin sheath in the PNS