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Charles de Gaulle

(1890-1970), French general and statesman, head of government 1944-6, president 1959-69; full name Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle. A wartime organizer of the Free French movement, he is remembered particularly for his assertive foreign policy and for quelling the student uprisings and strikes of May 1968.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

(1900-89), Iranian Shiite Muslim leader; known as Ayatollah Khomeini. After sixteen years in exile he returned to Iran in 1979 to lead an Islamic revolution that overthrew the shah. He established Iran as a fundamentalist Islamic republic and became the country's supreme leader, a position he held until his death.

Kwame Nkrumah

(1909-72), Ghanaian statesman, prime minister 1957-60, president 1960-6. The first prime minister after independence, he became increasingly dictatorial and was finally overthrown in a military coup.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

(1918-70), Egyptian colonel and statesman, prime minister 1954-6 and president 1956-70. He deposed King Farouk in 1952 and President Muhammad Neguib in 1954. His nationalization of the Suez Canal brought war with Britain, France, and Israel in 1956; he also waged two unsuccessful wars against Israel (1956 and 1967).

Jomo Kenyatta

(c.1891-1978), Kenyan statesman, prime minister of Kenya 1963 and president 1964-78. Imprisoned for alleged complicity in the Mau Mau uprising (1952-61), on his release he was elected president of the Kenya African National Union and led Kenya to independence in 1963, subsequently serving as its first president.

Pol Pot

(c.1925-98), Cambodian communist leader of the Khmer Rouge, prime minister 1976-9; born Saloth Sar. During his regime the Khmer Rouge embarked on a brutal reconstruction programme in which many millions of Cambodians were killed. Overthrown in 1979, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge in a guerrilla war against the new Vietnamese-backed government until his official retirement in 1985.

Balfour Declaration

1917, British Government established, which favored the establishment in Palestine of a "national home" for Jewish people

Anwar Sadat

1918-81), Egyptian statesman, president 1970-81; full name Muhammad Anwar al-Sadat. Sadat worked to achieve peace in the Middle East, visiting Israel (1977) and attending talks with Menachim Begin at Camp David in 1978, the year they shared the Nobel Peace Prize. He was assassinated by members of the Islamic Jihad.

Yasser Arafat

1929-2004), Palestinian statesman, chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization 1968-2004 and Palestinian president 1996-2004. He became leader of the new Palestine National Authority in 1994, following the signing of a PLO-Israeli peace accord for which he shared the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres.

Khmer Rouge

A communist guerilla organization following the Vietnam War.

Camp David Accords

A peace agreement between Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel and President Anwar Sadat of Egypt

Suez Crisis

A short conflict following the nationalization of the Suez Canal by President Nasser of Egypt in 1956. Britain and France made a military alliance with Israel to regain control of the canal, but international criticism forced the withdrawal of forces.

Modernization Theory

A theory of social development originating in the United States in the 1960s as an alternative to Marxism, which proposes that all societies necessarily evolve from a simple to a complex structure and towards a goal of industrialization.

Mau Mau

An African secret society originating among the Kikuyu that in the 1950s used violence and terror to try to expel European settlers and end British rule in Kenya. The British eventually subdued the organization, but went on to institute political and social reforms which led to Kenya's independence in 1963.

International Monetary Fund

An international organization established in 1945 which aims to promote international trade and monetary cooperation and the stabilization of exchange rates.

Arab League

An organization of Arab states, founded in 1945 in Cairo, whose purpose is to ensure cooperation among its member states and protect their independence and sovereignty. Also called Arab League

Daniel Moi

Daniel Toroitich arap Moi MOH-ee is a former Kenyan politician who served as the second President of Kenya from 1978 to 2002

Muslim League

One of the main political parties in Pakistan. It was formed in 1906 in India to represent the rights of Indian Muslims; its demands from 1940 for an independent Muslim state led ultimately to the establishment of Pakistan.

Jimmy Carter

President who mediated the Camp David Accords

Pan Africanism

The principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa.

Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Maqiladoras

a factory in Mexico run by a foreign company and exporting its products to the country of that company.

Drug Cartels

is any criminal organization with the intention of supplying drug trafficking operations. They range from loosely managed agreements among various drug traffickers to formalized commercial enterprises.

Dependency Theory

is the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.