ch.22 and 23 micro

_____% of world's water is freshwater. 99% frozen in glaciers and packed ice or in aquifers.

3

consist of sediments at the bottom of the lake; includes sediment surface, and subsurface layers. bacteria found include: Desulfovibrio, methane producing bacteria, and clostridium species.

Benthic zone

use biological agents to incapacitate or kill civilians or military personnel during a terrorist attack or during war.

Bioterrorism

clostridium botulinum, a gram positive, spore forming, anaerobic bacillus.

Botulism

have tremendous potential for adverse public health effects, including mass casualties. easily transmitted from person to person, high mortality rate and potential for a major impact on public health, potential to cause panic and social disruption, and special action for public health preparedness.

Category A agents

formed to target several actives including planning, improved surveillance and epidemiologic capabilities, rapid lab. diagnostics, enhanced communications, and stockpiling of therapeutic agents.

Division of Bioterrorism preparedness and response

the result of a sudden release of the energy in the earth's crust, produces seismic waves that can be measured w/ a seismometer. lack of basic necessities, loss of life. WATERBORNE, FOODBORNE, AND VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES.

Earthquakes

_____________infections are common neonatal infections that can lead to urinary tract infections, sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia.

Escherichia coli

group b beta hemolytic streptococci and gram-negative bacilli infection can be acquired by cross-infection in the nursery or transmitted.

Group B streptococcal (GBS) disease

main threat of infectious diseases depends on flooding. vector-borne diseases are also a concern.

Hurricanes

the type of antibody that can cross the placenta is

IgG

A fetus infected w/ rubella virus produces which of the following antibodies that can then be detected in the umbilical cord?

IgM

most lethal form of anthrax. Letters were sent to democratic senators on sept. 18, 2001. symptoms include: fever, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, chills, chest pain, abdominal pain, and Tachycardia.

Inhalation anthrax

area along the shoreline w/ considerable rooted vegetation and good light source. high diversity of animals and bacteria(lake or pond)

Littoral zone

4 vertical zones in lakes and ponds

Littoral zone, limnetic zone, profundal zone, and benthic zone.

transmission of infectious disease is associated w/ flooding, does not introduce new disease but increases transmission. includes food, water, and vector borne diseases, respiratory diseases, water contact diseases. -fecal contamination of drinking water sources.

Natural disasters

involves oxidation of nitrogen in the ammonium ion to produce nitrate.(NO3-) 1st step: oxidizes ammonia to nitrates, 2nd step: Nitrobacter oxidize nitites into nitrates.

Nitrification

an infection caused by bacteria or viruses that can be passed from a mother to her baby via the placenta, either during pregnancy or delivery.

Perinatal infection

yersinia pestis, a gram negative rod. has 2 forms: bubonic and pneumonic.

Plaque

when a body of water, such as the ocean, is rapidly displaced, a series of enormous waves are created, called a ___________. immediate health concerns include: drinking water, food, shelter, and medical care for injuries. Threat for waterborne diseases.

Tsunami

infection caused by Francisella tularensis, a gram negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus. transmitted through direct contact w/ infected animals, ingestion of contaminated food or water, inhalation of aerosolized bacteria, and arthropod bites such as those of ticks or mosquitoes.

Tularemia

may be indirectly increased after floods b/c of increase in the number and range of vector habitats.

Vector borne diseases

which of the following zones is present only in oceans?

abyssal zone

is caused by bacillus anthracis, a gram positive spore-forming rod.

anthrax

deals w/ the study of microorganisms and their activities in fresh water and marine environments including lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans.

aquatic microbiology

which of the following is a category A agent?

bacillus anthracis

circuit or pathway through which organic compounds or a chemical element is changed from one chemical state to another by moving through both biotic and abiotic compartments of an ecosystem.

biogeochemical cycle

are all factors influencing susceptibility to microbial disease.

biological, cultural, and social

A region or regions of the earth populated by living organisms is referred to as _________

biosphere

which of the following is the sixth most abundant element in the universe?

carbon

contains cyanobacteria(purple and green), photosynthetic protozoans, and plants. sixth most abundant element in the universe essential backbone of all organic molecules primary biogeochemical cycle

carbon cycle

the conversion of CO2 to organic molecules is called

carbon fixation

"The big six" include smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers, anthrax, plaque, tularemia, and botulism and smallpox.

category A ( examples)

a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus, causing an itchy skin rash. Vaccination is available.

chickenpox

caused by human parainfluenza viruses.

common cold

A set of guilds is referred to as:

community

A bacterial or viral infection that can be passed from a mother to her child before or during birth is called a _____________ infection.

congenital

*most common virus during pregnancy cytomegalovirus(CMV) part of herpesviridae -can cause permanent disability in children

congenital CMV infection

most infections occur during late pregnancy or during delivery.

congenital HIV infection

medical condition present at birth regardless of origin

congenital disorder

rubella virus when pregnant woman is infected during critical time of fetal development symptoms include small head size, mental retardation, low birth weight, excessive sleepiness, irritability, deafness, cloudy corneas and eye defects.

congenital rubella

treponema palladium passed from infected mother to child symptoms include: failure to gain weight, fever, irritability, no bridge to nose(saddle nose)~hutchinson incisors, later rash, early rash, severe congenital pneumonia, and watery discharge from nose

congenital syphillis

toxoplasma gondiii infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis clinical features include: convulsions, jaundice, microcephaly, chlorioretinitis, hydrocephaly(later), mental retardation(later), and defective vision(later)

congenital toxoplasmosis

amino groups of amino acids are removed and converted to ammonia.

deamination

involves wide areas, scalp in infants and children(skin infection)

deep folliculitis

process by which nitrate is reduced to nitrogen(N2) by anaerobic cellular respiration.

denitrification

consist of organisms, their abiotic environment and relationship b/t them

ecosystems

developing individual is referred to as an

embryo

Infectious mononucleosis is caused by:

epstein-barr virus

from the end of the 8th week until birth the developing infant is called a

fetus

is an overflowing of water onto land that is normally dry.

floods

bacteria include aerobic species of azinobacter, aerobic cyanobacteria, and anaerobic species of bacillus and clostridium.

free living nitrogen fixing

divided into 3 phases or 3 trimesters

gestation period

The physical location where organisms are found is called a___________

habitat

physical locations where organisms are found consist of groups of microhabitats

habitats

infections may come from cold sores of attending adults.

herpes simplex

The decline in functioning of the immune system during aging is referred to as

immune senescene

active: generally has defenses against most childhood diseases. increased vulnerability to infectious disease, delay in recovery after an illness.

immune system of young adults

staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is most common in:

infants

caused by Epstein-barr virus, called kissing disease

infectious mononucleosis

high risk for young adults, serious in elderly

influenza

well-lit, upper layer of water away from the shore. occupied by phytoplankton (algae and cyanobacteria) and zooplankton (small crustaceans and fish).

limnetic zone

most marine microorganisms are present in the

littoral zone

cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface range from plankton to fish and large mammals divided into layers as in freshwater 5th zone is the abyssal zone-encompasses the deep ocean trenches.

marine ecosystems

neisseria meningitis

meningococcal disease

specific small niches: optimal conditions for survival

microhabitats

essential for survival of microorganisms

moisture of the soil

both are vaccine-preventible diseases.

mumps and measles

rhizobium is involved in the _________cycle.

nitrogen

most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere(79%) necessary for all living organisms synthesis of all proteins, nucleic acids, other nitrogen-containing compounds.

nitrogen cycle

a process by which nitrogen gas is reduced ammonia, a process catalyzed by the enzyme nitrogenase.

nitrogen fixation

affects microbial abundance and diversity, most soil organisms are mesophils majority of soil microbes are heterotrophic

nutrient availability of the soil

dissolves poorly in water, moist soils are lower in oxygen content than dry soils. waterlogged soil: decline in microbial diversity; anaerobic organsims will dominate

oxygen of the soil

influences type of of organisms that predominate.

pH of the soil

which of the following is NOT found in the atmosphere?

phosphorus

Eutrophication is a term associated w/ the:

phosphorus cycle

changes to phosphorus from insoluble to soluble forms that are available for uptake by organisms and from organic to inorganic forms. nutrient for plants, animals, and microorganisms. it is part of nucleic acids and plasma membranes. cannot be found in atmosphere in the gaseous state

phosphorus cycle

highly specialized structure that generally is an effective barrier, protecting the fetus from microorganisms that may be present in the mother's circulation or in the urogenital tract.

placenta

occurs in people of all ages; more common in older people and more serious

pneumonia

formed by individual organisms, growth, and reproduction.

populations

deeper water located below the limnetic zone. Limited light penetration(diffuse light), lower oxygen content, and lower temp. primary consumers are either attached to or crawl along the bottom of the lake (BENTHOS).

profundal zone

is a childhood disease that does not stand alone. It is always preceded by another streptococcal infection.

rheumatic fever

all of the following are free living, nitrogen-fixing bacteria except

rhizobium(symbiotic nitrogen fixing)

german measles is a viral respiratory infection and is recommended by the CDC that children should be vaccinated.

rubella

once a serious childhood disease, is now treatable.

scarlet fever

chlamydia, gonnorhea, herpes, HPV , syphilis, hep. B and c, and HIV

sexually transmitted infections

Chlamydia commonly occurring in young adults is a __________ disease

sexually-transmitted

problems w/ dryness, atrophy, dalliance in cell replacement, thermoregulation, and more -older adults

skin infections

is usually inhaled, symptoms include: fever, malaise, headache, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, and vesicular or pustular poxlike rash: begins at mouth and face and moves outward to arms and legs.

smallpox virus

caused by streptococcus pyogenes.

sore throat (pharyngitis)

can occur through contamination of the infant w/ staphylococci from the noses and fingers of adult carriers.

staphylococcal conjunctiva(sticky eye)

Impetigo neonatorum is caused by

staphylococcus aureus

All of the following infections may recur during pregnancy EXCEPT:

streptococcal infections

tenth most abundant element in the universe similar to nitrogen cycle includes both atmospheric and terrestrial processes

sulfur cycle

also determines the type of microbe that can flourish, most soil organisms are mesophiles

temp of the soil

clinical symptoms may be atypical -older adults

urinary tract infections

category B agents include:

vibrio cholerae

occur after floods include typhoid, fever, cholera, leptospirosis, and hepatitis A.

waterborne diseases

almost half of all STIs diagnosed in the US are among:

young adults

the infectious mononucleosis most often occurs in:

young adults