Ch.23

Which activity expends the greatest amount of energy per hour? speed walking jogging climbing stairs competitive swimming

competitive swimming

Which primary mechanism of heat transfer is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact? radiation conduction evaporation convection

conduction

Which nutrient group provides vitamins A, B12, pantothenic acid, thiamine, and riboflavin? fruits dairy vegetables grains

dairy

Which of the following occurs when water is released (lost) during a reaction? catabolic synthesis dehydration hydrolysis catabolic hydrolysis dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

What is the most important product of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, which will allow the mitochondria to produce ATP? NAD energy-rich hydrogen atoms ATP carbon dioxide

energy -rich hydrogen atoms

Which process describes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources? glycogenesis gluconeogenesis glycolysis glycogenolysis

glucenogenesis

In most tissues, the transport of glucose into the cell is dependent on the presence of a carrier protein that is stimulated by which of the following? insulin pyruvate lactase chylomicrons

insulin

Convection __________. is energy similar to radiant heat from the sun is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body changes a liquid to a vapor

is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body

Glucose: is transported to the liver by way of the hepatic portal vein. is generally used for catabolism after protein and lipid sources are used. leaves the cytosol of the epithelial cells and reaches the interstitial fluid by simple diffusion. is absorbed and converted to pyruvate as needed by the liver.

is transported to the liver by way of the hepatic portal vein

Which of the following basic food groups provides complete proteins? meat, fish, eggs, and legumes fruits grains vegetables

meat, fish, eggs, and legumes

Which of the following contains the most energy that can be used to make ATP? 1 gram of protein 1 gram of fat 1 gram of muscle 1 gram of carbohydrate

1 gram of fat

An excess of which water-soluble vitamin results in polycythemia? B6 (pyroxidine) B2 (riboflavin) B12 (cobalamin) B3 (niacin)

B12 cobalamin

Which response is coordinated by the heat-gain center? The vasomotor center increases blood flow to the dermis. In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases. Parasympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medullae releases epinephrine. Shivering decreases body temperature.

In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases

Why is glucose the primary energy source for cells? It can be efficiently stored as glycogen, which forms compact, insoluble granules. Glucose is a large, insoluble molecule. Glycolysis provides a large amount of ATP. Glycogenolysis occurs very quickly, even though it is a very complex pathway.

It can be efficiently stored as glycogen, which forms compact, insoluble granules

Which statement regarding the citric acid cycle is true? Cytochromes are the coenzymes that play a key role in the citric acid cycle. An acetyl group, CH3CO, from acetyl-CoA is attached to a six-carbon molecule. Its function is to remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm.

Its function is to remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes

Which statement regarding long-term regulation of appetite is true? Several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state. Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides, stimulates the satiety center. Ghrelin, which is secreted by the gastric mucosa, stimulates appetite. Neuropeptide Y, a hypothalamic neurotransmitter, stimulates the feeding center.

Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides, stimulates the satiety center

What is the primary way energy is shuttled from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport system? NADH coenzyme A FADH2 NAD FAD

NADH

Which is true regarding lipoproteins and lipid transport and distribution? The liver releases high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) into the circulation, which deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues. The HDLs return the unused cholesterol to the liver, where it is extracted and packaged in new LDLs or excreted with bile salts in bile. Capillary walls contain the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which breaks down the triglycerides. The liver absorbs triglycerides and removes the chylomicrons.

The HDLs return the unused cholesterol to the liver, where it is extracted and packaged in new LDLs or excreted with bile salts in bile

Which is correct regarding the heat-gain center's conservation of body heat? The countercurrent exchange of heat from the periphery traps heat near the body core. The vasomotor center increases blood flow to the dermis. The respiratory centers are stimulated. Vasodilation and shunting of blood to the skin surface occurs.

The countercurrent exchange of heat from the periphery traps heat near the body core

Which statement regarding amino acid metabolism is true? The body synthesizes all 10 essential amino acids. When broken down in the mitochondrion, the energy yield of an amino acid is negligible. The removal of the amino group is the first step in amino acid catabolism. Liver cells must break down amino acids into urea, a toxic compound.

The removal of the amino group is the first step in amino acid catabolism

Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-loss center? The respiratory centers are stimulated. The vasomotor center is stimulated.4 Hormones are released to increase the metabolic activity of all tissues. A gradual increase in muscle tone occurs.

The respiratory centers are stimulated

What is the definition of metabolism? The synthesis of more complex molecules from simple molecules or atoms. The sum of all chemical reactions, both breakdown and build-up reactions. The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules. The rate of a chemical reaction is equal in the forward and reverse directions.

The sum of all chemical reactions, but both breakdown and buid-up reactions

Choose the correct statement regarding glycolysis. NAD accepts carbon atoms that can be transferred to mitochondria. There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule. It is an aerobic process that breaks down a six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate. It occurs in the mitochondrion.

There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule

Which is the common substrate for mitochondria in the citric acid cycle? NAD FAD acetate cytochromes

acetate

Growth and repair involve primarily what type of reactions? anabolic It depends on which body or cell part is growing or repairing. catabolic

anabolic

In the absorptive state of metabolic activity: glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves. androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone stimulate protein synthesis. insulin inhibits glucose uptake and glycogenesis. epinephrine is important in stimulating glycogenolysis in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone stimulate protein synthesis

Chylomicrons: diffuse into the hepatic portal vein, after they are released from the intestinal cells by exocytosis. enter the bloodstream at the inferior vena cava. are lipoproteins-lipid-protein complexes that contain insoluble lipids. diffuse into blood capillaries.

are lipoproteins-lipid protein complexes that contain insoluble lipids

In the postabsorptive state of metabolic activity, __________. androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone also stimulate protein synthesis glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves glucagon inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, primarily in the liver insulin stimulates triglyceride synthesis

glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves

Which condition results when body fluids become saturated with uric acid? kwashiorkor phenylketonuria ketoacidosis gout

gout

Which characteristic correctly applies to lipid metabolism? Most lipids can be synthesized on demand. Excess lipids can be stored as pyruvate. Triglyceride reserves are water-soluble droplets. Stored lipids provide large amounts of ATP very quickly.

most lipids can be synthesized on demand

Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration? oxygen (O2) ATP water (H2O) carbon dioxide (CO2)

oxygen

When chyme arrives in the duodenum, cholecystokinin (CCK) release triggers the secretion of which enzyme? maltase salivary amylase gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) pancreatic alpha-amylase

pancreatic alpha-amylase

Choose the correct characteristic regarding the short-term mechanism of control of the hypothalamic satiety and feeding centers. Inhibition of stretch receptors along the digestive tract, especially in the stomach, causes a sense of satiation. Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate appetite. The hormone leptin, secreted by the gastric mucosa, stimulates appetite. Several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state.

several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state

Which is a characteristic of oxidative phosphorylation? It occurs in the cytoplasm using a series of enzymatic reactions. The stepwise passage of electrons by coenzymes embedded in the cristae of the mitochondrion releases energy. It results in the production of pyruvate. The diffusion of potassium ions powers the production of ATP.

the stepwise passage of electrons by coenzymes embedded in the cristae of the mitochondrion releases energy

Beriberi is an effect of deficiency of which water-soluble vitamin? vitamin B3 (niacin) vitamin B1 (thiamine) vitamin B7 (biotin) vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Which fat-soluble vitamin is essential for liver synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors? vitamin A vitamin D3 vitamin E vitamin K

vitamin K