CH28

e

1. Marine teleosts that live in the ocean where the seawater has an osmotic pressure of 800 mOsm have an osmotic pressure of _______ mOsm. a. 900 b. 850 c. 800 d. 600 e. 500

b

1. Which of the following organisms has the highest concentration of potassium ions in their plasma? a. Freshwater mussels b. Brown trout c. Crayfish d. Frogs e. Snails

a

10. The integument of freshwater crayfish is no more than _______ as permeable to water and sodium as the integument of marine decapods of the same size. a. 10% b. 12% c. 15% d. 18% e. 21%

b

10. Which of the following organelles is most abundant in chloride cells? a. Golgi apparatus b. Mitochondria c. Nucleus d. Rough endoplasmic reticulum e. Ribosomes

c

11. Fresh water animals' integuments have low permeability so that a. ATP production is great enough to maintain normal blood composition. b. the rate of ion exchange is maximized without the expenditure of energy. c. the rate of water exchange is minimized without the expenditure of energy. d. ATP production is great enough to maintain normal intracellular fluid concentration. e. the blood pH level will decrease.

a

11. If you were to decrease the calcium concentration in a freshwater fish's environment, a. the number of its chloride cells would increase. b. the number of its chloride cells would decrease. c. the number of its chloride cells would remain the same. d. its oxygen uptake ability would remain the same. e. its oxygen uptake ability would increase.

a

12. Gills in freshwater crayfish provide a(n) a. advantage for oxygen intake but a disadvantage for water intake. b. advantage for oxygen intake and an advantage for water intake. c. disadvantage for oxygen intake and a disadvantage for water intake. d. disadvantage for oxygen intake but an advantage for water intake. e. advantage for carbon dioxide intake but a disadvantage for water intake. Answer: a

e

12. Which of the following organisms is most hyposmotic to seawater? a. Mussel b. Squid c. Sea urchin d. Hagfish e. Teleost

b

13. In freshwater teleosts, blood osmotic pressure is _______ mOsm _______ than the osmotic pressure of freshwater. a. 300; lower b. 300; higher c. 600; higher d. 600; lower e. 900; lower

d

13. Which of the following animals has the lowest osmotic U/P ratio? a. Clawed toad b. Goldfish c. Mosquito larva d. Crayfish e. Snail

c

14. In fish, movement of sodium across the gills depends on a. permeability. b. permeability and concentration gradient. c. permeability, concentration gradient, and electrical gradient. d. concentration gradient and electrical gradient. e. permeability and electrical gradient.

b

14. Which of the following organelles is the most important in moving sodium and chloride in freshwater animals? a. Nucleus b. Mitochondria c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum d. Lysosomes e. Nucleolus

a

15. NKCCs in the mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleost are located a. on the apical membrane. b. in the cytoplasm. c. on the basolateral membrane. d. on the apical and basal membranes. e. in the cytoplasm and on the apical and basolateral membranes.

c

15. Using the example of frogs, if the sodium concentration in the ambient environment increased, sodium intake from the environment would a. continue to occur by diffusion. b. continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. c. continue to occur by primary active transport. d. cease to occur by diffusion. e. cease to occur by osmosis. Answer: c

d

16. In mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleosts, chloride moves by a. primary active transport, using ATP directly. b. secondary active transport, using ATP directly. c. primary active transport, using ATP indirectly. d. secondary active transport, using ATP indirectly. e. simple diffusion—no need for ATP.

c

16. Using the example of frogs, if the chloride concentration in the ambient environment increased, chloride intake from the environment would a. continue to occur by diffusion. b. continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. c. continue to occur by active transport. d. cease to occur by diffusion. e. cease to occur by osmosis. Answer: c

e

17. Due to chloride active transport in the gills of freshwater fish, the epithelial cells of the gills a. are neutral because chloride does not carry a charge. b. become increasingly negative because chloride ions are negative. c. become increasingly positive because chloride ions are positive. d. are neutral because each chloride ion is exchanged with a sodium ion. e. are neutral because each chloride ion is exchanged with a bicarbonate ion.

d

17. Species that are able to survive within a broad range of ambient salinity are called a. conformers. b. stenohaline. c. migrators. d. euryhaline. e. xeric.

a

18. Animals that ascend rivers from the ocean to breed are a. anadromous. b. xeric. c. catadromus. d. stenohaline. e. osmoconformers.

d

18. Due to sodium active transport in gills of freshwater fish, the epithelial cells of the gills a. are neutral because sodium does not carry a charge. b. become increasingly negative because sodium ions are negative. c. become increasingly positive because sodium ions are positive. d. are neutral because each sodium ion is exchanged with a proton. e. are neutral because each sodium ion is exchanged with a chloride ion.

a

19. The bicarbonate that is pumped out of the gills, from freshwater fish into the water, comes from a. carbon dioxide. b. consumption of food rich in sodium bicarbonate. c. protein metabolism. d. pond water. e. glycolysis.

d

19. Which of the following animals has the lowest weight-specific total rate of evaporative water loss? a. White-crowned sparrow b. Zebra finch c. Gambel's quail d. Ostrich e. Goose

e

2. If the osmolarity of freshwater is 100 mOsm, the freshwater animals would regulate their blood to an osmolarity of about _______ mOsm. a. 70 b. 80 c. 90 d. 100 e. 120

b

2. Which of the following structures in crayfish is analogous to the kidney? a. Carapace b. Antennal gland c. Antenna d. Heart e. Tail

c

20. In an experiment in which additional aquaporins are inserted onto the pelvic patch membrane of a frog, which of the following is most likely to occur? a. Water permeability will remain the same. b. Water permeability will decrease. c. Water permeability will increase. d. Salt permeability will increase. e. There is not enough information to predict the effect.

d

20. Which of the following statements about sodium movement in frogs is true? a. Sodium moves across the skin by energy-requiring mechanisms. b. Sodium movement regulates acid-base levels. c. Sodium movement is directly associated with bicarbonate movement. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

e

21. Which of the following statements about chloride movement in frogs is true? a. Chloride moves across the skin by energy-requiring mechanisms. b. Chloride movement regulates to acid-base levels. c. Chloride movement is directly associated with bicarbonate movement. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

c

22. In adult freshwater fish, the major site of sodium exchange is the a. kidney. b. operculum. c. gill. d. heart. e. skin.

d

23. In early freshwater fish larvae, the major site of chloride exchange is a. kidney. b. operculum. c. gill. d. skin. e. heart.

a

24. In adult freshwater teleosts, ion exchange occurs in the a. gill lamellae. b. gills. c. gill arches. d. gill filaments. e. skin.

d

25. Based on the immunohistochemistry method used, the most common proteins found in the cells of gills in freshwater teleosts are a. Na+-K+-ATPases. b. Na+/Cl- cotransporters. c. Na+/Cl-/K+ cotransporters. d. Both a and c e. All of the above

e

26. Which of the following statements about chloride cells is false? a. They use a lot of oxygen. b. They produce a lot of carbon dioxide. c. They uptake a lot of nutrients, such as glucose and fatty acids. d. They are surrounded by pavement cells. e. They are found in the gills of freshwater fish in greater quantities than pavement cells.

e

27. If you were to apply an inhibitor that shuts down the mitochondria, what would occur in the gills of freshwater fish? a. Chloride cells would cease to function. b. Pavement cells would cease to function. c. Sodium uptake across the chloride cells would be affected. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

a

28. If a researcher applies BAPTA, a calcium chelator (binds calcium), to the environment of freshwater fish, the a. number of chloride cells in the fish will increase. b. number of chloride cells in the fish will decrease. c. number of chloride cells in the fish will remain the same. d. oxygen uptake ability in the fish will remain the same. e. oxygen uptake ability in the fish will increase.

e

29. MRCs are abundant with Na+-K+-ATPases. In each cell there are about _______ Na+-K+-ATPase molecules. a. 10,000 b. 100,000 c. 1,000,000 d. 10,000,000 e. 100,000,000

a

3. If the blood osmolarity of a freshwater animal is 100 mOsm, the freshwater osmolarity is about _______ mOsm. a. 90 b. 100 c. 110 d. 120 e. 130

e

3. Which of the following animals has the highest osmotic U/P ratio? a. Clawed toad b. Goldfish c. Mosquito larva d. Crayfish e. Snail

b

30. You perform an immunocytochemistry technique on fish MRCs and you observe that the Cl-/HCO3- countertransport protein is expressed in greater quantities than normal. The fish must have been living in a(n) _______ environment. a. acidic b. basic c. pure water d. neutral e. acidosis-causing

a

31. You conduct an experiment in which you make the environment of freshwater fish highly basic. You then isolate the ionocytes and conduct an immunocytochemistry technique. Under these conditions, you would be most likely to observe _______ in Cl-/HCO3- protein expression. a. a drastic increase b. a slight increase c. a drastic decrease d. a slight decrease e. no change in

a

32. Which of the following statements best describes the movement of sodium in freshwater fish? a. Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (2-3 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (240 µmole per day). b. Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (240 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (2-3 µmole per day). c. Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (2-3 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (2-3 µmole per day). d. Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (240 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (240 µmole per day). e. Sodium is lost by excretion in urine (100 µmole per day) and diffusion across the body (200 µmole per day).

d

33. Freshwater fish lose about _______ µmoles of sodium per day. a. 100 b. 140 c. 200 d. 240 e. 260

c

34. Squids' inner body fluid is a. hyposmotic to seawater. b. hyperosmotic to seawater. c. isosmotic to seawater. d. sometimes hyperosmotic and sometimes hyposmotic to seawater. e. None of the above

e

35. If an octopus has an osmolarity of 300 mOsm, the environment it lives in must have an osmolarity of ________ mOsm. a. 100 b. 150 c. 200 d. 250 e. 300

a

36. If the sodium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 474 mmol/Kg of H2O, the sodium concentration inside its brain cells is _______ mmol/Kg of H2O. a. 5 b. 100 c. 474 d. 1074 e. 2074

d

37. If the potassium concentration in a squid's body fluid is 12 mmol/Kg of H2O, the sodium concentration inside its brain cells is _______ mmol/Kg of H2O a. 5 b. 12 c. 22 d. 400 e. 2074

c

38. The blood osmotic pressure of marine teleosts is about _____ mOsm _____ than the environmental osmotic pressure. a. 300; lower b. 300; higher c. 600; higher d. 600; lower e. 900; lower

c

39. Which of the following statements regarding ionic movement across the gills of marine animals is true? a. Sodium moves faster than chloride because of the overall positive charge inside the gill epithelium. b. Sodium moves faster than chloride because of the overall negative charge inside the gill epithelium. c. Sodium moves slower than chloride because of the overall positive charge inside the gill epithelium. d. Sodium moves slower than chloride because of the overall negative charge inside the gill epithelium. e. Sodium moves faster than chloride because the concentration of sodium is higher in the ocean water than inside the gill epithelium.

b

4. All freshwater animals regulate their blood osmotic pressures at levels ________ to fresh water. a. isosmotic b. hyperosmotic c. hyposmotic d. isotonic e. that vary seasonally

e

4. Freshwater animals transport sodium into their body from the environment via a. simple diffusion. b. osmosis. c. facilitated diffusion. d. passive transport. e. active transport.

a

40. The chloride channels in the mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleosts are located on the _______ membrane(s). a. apical b. basolateral c. blood cell d. apical and basolateral c. None of the above

c

41. In mitochondria-rich cells of marine teleosts, Cl- enters the cell through the a. apical membrane by simple diffusion and exits via the basolateral membrane by secondary active transport. b. basolateral membrane by simple diffusion and exits via the apical membrane by secondary active transport. c. basolateral membrane by secondary active transport and exits via the apical membrane by simple diffusion. d. apical membrane by secondary active transport and exits via the basolateral membrane by simple diffusion. e. basolateral membrane and exits via the apical membrane, both by facilitated diffusion.

e

42. Which of the following are hyposmotic regulators? a. Arthropods that live in saline water b. Marine reptiles c. Marine birds d. Marine mammals e. All of the above

c

43. Which of the following produce nitrogen waste when catabolized? a. Lipids b. Carbohydrates c. Proteins d. Triglycerides e. Water

b

44. Species that are able to survive only within a narrow range of ambient salinity are called a. conformers. b. stenohaline. c. euryhaline. d. migrators. e. xeric.

d

45. Animals that leave a saltwater environment to breed in a freshwater environment are known as a. anadromous. b. catadromus. c. euryhaline. d. anadromus and euryhaline. e. catadromus and stenohaline.

b

46. Animals that leave a fresh water environment to breed in a salt water environment are known as a. anadromous. b. catadromus. c. euryhaline. d. anadromus and stenohaline. e. catadromus and stenohaline.

b

47. If you take a freshwater animal and transfer it to seawater for 60 days, what do you expect to see when you perform immunocytochemistry? a. Increased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and decreased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae b. Increased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and increased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae c. Decreased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and increased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae d. Decreased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, and decreased NKCC expression in the gill lamellae e. Decreased aquaporin expression in the intestinal epithelia, while NKCC expression in gill lamellae stays the same

b

48. Animals that can live in dry, water poor environments are called a. anadromous. b. xeric. c. catadromus. d. stenohaline. e. migrators.

d

49. Which of the following animals has the highest weight-specific total rate of evaporative water loss? a. Screech owl b. Zebra finch c. Budgerigar d. House wren e. Goose

c

5. If the sodium concentration in a frog's environment were to decrease to 0.01 mM, sodium intake from the environment would a. continue to occur by diffusion. b. continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. c. continue to occur by active transport. d. cease to occur by diffusion. e. cease to occur by osmosis

c

50. In terrestrial amphibians, the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released from the a. anterior pituitary. b. hypothalamus. c. neurohypophysis. d. pancreas. e. thyroid.

c

6. If the chloride concentration in a frog's environment were to decrease to 0.01 mM, chloride intake from the environment would a. continue to occur by diffusion. b. continue to occur by facilitated diffusion. c. continue to occur by active transport. d. cease to occur by diffusion. e. cease to occur by osmosis.

b

6. Which of the following organisms have the highest concentration of sodium ions in their plasma? a. Freshwater mussels b. Crayfish c. Brown trout d. Frogs e. Snails

c

7. Freshwater animals tend to a. lose water and gain ions. b. gain water and ions. c. gain water and lose ions. d. lose water and ions. e. lose water in certain locations and gain water in other locations.

a

7. The excess protons that fish gills pump into the environment are the product of a. carbon dioxide reacting with water. b. hydrogen-rich food consumption. c. protein metabolism. d. catabolism. e. glycolysis.

e

8. If a crayfish's antennal gland is damaged, which of the following functions is lost? a. Sensation b. Chemical detection c. Defenses d. Locomotion e. Chemical consistency

d

8. In adult freshwater fish, chloride exchange with the environment occurs primarily in the a. kidneys. b. operculum. c. heart. d. gills. e. skin.

e

9. In adult freshwater teleosts, gas exchange occurs in the a. skin. b. gills. c. gill arches. d. gill filaments. e. lamellae.

b

9. The antennal gland opens at the base of the a. first antenna. b. second antenna. c. third antenna. d. first limb. e. second limb.