Ch28 , chp 29, chp 30
30) Which of the following is TRUE of the life cycle of mosses? A) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. B) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. D) The sporophyte generation is dominant. E) The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.
Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.
54) What is TRUE about the genus Sphagnum? A) It is an economically important liverwort. B) It grows in extensive mats in grassland areas. C) It is used by gardeners as a fertilizer. D) It accumulates to form coal and is burned as a fuel. E) It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
If in the future the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is further substantiated, what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record? A) The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax. B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete. C) The fossil record will henceforth be ignored. D) Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded. E) Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to be discarded.
Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to be discarded.
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? A) Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. B) Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. C) Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. D) The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. E) Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure.
Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.
13) Why are seedless vascular plants considered paraphyletic rather than monophyletic? A) Some of the groups within the seedless vascular plants are more closely related to each other than to other groups (such as Lycophyta). B) They share a more recent common ancestor with seeded plants than they do with the non-vascular plants. C) All of the groups contained within the seedless vascular plants do not have the same ancestor. D) The group includes their common ancestor but also the seeded descendants of that same ancestor.
The group includes their common ancestor but also the seeded descendants of that same ancestor.
Which of the following is a feature of the tube-within-a-tube body plan in most animal phyla? A) The outer tube consists of a hard exoskeleton. B) The outer tube consists of digestive organs. C) The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube. D) The two "tubes" are separated by tissue that comes from embryonic endoderm.
The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube.
Dll is a gene known to direct limb development in the fruit fly. Researchers studying this gene have found that it is also expressed in developing appendages in animals from many other phyla, supporting the hypothesis that all animal appendages may be homologous. However, suppose researchers looking at Dll activity had instead found the results shown in the figure above. These results suggest instead that _____. A) Dll is not actually involved in appendage development B) appendages evolved separately in protostomes and deuterostomes C) appendages coevolved with segmentation D) all animal appendages are homologous
appendages evolved separately in protostomes and deuterostomes
All sponges _____. A) have three germ layers B) are free swimming as adults C) reproduce only asexually D) are parasitic E) are sessile benthic
are sessile benthic
23) The herbicide 2,4-D affects the metabolism of dicots and kills most of them. What is a common feature of plants that are susceptible to 2,4-D? A) branching leaf veins B) flower parts in threes C) one cotyledon in the seed D) vascular tissue scattered throughout the stem
branching leaf veins
59) Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees. A) breezes B) rain droplets C) seed-eating birds D) squirrels E) both seed-eating birds and squirrels
breezes
2) The major function of medicinal compounds in plants is to ________. A) attract pollinators for seed dispersal B) attract insects and birds to spread seeds and fruits C) defend the plant against herbivores D) defend the plant against microbes
c) defend the plant against herbivores
19) According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? A) unicellular green algae B) cyanobacteria C) charophytes D) red algae E) multicellular green algae
charophytes
31) A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to ________. A) mosses B) charophytes (stoneworts) C) ferns D) gymnosperms E) flowering plants
ferns
55) Which plant group is notable for the independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations from each other? A) ferns B) bryophytes C) charophytes D) angiosperms E) gymnosperms
ferns
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 24 cm per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaf-like structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. 33) What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts? A) flagellated sperm B) lack of vascular tissues C) lack of true roots D) lack of cuticle E) a gametophyte generation that is dominant
flagellated sperm
Which of the following characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi? A) flagellated spores B) zoospores C) autotrophic mode of nutrition D) cell walls of cellulose E) nucleotide sequences of several genes
flagellated spores
46) Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? A) wind pollination B) dominant gametophytes C) fruits enclosing seeds D) embryos enclosed within seed coats E) sperm cells without flagella
fruits enclosing seeds
When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? A) fungal haustoria B) soredia C) fungal enzymes D) increased oxygen levels E) larger bacterial populations
fungal enzymes
24) As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a ________. A) zygote of a green alga B) gametophyte of a moss C) sporophyte of a liverwort D) gametophyte of a fern
gametophyte of a moss
At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo? A) fertilization B) cleavage C) gastrulation D) coelom formation E) metamorphosis
gastrulation
51) Where are you LEAST likely to see green algae? A) as pink snow in the mountains in summer B) growing symbiotically with fungi in lichens or with some invertebrate animals C) growing independently on dry rock in meadows D) growing independently on wet rock in ponds and lakes E) floating in seas and oceans
growing independently on dry rock in meadows
Long, branching fungal filaments are called _____. A) roots B) ascus C) septa D) mycelia E) hyphae
hyphae
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____. A) preying on animals B) ingesting it C) consuming living, rather than dead, prey D) using enzymes to digest their food
ingesting it
Choanoflagellates _____. A) are usually parasitic B) are motile as adults C) live in aquatic habitats D) are animals
live in aquatic habitats
A radula is a specialized feeding organ used to scrape material off of food for ingestion, much like a cheese grater scrapes shreds off of a block of cheese. Snails, which have this structure, are thus which kind of feeder? A) suspension feeder B) fluid feeder C) deposit feeder D) mass feeder
mass feeder
It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because fungi provide critical nitrogen for the plants' use. How do we know this happens? In experiments using radioactively labeled _____. A) nitrogen, plants acquired more radioactive nitrogen when they were associated with fungi B) nitrogen, labeled nitrogen showed up in fungi when the fungi were with symbiotic with plants C) nitrogen, when plants were associated with fungi, the plants could fix labeled nitrogen D) proteins, plants transported labeled proteins to adjacent fungi
nitrogen, plants acquired more radioactive nitrogen when they were associated with fungi
43) Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? A) stigma B) carpel C) ovule D) ovary E) anthers
ovule
At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced? A) meiosis B) fertilization C) karyogamy D) plasmogamy E) germination
plasmogamy
The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____. A) a complete gut B) bilateral symmetry C) radial symmetry D) a closed circulatory system E) excitable membranes
radial symmetry
12) Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? A) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests B) Silurian-Devonian explosion with fossils of plant lineages containing most of the major morphological innovations C) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses D) rise and diversification of angiosperms E) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes
rise and diversification of angiosperms
Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the figure above? A) coelom B) bilateral symmetry C) segmentation D) tissue E) protostome development
segmentation
50) A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be LEAST useful? A) endosperm B) seeds C) sperm that lack flagella D) flowers E) spores
spores
25) Which of these are spore-producing structures? A) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss B) antheridium of a moss or fern C) archegonium of a moss or fern D) gametophyte of a moss
sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
22) In the process of alternation of generations, the ________. A) sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes B) sporophyte is diploid and produces spores C) gametophyte is haploid and produces spores D) gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes E) spores unite to form a zygote
sporophyte is diploid and produces spores
Comb jellies may not be the most familiar animal to you, but they are critical in the food chain because they make up a significant portion of the planktonic biomass. Their feeding strategy is predatory and involves adhesives or mucus on their tentacles or other body parts. What feeding tactic do these animals use? A) suspension feeder B) fluid feeder C) deposit feeder D) food-mass feeder
suspension feeder
Which of the following is most likely to be aquatic? A) suspension feeder B) mass feeder C) deposit feeder D) fluid feeder
suspension feeder
9) Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group. This suggests ________. A) there were many different transitions from aquatic to terrestrial habitats B) wind-pollinated plants arose first C) land plants have undergone a diversification since they first colonized terrestrial habitats D) there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats
there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats
From the information provided in the figure above, how would you classify the feeding strategy of organism C? A) suspension feeding B) predation C) parasitism D) suspension feeding and predation E) predation and parasitism
uspension feeding and predation
n both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? A) carbohydrates B) fixed nitrogen C) antibiotics D) water and minerals E) protection from harmful ultraviolet light
water and minerals
11) What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? A) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves B) loss of structures that produce spores C) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves D) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells
waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
In the experiment outlined in the figure above, what would you expect to happen if researchers supplied an enzyme that blocked the expression of the Dll gene? A) The embryo would have appendages in abnormal locations. B) The origins of the embryo's appendages would fluoresce. C) The developing embryo would have no appendages. D) The embryo's appendages would be shorter than usual.
The developing embryo would have no appendages.
You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate? A) It is triploblastic. B) It has bilateral symmetry. C) It possesses sensory structures at its anterior end. D) Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.
Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.
A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island? A) basidiospores B) spores of ectomycorrhizae C) soredia D) yeasts E) leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants)
soredia
Sponges are most accurately described as _____. A) marine predators B) chemoautrophs C) freshwater scavengers D) suspension feeders E) aquatic predators
suspension feeders
An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry would most likely be _____. A) triploblastic B) a deuterostome C) coelomates D) diploblastic
triploblastic
Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation? A) type of symmetry (bilateral vs. radial vs. none) B) type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom) C) number of embryonic tissue types (diploblasty vs. triploblasty) D) type of development (protostome vs. deuterostome)
type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom)
Suppose you came across a novel organism you suspected belonged to one of the following animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, or Acoelomorpha. Which of the following characteristics would NOT be helpful in placing the organism into the correct phylum? A) the organism's feeding strategy B) the organism's habitat C) whether the organism has a coelom D) whether the organism has a gut E) whether adults are sessile or motile
whether the organism has a coelom
How many of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the phylum Cnidaria? 1. a gastrovascular cavity 2. a polyp stage 3. a medusa stage 4. cnidocytes 5. a pseudocoelom A) 1 B) 2 and 3 C) 3, 4 and 5 D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 E) 1 and 2
1, 2, 3, and 4
42) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 B) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 C) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 D) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 E) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
1, 4, 3, 2, 5
Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Animals only reproduce sexually. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. A) 5 only B) 1 and 2 C) 3 and 5 D) 3, 4, and 5 E) 2 and 4
3 and 5
38) Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence A) 1 → 2 → 3 B) 2 → 3 → 1 C) 2 → 1 → 3 D) 3 → 2 → 1 E) 3 → 1 → 2
3 → 1 → 2
Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle? A) Fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize. B) Fungi provide fixed carbon to plants for the production of plant cellular tissues. C) Fungi fix carbon by undergoing photosynthesis. D) Fungi reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide.
A) Fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize.
Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
A) I
Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A) animals B) vascular plants C) mosses D) brown algae E) slime molds
A) animals
Fungi that absorb nutrients from decaying plant matter are called _____. A) saprobes B) mycorrhizae C) mushrooms D) yeasts E) molds
A) saprobes
1) As fuels, wood and coal ________. A) are the main fuel sources in industrialized countries today. B) are both formed from living or fossil plants. C) are both formed under pressure deep in the Earth. D) are sustainable as they are even now being made at high rates.
B) are both formed from living or fossil plants.
6) Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants long used by humans as staple foods? A) genetic engineering B) artificial selection C) natural selection D) sexual selection E) pesticide and herbicide application
B) artificial selection
8) The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ________. A) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines B) green algae C) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) D) liverworts and mosses
B) green algae
All fungi are _____. A) symbiotic B) heterotrophic C) flagellated D) pathogenic E) decomposers
B) heterotrophic
7) According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats ________. A) in conjunction with insects that pollinated them B) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil C) to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans D) only about 150 million years ago
B) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them
Why does total biomass (graph e in the figure above) not vary with AMF diversity? A) Plant growth is unaffected by fungal diversity. B) Most of the plants in this system do not form mycorrhizal associations. C) Bromus erectus is the dominant plant species. D) Lotus corniculatus is a rare species.
Bromus erectus is the dominant plant species.
What is the major difference between Bromus erectus (graph f) and the other plant species (graphs a-d) included in the study? A) Bromus erectus grows best with a diversity of fungal partners. B) Bromus erectus is unaffected by AMF diversity. C) Bromus erectus does not form mycorrhizal associations. D) Bromus erectus produces very little biomass regardless of AMF.
Bromus erectus is unaffected by AMF diversity.
5) If the actual results most closely resembled those in part (A) in the figure above, then a further question arising from these data is: "Do the Dawsonia rhizoids have to be alive to reduce soil nitrogen loss, or do dead rhizoids have the same effect?" Arrange the following steps in the correct sequence to test this hypothesis. 1. Add metabolic poison to the soil of the experimental plot of mosses. 2. Apply water equally to the experimental and control plots. 3. Measure initial soil nitrogen contents of control and experimental plots. 4. Determine nitrogen loss from the soil of control and experimental plots. 5. Establish two identical plots of Dawsonia mosses; one as a control, the other as the experimental treatment. A) 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 B) 5 → 2 → 3 → 1 → 4 C) 5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 D) 4 → 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 E) 5 → 3 → 2 →? 1 → 4
C) 5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____. A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue
C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae
3) You want to get rid of your cough and stuffy nose, and a friend offers you a cup of tea. After you drink the tea, you realize that you are feeling relief from your symptoms. What plant compound was most likely found in the tea? A) quinine B) codeine C) menthol D) salacin E) morphine
C) menthol
Based on the graphs in the figure above, which of the following plant species is most likely NOT to form mycorrhizal associations? A) Carex flacca (graph a) B) Lotus corniculatus (graph b) C) Sanguisorba officinalis (graph c) D) Centaurium erythrea (graph d)
Carex flacca (graph a)
Many amphibian populations have been decimated by a parasitic fungus classified as a member of the _____. A) Chytridiomycota B) Ascomycota C) Basidiomycota D) Zygomycota E) Glomeromycota
Chytridiomycota
You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following group does the fungus belong? A) Chytrids B) Zygomycetes C) Basidiomycota D) Ascomycota E) Microsporidia
Chytrids
41) Which of the following statements is TRUE of the pine life cycle? A) Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants. B) The pine tree is a gametophyte. C) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. E) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon.
Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.
Use the following description to answer the question(s) below. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals. A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 2 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3
D) 2 and 3
Researchers tested nitrogen loss from soil where the moss Dawsonia was growing and compared it to soil from which Dawsonia had been removed. The data are presented in the accompanying figure. Researchers decided to test the hypothesis that if the 20-cm-tall Dawsonia acts as a physical buffer, then it would reduce water's ability to erode the soil and carry away its nitrogen. They began with four equal-sized areas where Dawsonia mosses grew to a height of 20 cm above the soil surface. One of the four areas was not modified. In the second area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 10 cm above the soil surface. In the third area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 5 cm above the soil surface. In the fourth area, the mosses were trimmed all the way to the ground, leaving only the rhizoids. Water, simulating rainfall, was then added in a controlled fashion to all plots over the course of 1 year. The accompanying figure presents four graphs depicting potential results of this experiment. 4) In the figure, which graph of soil nitrogen loss over time most strongly supports the hypothesis that if the 20-cm-tall Dawsonia acts as a physical buffer, then it reduces water's ability to erode the soil and carry away its nitrogen? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) None of these graphs support the hypothesis.
D) D
) Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the fungi, rather than as a fungus? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
D) IV
What is the major distinguishing characteristic of fungi? A) acquiring nutrition through ingestion B) sedentary lifestyle C) prokaryotic cells D) absorbing nutrients E) decomposing dead organisms
D) absorbing nutrients
You are a forester charged with increasing productivity in a South American forest newly planted with pines from Oregon. You believe that the southern forest lacks the fungal diversity needed by the North American pines, and that this lack of fungi is affecting the pines' productivity, but you have no evidence to support your ideas. To count how many fungal species were present in the Oregon forest, which methodology would you choose? A) Count all the plant species and multiply by six, as David Hawksworth did when determining the ratio of fungal to plant species in England. B) Collect all the fruiting structures (mushrooms, morels, etc.) found above ground. C) Do direct sequencing on representative soil samples from across the forest. D) Expose the trees to radiolabeled carbon dioxide and then collect the soil samples with the greatest radioactivity and do direct sequencing.
Do direct sequencing on representative soil samples from across the forest.
The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are _____. 1) composed of hyphae 2) referred to as a mycelium 3) usually underground A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) only 2 D) 1 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3
E) 1, 2, and 3
Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, which inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as _____. A) antibodies B) aflatoxins C) hallucinogens D) antigens E) antibiotics
E) antibiotics
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Harold and Kumar are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study about plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. 48) Which adaptations of land plants are likely to provide Harold with future patients? I. sporophyte dominance II. defenses against herbivory III. adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen A) I and II B) II and III C) I and III D) I, II, and III
II and III
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem? A) poor sporophyte viability B) poor sporophyte fertility C) failure to produce fertile ovules D) failure to produce pollen E) pollination failure
E) pollination failure
40) Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. B) Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones. C) Pollen grains contain female gametophytes. D) A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm. E) The young seedling grows into a mature gametophyte.
Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.
37) Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors? A) Conjugation tubes are formed between sperm and egg cells. B) Packets of sperm are delivered by wind to the eggs. C) Aquatic invertebrates carry sperm to eggs. D) Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop. E) Flagellated sperm meet flagellated eggs in a water drop.
Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop.
Why is it more difficult to treat fungal infections than bacterial infections in humans? A) Fungi are larger organisms than bacteria and thus require stronger drugs to stop an infection. B) Most fungi are multicellular and thus the drugs required to treat a fungal infection must be able to kill several types of cells; bacteria, on the other hand, are unicellular and thus simpler to kill. C) Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function. D) Fungi are able to mutate more quickly than bacteria, so they quickly develop resistance to antifungal drugs.
Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function.
Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil? A) Hyphae are one hundred to one thousand times larger than plant roots. B) Hyphae have a smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio than do the hairs on a plant root. C) Mycelia are able to grow in the direction of food. D) Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules.
Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules.
Use the following description to answer the question(s) below. Cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition by eating pollen and microsporophyll tissue and shelter within the male cones (they are dioecious). Upon visiting megasporophylls on nearby female plants, which become attractively aromatic and warm (but are not palatable), the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. Cycad megasporophyll tissues synthesize neurotoxins, some of which is transferred to the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. 57) Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? I. They have exposed ovules. II. They have flagellated sperm. III. They are pollinated by animals. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) II and III E) I, II, and III
II and III
Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, which allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible? A) If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another. B) Parasitic fungi steal nutrients from their hosts. C) Predatory fungi capture their prey by encircling them with hyphae, and the flowing of the cytoplasm through the pores helps the hyphae to move around the prey. D) Fungi function as part of the global carbon cycle not only by converting carbon from one form to another, but by physically moving it from one location to another.
If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another.
49) Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm? A) It produces seeds. B) It retains its fertilized egg within its archaegonium. C) It lacks gametangia. D) It undergoes alternation of generations. E) It produces gametes by mitosis rather than meiosis.
It lacks gametangia.
You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid? A) It undergoes protostome development. B) It is segmented. C) It is triploblastic. D) It has a coelom. E) It sheds its external skeleton to grow.
It sheds its external skeleton to grow.
It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis? A) Fungi survive better when they are associated with plants. B) Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated. C) Fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars. D) Radioactive labeling experiments show that plants pass crucial raw materials to the fungus for manufacturing sugars
Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated.
29) Archegonia ________. A) are sites where male gametes are produced B) may contain sporophyte embryos C) have the same function as sporangia D) are ancestral versions of animal gonads E) make asexual reproductive structures
may contain sporophyte embryos
What does this reclassification based on molecular data imply about the evolution of acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates? A) Pseudocoelomates can be seen as an intermediate stage between acoelomate and coelomate development. B) Although acoelomates and pseudocoelomates evolved only once, coelomates evolved multiple times in different lineages. C) Only the animals that evolved earliest are acoelomates. D) Some pseudocoelomates and acoelomates have evolved from coelomates.
Some pseudocoelomates and acoelomates have evolved from coelomates.
Which of these fungal features supports the phylogenetic conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants? A) Fungi are able to change their body shape continuously throughout their life. B) Zygomycetes have flagellated gametes. C) Fungi store polysaccharides as starch. D) The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin.
The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin.
Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works? A) The mosquito would develop a weakened exoskeleton that would make it vulnerable to trauma. B) The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function. C) The mosquito would have trouble with respiration and circulation, due to impaired muscle function. D) The mosquito wouldn't be affected at all.
The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function.
What do all deuterostomes have in common? A) Adults are bilaterally symmetrical. B) Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits. C) All have a spinal column. D) All have specialized head and tail regions. E) The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
In the traditional phylogeny (A), the phylum Platyhelminthes is depicted as a sister taxon to the rest of the protostome phyla and as having diverged earlier from the lineage that led to the rest of the protostomes. In the molecular phylogeny (B), Platyhelminthes is depicted as a lophotrochozoan phylum. What probably led to this change? A) Platyhelminthes ceased to be recognized as true protostomes. B) The removal of the acoel flatworms (Acoela) from the Platyhelminthes allowed the remaining flatworms to be a monophyletic clade clearly tied to the Lophotrochozoa. C) All Platyhelminthes must have a well-developed lophophore as their feeding apparatus. D) Platyhelminthes' close genetic ties to the arthropods became clear as their Hox gene sequences were studied.
The removal of the acoel flatworms (Acoela) from the Platyhelminthes allowed the remaining flatworms to be a monophyletic clade clearly tied to the Lophotrochozoa.
Why is it important that ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) have peptidase enzymes? A) These enzymes are necessary to break through the tough lignin layers in plants. B) These enzymes assist with the breakdown of cellulose. C) These enzymes are needed to release nitrogen from dead plant material in colder environments. D) These enzymes catalyze the formation of the compounds used during decomposition.
These enzymes are needed to release nitrogen from dead plant material in colder environments.
21) Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1—2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure? A) They use stomata for gas-exchange regulation. B) They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere. C) Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface. D) They have branching veins in their leaves.
They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.
52) Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common? A) They are all wind pollinated. B) They are heterosporous. C) They can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae. D) They require water for reproduction. E) They have the ability to desiccate and rehydrate with no ill effects.
They require water for reproduction.
Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidase. What advantage does this group of fungi have over other fungi because of this capability? A) This is always the first group of fungi to begin any kind of plant decomposition. B) This fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnessed for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose. C) This is the only group of fungi that can use lignin for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. D) This enzyme releases heat energy from the breakdown of lignin that is used to kill off competing fungi.
This fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnessed for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose.
In graph (b) in the figure above, which of the following best explains the data given about Lotus corniculatus? A) This plant grows best when AMF taxa A or C are present. B) Lotus corniculatus does not form mycorrhizal associations. C) Mycorrhizal fungi parasitize the plant's roots when they are present, reducing its growth. D) This plant forms multiple AMF associations, growing best with increased fungal diversity.
This plant forms multiple AMF associations, growing best with increased fungal diversity.
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. Which of the following Tp traits is different from all other known animals? A) Tp is multicellular. B) Tp lacks muscle and nerve cells. C) Tp has cilia. D) Tp lacks cell walls.
Tp lacks muscle and nerve cells.
In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome? A) There is evidence of cephalization. B) You see a well-developed coelom. C) The animal is triploblastic. D) The animal is clearly bilaterally symmetrical. E) You see a mouth, but not an anus.
You see a mouth, but not an anus.
Due to its unusual habitat (inside the digestive tracts of other animals), the tapeworm lacks _____. A) a reproductive system B) a mouth C) a digestive tract D) a mouth and a digestive tract E) a reproductive and digestive system
a mouth and a digestive tract
Microsporidians are considered parasitic because of the ability to penetrate their host cells using _____. A) a mycelium B) a polar tube C) sporangia D) chitin
a polar tube
Most cnidarians are known to produce toxins. In fact, it has been claimed that one particular species produces the most deadly of all toxins on the planet. What feature of this group most likely evolved simultaneously with the evolution of these toxins? A) the medusa body form B) asexual reproduction C) a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult D) diploblastic design E) bilateral symmetry in the mobile larval forms
a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult
Predict what you would see if you were looking at a new species of Zygomycetes. A) a zygote enclosed in a tough outer coat B) flagellated spores C) susceptibility to fungicide D) multicellularity E) its ability to form an association with plant roots
a zygote enclosed in a tough outer coat
27) Red, brown, and some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes (stoneworts) exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence indicating charophytes are the sister group to land plants, we can infer ________. A) charophytes are not related to red, brown, or green algae or land plants B) alternation of generations likely evolved independently in land plants as well as in red and brown algae C) alternation of generations is not beneficial to charophytes but could re-evolve over time D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga
alternation of generations likely evolved independently in land plants as well as in red and brown algae
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____. A) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms B) avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes C) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats D) the increased probability of contact between different mating types E) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate its host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which materials are passed from fungus to host? A) ectomycorrhizal fungi B) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi C) endophytes D) lichens
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
20) Which set contains the most closely related terms? A) megasporangium, megaspore, pollen, ovule B) microsporangium, microspore, egg, ovary C) megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule D) microsporangium, microspore, carpel, ovary
megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule
Fungi with hyphae _____. A) acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis B) have a body plan that is a unicellular sphere C) have cell walls that consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils D) are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources E) reproduce asexually by a process known as budding
are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources
You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? A) zygomycete B) ascomycete C) deuteromycete D) chytrid E) basidiomycete
ascomycete
The sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus are _____. A) asexual structures that produce haploid spores B) asexual structures that produce diploid spores C) sexual structures that produce haploid spores D) sexual structures that produce diploid spores
asexual structures that produce haploid spores
47) The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? It should _________. A) be drab in color B) be colored so as to provide it with camouflage C) be nutritious to the dispersing organisms D) secrete enzymes that can digest bark E) contain chemicals that cause birds to fly to the ground and vomit
be nutritious to the dispersing organisms
32) If a fern gametophyte has both male and female gametangia on the same plant, then it ________. A) belongs to a species that is homosporous B) must be diploid C) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation D) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ E) is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female
belongs to a species that is homosporous
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another? A) by wind-blown spores B) by flagella C) by cilia D) by pseudopods E) by hyphae
by flagella
The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis? A) artificial selection of sexually immature forms of insects B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development C) the evolution of meiosis D) the development of an oxidizing atmosphere on Earth E) the origin of a brain
changes in the homeobox genes governing early development
Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal? A) sponges B) coral C) jellyfish D) choanoflagellates
choanoflagellates
53) Which group of seedless vascular plants was the first to evolve roots? A) club mosses B) horsetails C) ferns D) whisk ferns
club mosses
What was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? A coelom _____. A) contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion B) was a more efficient digestive system C) allowed cephalization and the formation of a cerebral ganglion D) allowed asexual and sexual reproduction
contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and _____. A) mosses or algae B) cyanobacteria or algae C) green algae or liverworts D) mosses or cyanobacteria E) mosses or sponges
cyanobacteria or algae
28) Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants? A) too much sunlight B) a shortage of carbon dioxide C) desiccation D) animal predation
desiccation
35) In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A) haploid sporophytes B) haploid gametes C) diploid gametes D) haploid spores E) diploid spores
diploid spores
44) Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? A) complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent B) double internal fertilization C) free-living gametophytes D) carpels that contain microsporangia E) ovules that are not contained within ovaries
double internal fertilization
18) Which of the following should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte (stonewort) that was the common ancestor of land plants? A) early angiosperms B) early bryophytes C) early gymnosperms D) early lycophytes E) early pterophytes
early bryophytes
34) Which of the following features is most important for true mosses and ferns to reproduce in the desert? A) that the sporophytes occupy only permanently shady, north-facing habitats B) that the sporophytes hug the ground, growing no taller than a couple of inches C) either that their gametophytes grow close together, or that they be hermaphroditic D) that the sporophytes have highly lignified vascular tissues E) that the gametophytes contain secondary compounds to deter herbivores
either that their gametophytes grow close together, or that they be hermaphroditic
The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin of these cells? A) endoderm B) ectoderm C) mesoderm
endoderm
Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? A) pathogens B) endosymbioses C) endophytes D) lichens E) mycorrhizae
endophytes
36) Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle? A) fern B) moss C) liverwort D) charophyte (stoneworts) E) hornwort
fern
39) In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a ________. A) moss sporophyte B) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia C) fern sporophyte D) hermaphroditic fern gametophyte E) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia
fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia
17) If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (though they were not!), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs? A) whisk ferns and epiphytes B) horsetails and bryophytes C) lycophytes and bryophytes D) ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes E) charophytes (stoneworts), bryophytes, and gymnosperms
ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes
The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____. A) unicellular chytrid B) unicellular yeast C) multicellular algae D) multicellular fungus E) flagellated protist
flagellated protist
10) About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have ________. A) looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees B) been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria C) been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today's coal D) had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
Sponges _____. A) have larvae which are motile and move via the motion of cilia B) are the simplest diploblastic animals C) exhibit bilateral symmetry D) have a nerve net but not a central nervous system E) have feeding cells called dinoflagellates
have larvae which are motile and move via the motion of cilia
56) Because they are morphologically simple, Psilotophyta (whisk ferns) have traditionally been thought to be a basal group in the radiation of land plants. Molecular phylogenies have challenged this hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis that they________. A) are the sister group to the seed plants B) represent a grade rather than a monophyletic group C) have lost complex structures in this lineage D) represent a lineage that forms a monophyletic group with Lycophyta
have lost complex structures in this lineage
An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also _____. A) is bilaterally symmetrical B) has a hydrostatic skeleton C) has a coelom D) is segmented E) is diploblastic
is bilaterally symmetrical
14) You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it ________. A) contains chloroplasts B) is multicellular C) is surrounded by a cuticle D) does not contain vascular tissue E) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose
is surrounded by a cuticle
Following the fusion of gametes in Obelia, the resulting cell divides via mitosis to become a _____. A) larva B) polyp C) nymph D) medusa
larva
26) Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants but not charophytes (stoneworts)? A) sporopollenin B) lignin C) chlorophyll a D) cellulose E) chlorophyll b
lignin
If you think of the earthworm body plan as a drinking straw within a pipe, where would you expect to find most of the tissues that developed from endoderm? A) lining the straw B) lining the space between the pipe and the straw C) forming the outside of the pipe D) forming the outside of the straw
lining the straw
45) The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells? A) binary fission B) mitosis C) meiosis D) mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis E) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis
mitosis
According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is _____. A) monophyletic B) paraphyletic C) polyphyletic D) euphyletic E) multiphyletic
monophyletic
Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. 29) Tp's body symmetry seems to be most like that of _____. A) most sponges B) cnidarians C) worms D) tetrapods
most sponges
Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host? A) parasitic B) mutualistic C) commensal D) predatory
mutualistic
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) cells that have mitochondria B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin C) nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement D) heterotrophy E) flagellated gametes
nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement
Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its germ layer tissue? A) nervous — mesoderm B) muscular — mesoderm C) stomach — endoderm D) skin — ectoderm E) skeletal — mesoderm
nervous — mesoderm
Based on the van der Heijden et al. (1998) graphs in the figure above, which of the following is the best description of the data supporting the idea that a plant species did not form mycorrhizae with a fungus? Its biomass is greatest when _____. A) no AMF are present B) AM fungus A is present C) AM fungus B is present D) AM fungus C is present E) all AMF are present
no AMF are present
Which of the following factors, when used to label the horizontal axis of the graph above, would account most directly for the shape of the plot? A) spongin concentration (gm/unit volume) B) rate of cribrostatin synthesis (molecules/unit time) C) number of pores per sponge D) number of spicules per sponge E) number of choanocytes per sponge
number of choanocytes per sponge
As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms, and you, as a student of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select three organisms and observe them in detail, making the notations found in the figure above. Which organism would you classify as an animal?
organism C
To reproduce, many plants produce seeds-structures containing embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough case. These offspring develop after being released by the parent plant. To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable? A) oviparous reproduction B) ovoviviparous reproduction C) viviparous reproduction
oviparous reproduction
Most fish deposit fertilized eggs, but some sharks keep the fertilized egg inside the female until she gives birth to a relatively well-developed pup. These sharks would thus be characterized as _____. A) live-bearing B) ovoviviparous C) oviparous D) viviparous
ovoviviparous
15) Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes (stoneworts) exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that ________. A) charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of charophytes C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga
plants evolved alternation of generations independently of charophytes
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8—25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. 58) Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem? A) poor sporophyte viability B) poor sporophyte fertility C) failure to produce fertile ovules D) failure to produce pollen E) pollination failure
pollination failure
In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? A) multiple chitinous layers in cross-walls B) pores in septa C) complex microtubular cytoskeletons D) two nuclei E) tight junctions that form in cross-walls between cells
pores in septa
16) The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to ________. A) comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal B) reduce dehydration C) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily D) repel toxic chemicals E) provide nutrients to spores
reduce dehydration
In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently _____. A) means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures B) results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell C) allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time D) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells E) is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic
results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells