CH25_The Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith

(1723-1790) Scottish philosopher who formulated laws that governed the economy to benefit human society the wealth of nationalism.

corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

stock

A certificate of ownership in a corporation

Union

A general term for the United States during the Civil War which also was used to refer to the Northern army.

factory

A large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods

enclosure

A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

middle class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

1. How did industrialization begin in the United States?

American industry first grew in the Northeast. In the last decades of the 1800s, industrial growth spread to other areas of the nation. This boom was fueled by large supplies of coal, oil, and iron. New inventions, including the electric light, also helped. As in Britain, railroad building was also a big part of American industrial growth.

Capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

utilitarianism

An ethical system stating that the greatest good for the greatest number should be the overriding concern of decision makers

urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Aim: What economic, social and political reforms occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

As a result of Industrial Revolution, there was an economic shift in many working in factories. Also, due to the Industrial Revolution, children are increasingly been forced to work in hazardous conditions. Also, transportation is being changed. There are now many railroads all over the US to help people get around easier and faster. On top of this the life of span of people in the US have decreased due to pollution and many living very closes together. Also, the Industrial Revolution has impacted politics because new people are now taking power. Factory owners are now getting higher on the social heirachy because they are receiving much money and are telling many what to do.

2. Which nations industrialized first, and why?

Belgium was the first to industrialize. It was rich in iron and coal and had good waterways. Germany was divided politically until the late 1800s. As a result, it did not develop much industry at first.

Analysis

Bio 735: This is a biography of Adam Smith who lived from 1723-1790. He was an author and philospher. He wrote a book called The Wealth of Nations. He argued that individual should follow their own self-interest to make the world would be an orderly and progressive palace. He cared about many and donated much money t charities.

change

By hand to machines. Home to Factories.

2. How are capitalism and socialism different?

Capitalism and socialism are formal economies. The major differences between capitalism and socialism revolve around the role of the government and equality of economics. Capitalism affords economic freedom, consumer choice, and economic growth. In a socialist economy the people benfefit from the government.

Aim: What economic, social, and political reforms occurred due to Industrialism?

Due to Industrialism, there was an increase in employment and inventions, people lived closer together, exposing them to sicknesses, and governments aren't doing much to help with child labor.

Karl Max

German theorist that believed that social problems of the 19th cent. were inevitable results of a capitalist economy. With the help of Engels he wrote "Manifesto of the Communist Party" where they aligned themselves with communists.

1. Why was Britain the first country to industrialize?

Great Britain had all the resources needed for industrialization. These resources included coal, water, iron ore, rivers, harbors, and banks. Britain also had all the factors of production that the Industrial Revolution required. These factors of production included land, labor (workers), and capital (wealth).

laissez faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

Analysis:

Image 718: This is an image of a farmer planting his fields using the seed drill. This shows one of the new inventions that were used during the Industrial Revolution to make farming more simple fro farmer. From this I can infer many new machines that were created allowed jobs to get done more efficiently and faster. It benefited many. Image 720: This image shows the people being driven on the Liverpool Manchester Railway. In the image, first class passengers rode in cars that were covered while others sat in uncovered cars. From this I can infer that during the Industrial Revolution people, who were higher in the social class were benefited more than people in the lower class. Primary Source 720: This is a primary source from The History of Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain by Edward Bains. in this primary source, it discusses the process. Rivers were very important for this process. Image 719: This shows British Cotton Consumption during 1800-1900. As new years came, the cotton consumption increased. We can infer that cotton was largely demanded.

1. How does capitalism work?

In a capitalist economy, people invest their money in businesses to make a profit. Smith and the others believed that society would benefit over time from this system. Supporters of laissez faire opposed laws to protect workers.

Aim: How did the Industrial Revolution spread from England to other parts of the world?

Industrial Revolution spread due to revolutions in agriculture, production, transportation, and communications.

Section 2

Industrialization Case Study: Manchester

Section 3

Industrialization Spreads

factors of production

Land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services

Analysis:

Map 730: This is a map of The Growth of Railroads in the United States. In this map it discusses how Railroads systems have increased from 1840-1890. For instance the railroad tracks were only 2,818 miles in 1840 but by 1890 it was 208,152 miles long. From this I can infer that getting around in the US has become quicker and easier. Visual 731: This visual is a painting by Peter Severin Kroyer. This image shows Danish workers labor in a steel mill in 1885. In the image, they were many worker in one factory and it seemed very hot and polluted. Visual 733: This is an image of the Crystal Palace Exposition in London in 1851. In this exposition, they celebrated the works of the industry of all nations. From this I can infer that there was much cultural diffusion. They adobted ideas they liked.

Analysis:

Miscellaneous 728: This is a paragraph that discusses Child Labor Today. This is important because it discusses how children are being forced to worked in sweatshops for long hours making products for a little amount of money. It also discusses how organization such as Child Welfare Leagues are trying to make change. From this I can infer that since many are now acknowledging the negatives of child labor it may not be allowed in the future Visual 727: This is a visual of the effects of Industrialization. It depicts how Industrialization has affected working conditions, social classes, size of cities, and living conditions. For instance, Industrialization caused workers to win higher wages, shorter hours, and better condition. From this visual, I can infer that industrialization positively affected many. Visual 273: An illustration shows many people crowded into tenements and row houses in London. This is important because it the lifestyle of the people in London. From this I can infer that due to them living so close together, diseases and sicknesses were rapidly spreading amongst them.

Strike

Nonviolent refusal to continue to work until a problem is resolved.

Section 4

Reforming the Industrial World

4. Name two major reform movements of the 1800s.

Slavery was finally abolished in the United States in 1865, after the Civil War. Spain ended slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in Cuba in 1886. In 1888 Brazil became the last country to ban slavery. Women were active in many reform movements. As they fought for the end of slavery, many women began to fight for equal rights for women. The movement began in the United States in 1848.

Section 1

The Beginnings of Industrialism

3. Why is Manchester a good example of how industrialization changed cities?

The English city of Manchester is a good example of how industrialization changed society. Rapid growth made the city crowded and filthy. The factory owners risked their money and worked long hours to make their businesses grow. In return, they enjoyed huge profits and built huge houses. The workers also worked long hours, but had few benefits.

3. How did industrialization lead to imperialism?

The Industrial Revolution changed the world. Countries that industrialized gained more wealth and power than those that did not. The countries of Europe soon began to take advantage of lands in Africa and Asia.

industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

3. What effects did the invention of the steam engine have?

The effects were that they were able to create more in less time.

1. What were major changes in living conditions and working conditions?

The living and working conditions were horrible. Many people could not find good housing, schools, or police protection. Filth, garbage, and sickness were part of life in the slums. A person in a city could expect to live 17 years. In the countryside, a person could expect to live 38 years. Working conditions were also bad. The average worker spent 14 hours a day on the job, 6 days a week. Many workers were killed or seriously injured in accidents.

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

2. What were three positive effects of industrialization?

Three positive effects of the industrialization were, It created wealth. It created jobs for workers and over time helped many of them live better lives. It produced better diets, better housing, and better clothing at lower prices.

3. How did both the government and workers themselves try to improve workers' lives?

While thinkers discussed these different ideas, workers fought to improve their lives. Many workers joined unions. A union is a group of workers that tries to bargain with employers for better pay and better working conditions. When employers resisted these efforts, the workers went on strike, or refused to work. British and American workers struggled for a long time to win the right to form unions. By the late 1800s, workers in both countries had made some progress. The British Parliament and reformers in the United States also tried to fix other social problems. Britain passed laws to limit how much work women and children could do. Groups in the United States pushed for similar laws.

Essential Question

Why Work?

Aim:

Why did Industrial Revolution start in England and how did it spread?

entreprenuar

people who risk there capital to start a bussiness

2. How was the textile industry changed by the new inventions?

the textile industry changed because several new inventions were invented.