Ch.28 & Ch.29 REVIEW

Fertilization

"Human Development" begins at:

Both parents must carry recessive gene as carrier carry the disease ex) albanism; Dad=PP Mom=Pp

A child expresses an autosomal recessive trait. Which of the following NOT are possible genotypes for the parents?

Heterozygous; 1 dominant aleoli, 1 recessive aleoli

A person is heterozygous for a particular trait if he/she has;

both ovary= no period uterus = no period one ovary = period is still possible

A woman will still continue to have her menstrual periods after surgical removal of ;

if no pregnancy, average is abut 12

About how many ovarian ( Graafian) follicles reach maturity in a healthy young woman, in the course of a year ?

- Deep voice - Body hair - muscle mass

All of the following can be considered male accessory sex characteristics ;

- has sperm is produced from stem cells - primary spermatogonia go through mitosis first, both cells are diploid cells attach to the wall of seminiferous tubules and remain as stem cells, the others go two round of meiosis, and 4 functional haploid cells remain.

All of the following statements about Spermatogenesis are true;

morula

At day 4 after fertilization, the solid ball of cells that has formed is called the;

- the matured ovum will be released from the Graafian follicle, granular cells stay

At ovulation, the;

- comes from granular cells ( follicular cells ), circles around and forms Graafian follicle, ovum develops inside - after ovulation, stays in ovary, under stimulation of LH of HCG it secrete 4 hormones ( estrogen , progesterone , inhibin, and relaxin )

Corpus luteum;

umbilical arteries

Deoxygenated fetal blood is carried to the placenta via the;

sperm has flagella and ova doesn't, egg is the largest cell in the body, the sperm is the smallest cell. (ova is 200x larger than the sperm)

Difference between mature sperms and ova is;

stratum functionalis (upper portion of endometrium) stratum vassals ( lower portion of endometrium ) - this layer stays after menstruation passes

Discharge during menstruation contains;

keep the corpus luteum to continue to secrete hormones

During early pregnancy the main function of hCG is to;

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Early pregnancy tests are based on detection of what substance in the urine?

venus sinuses ( sponge tissue )

Erectile tissue of penis is mainly composed of;

-blood filled into the sinuses -promoted by the parasympathetic nervous system ( autonomic )

Erection of the penis is the result of;

inside placenta; intervillis space is filed with mother blood

Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between maternal and fetal blood takes place between the;

-corona radiata ( 3-4 layers of granular cells ) -zona pellucida - outside cell membrane - *glycoprotein*

For fertilization to occur, a sperm must penetrate;

- needed to promote secondary characteristics of females ( growth of mammary glands )

Functions of estrogen include;

- produce sperm - produce sex hormone ( progesterone and inhibin )

Functions of testes are;

6-7 days

How many days after fertilization does implantation of the blastocyst occur?

22 pairs

How many pairs of autosomes does a normal human have?

9th month of pregnancy

Human chorionic gonadotropin is at its highest levels during;

trophoblast cells

Human chorionic gonadotropin is produced by the;

haploid cells, living cells

Human egg and sperm are similar in that;

eggs and sperm - Similarities ; All haploid cels

Human sex cells;

incomplete dominance

If a person's phenotype is intermediate between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive then inheritance of this trait is an example of;

posterior wall of body - fundus of uterus

Implantation usually occurs in the;

Codominance

Inheritance of the ABO blood type is an example of;

about day 14 of menstruation cycle- average cycle = 28days. -about 1-2 days before ovulation, LH levels increase in order to promote ovulation

Ovulation ordinarily occurs;

makes the mother to synthesize glucose, turns proteins and fat into sugar. *occurs in late 3rd trimester

Peak secretion of hCS occurs;

-controlled by MOSTLY BY prolactin -after birth of baby, oxytocin promotes ejaculation of milk

Secretion of mammary glands;

2-3 C degrees lower than body temp

Sperm production in males requires a scrotal temperature that is;

secondary oocyte ; omen

Sperm then move slowly through the uterus toward the oviduct, the latter being the normal place for the sperm to penetrate the ______ and fertilize the ________.

Amneotic fluid

The "water" referred to when a woman's "water breaks" prior to delivery is;

Cytotrophoblast

The amnoin forms from the;

spermatic cord

The blood vessels, nerves and ducts running to and from the testes collectively form the;

Most found in seminal vesicle, Some are in prostate gland and sperm.

The bulk of the mucous found in semen is produced by the;

acrosome - modified lysosome

The cap of the sperm cells that contains enzymes for penetration of the egg coats is called the;

trophoblast cells

The chorion develops from the;

inner cell mask - embryo

The embryonic disc develops from the;

first 2 months after fertilization

The embryonic period of development covers what time period?

trophoblast cells

The endometrium is digested by enzymes released from the;

- inner layer of uterine wall - has stratum functionalis and stratum vasalis - muscle layer is called Malmetrium

The endometrium;

Syncytiotrophoblast

The enzymes that allow implantation to occur are produced by the;

ventral body cavity - abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity

The extra embryonic coelom becomes the;

38 weeks

The human gestation period is about;

Homozygous

The individual whose alleles for a particular trait are the same is said to be;

cervix

The lower part of the uterus that extends to the vagina is the;

phenotype

The observable characteristics of a person's genetic makeup are known as the;

- inguinal canal

The opening in the abdominal wall through which the testes descend is the;

menopause

The ovarian follicles become less sensitive to FSH and LH, the levels of estrogen and progesterone are falling, while the levels of FSH and LH increase. This describes;

peritoneal cavity

The passage of the female reproductive system differ from those of the male in that female tracts have direct communication with;

decidua capsularis

The portion of the endometrium that covers the embryo and is located between the embryo and the uterine cavity

- located below the urinary bladder, circulating around the urethra, behind the pubic synthesis - Function; secrete alkaline fluid which adds the life of sperm, needed for final maturation of sperm.

The prostate gland;

- implanted embryo secretes hCG which mimics LH - needed to maintain thickness of endometrium

The reason the corpus luteum is maintained in early pregnancy is to;

one sperm getting into the egg

The term syngamy refers to the;

Aleoli

The two alternative forms of a gene that code for the same trait and are at the same locus on homologous chromosomes are called;

endoderm ( inner cell mask )

The yolk sec forms from the;

SIMILAR- all single cells, most haploid cells DIFFERENCE- sperm has flagella and ova doesn't, egg is the largest cell in the body, the sperm is the smallest cell. (ova is 200x larger than the sperm)

These spermatozoa are similar to ova by virtue of having;

- mainly female hormone - produced my granular cells and corpus luteum - during pregnancy the center can also produce estrogen - FUNCTION ; promote healthy bone growth, promote protein synthesis, promote growth of mammary glands

What is true about estrogen?

2.5 - 5 ml, per ml/ more than 50 million sperm

What percentage of sperm cells introduced into the vagina normally reach the oocyte?

50% Type A , 50% Type B

What would be the possible blood phenotypes of the offspring of parents who are genotype || and |^A |^B?

primordial follicle cells in the ovary will begin to develop

When FSH levels in the blood increase;

ejacualatory duct

Where is the semen first formed?

primary spermotocytes

Which of the following cell types is diploid?

-granular cells -corpus luteum. - placenta

Which of the following secretes estrogen?

- in both male and female - function ; to produce milk - pigmented area of breast is nipple and areolar

Which of the following statements about the mammary glands is CORRECT?

MOST come from seminal vesicles SOME come from prostate gland VERY FEW come from bulbar urethra glands

Which of the following structures produce the liquid portion of semen?

Spermatogenesis ; the production or development of mature spermatozoa oogenesis ; the production or development of an ovum.

Which of these is the principal difference between Spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

pubic stage; more oval; development of fetus

Widening of the pubic arch in females occurs primarily at ______, it makes the pelvic cavity ______ and facilitates ______.

interstial cells & sertoil cells

Male sex hormones are secreted by;

- Male hormone stimulates muscle and one growth

Men are typically bigger than women because;

- corpus luteum slowly shrinks and reduced hormone levels ( progesterone and estrogen ) because no implantation happens ( NO HCG ), LH level decreases, without the LH the corpus luteum can't be maintained. - reduces blood supply in the endometrium, which causes tissue death.

Menstruation is initiated by an;

diffusion, materials move from high to low concentration

Most materials cross the placenta by;

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Most pregnancy tests are based on the presence or absence of;

ampulla portion of uterine tube

Normal site of fertilization is;

placenta

Once hCG levels decrease, estrogen and progesterone are secreted mainly by the;

at puberty

Oogenesis and egg cell production in females begins;