Ch.15 The West Between the Wars, Ch.14 World War I and The Russian Revolution, Ch.13 Challenge and Transition in East Asia (1800-1914), Ch. 9 The French Revolution and Napoleon, Ch.12 The Reach of Imperialism (1800-1914), Ch.11 Mass Society and Democ...

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. Terrorists from here triggered WWI. After World War II it became the central province of Yugoslavia.

Social Security Act of 1935

The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers

Russia vs. Austria-Hungary

World War I starts when Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia and then Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and then the system of alliances kick in.

Surrealism

a 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images.

Totalitarian state

country where a single party controls the government and every aspect of the lives of the people

Deficit spending

government spending, in excess of revenue, of funds raised by borrowing rather than from taxation.

Anti-Semitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Gavrilo Princip

member of the black hand; shot Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and wife June 28, 1914- set off WWI

Concentration Camps

prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately.

Storm Troopers (Brown Shirts)

private militia set up by the Nazis

Enabling Act of 1933

signed by Hindenburg, gave special powers to Hitler's government and enabled him and his cabinet to enact laws without the participation of the Reichstag

Great Depression

starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting.

Causes of the Great Depression

stock markets crashed, unemployment rising, the dustbowl, overproduction of everything, layoffs, buying on credit, down turns in economies in the last half of the 1920s, low prices for farm products due to overproduction

Uncertainty Principle

the idea put forth by Werner Heisenberg in 1927 that the behavior of subatomic particles is uncertain, suggesting that all of the physical laws governing the universe are based on uncertainty

Reichstag

the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag.

Mobilization

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

Schutzstaffeln (SS)

the special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Hitler

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Vatican City

the world's smallest independent state which is a walled off area inside Rome where the Pope lives and is the headquarters of the Catholic Church.

Radio and motion pictures

these two were the result of technological inventions in the late 19th century, as a revolution in mass communications. These were used by the Nazis to get popular support for their ideology.

Crisis in the Balkans

this would all start because of the fall of the ottoman empire. Austria-Hungary and Russia saw there chance to take this. Austria-Hungary would annex Bosnia and Herzegovina and this would cause a lot of controversy, this was known as ---. the problem was that Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina to form a Slavic speaking kingdom.

Aryan

to the Nazis, the Germanic peoples who formed a "master race"

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Werner Heisenberg

A German physicist that speculated that there was no real certainty in where an electron was, and only tendencies. This broke down Newton's dependable laws to only probabilities.

France Response to Great Depression

A coalition of leftist parties formed the Popular Front Government and passed the French New Deal.

National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP)

A far-right nationalist party in Germany, more commonly known as the Nazi Party

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Conscription

A military draft

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. Empire Building

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Joseph Goebbels

Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht

Francisco Franco

Fascist Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975). He was supported by Hitler and Mussolini.

Heinrich Himmler

German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)

OVRA

Mussolini's secret police to spy on people and stop people opposing Mussolini

Salvador Dali

Spanish surrealist painter

Great Purge

The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union.

Mass Propaganda Techniques

Totalitarian states used modern communications and control of the mass media to persuade the public to follow their beliefs.

Collectivization

a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government

Alliances

agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

Chancellor

the highest official of a monarch, prime minister. Hitler was took this title after being appointed by President Hindenburg in 1933.

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle"-a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany

Il Duce

"the leader," Mussolini's nickname

V.I. Lenin

(1870-1924) The Bolshevik leader who led the Communist Russian revolution in November 1917 and became the leader of Russia until his death in 1924.

Victor Emmanuel III

(1900-1946) King of Italy who asked Mussolini to form a cabinet in 1922, thus allowing Mussolini to take power legally.

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Popular Front

A government of all left-wing parties that took power in France in 1936 to enact social and economic reforms.

The Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Depression

A long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment

The Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Conservative Party

A political party in Great Britain which developed from the Tories in the 1830s, One of the two major parties in the UK, it is generally more right wing, and more towards free-markets and the upper classes, advocates a mixed economy and encourages property owning. They gained power in Britain in 1931 as a result of the Great Depression and instituted policies of balanced budgets and protective tariffs.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Politburo

A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

War Communism

A system introduced under Bolshevik rule after 1917 which involved land being seized and redistributed, factories given to the workers, banks being nationalized, and church property being granted to the state. This was enforced by the Cheka.

Hyperinflation

A very rapid rise in the price level; an extremely high rate of inflation. This happened in Germany as they printed more money to pay for reparations leaving the German Mark worthless.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Fuhrer

Adolf Hitler's title as chancellor and head of state in Germany.

Dadaism

An artistic movement of the 1920s and 1930s that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was the immediate cause of WW I.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

US Stock Market Crash

Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929. This triggered the collapse into the Great Depression.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the government had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption

Labour Party

British political party founded in 1900 with the help of trade unions to represent the interests of the urban working class. They fell from power in 1931 as a result of the Great Depression.

Great Britain Response to Great Depression

Conservatives took power from the Labour Party and used balanced budgets and protective tariffs.

United States Response to the Great Depression

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected and instituted his New Deal Plan

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union

Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.

Mass Media

Forms of communication, such as newspapers, radio, motion pictures, and television that reach millions of people. Totalitarian states control the mass media.

Treaty of Locarno

France and Germany agreed not to make war and to respect borders of France and Belgium

Nazi Party

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule.

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy in 1919 lasting until 1933.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia.

1936 Berlin Olympic Games

Hitler used these Olympic Games hosted by Germany to show off Germany's physical strength and prestige and well as the superiority of the Aryan Race.

Lebenstraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Beer Hall Putsch

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration

Unemployment

Measures the number of people who are able to work, but do not have a job during a period of time. Hitler was able to solve Germany's problem of unemployment which contributed to his increasing power.

Lateran Accords of February 1929

Mussolini recognized the sovereign independence of the Vatican City in Rome and Catholicism as the official religion of Italy and in return the Catholic Church urged Italians to support the Fascists.

Causes of World War I

Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Creation of Alliances (Triple Alliance and Triple Entente), Industrialization, Crisis in the Balkans, and internal dissent; immediate cause: assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) by a Serb on June 28, 1914

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Albert Einstein

Physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity.

Paul von Hindenburg

President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933

Collective bargaining

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract

French New Deal

Program for workers which established the right of collective bargaining, a forty-hour work week, two-week paid vacations, and minimum wages.

Germany Response to Great Depression

Runaway inflation brought Depression to Germany in the early 1920s and topped with the Great Depression beginning in 1929 leading to high unemployment gave way to fear and the rise of extremist parties in Germany.

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Signed by 62 countries in 1928. This agreement renounced the use of war to settle disputes. But it was ineffective because there was no way of enforcing it.

Socialist Labor Movements

Socialists strikes sometime violent to get what they wanted; conservative leaders feared this. This led to unrest leading up to World War I.

Siberian Forced Labor Camps

Stalin sent his political opponents to these prisons or had them executed to squash opposition.

First Five-Year Plan

Stalin's economic plan to build heavy industry by concentrating on developing a heavy industry and to collectivize agriculture, at the cost of a drastic fall in consumer goods.

Kraft durch Freude

Strength Through Joy, coordinate free time activities for the working class in Germany increasing the popularity of the Nazi regime.