Ch.29 - Seedless Plants

Approximately how long ago did green algae and the land plants share a common ancestor?

1 billion years ago

Using this diagram of the life cycle of a land plant, match each letter to the process it represents.

A Fertilization B Meiosis C Mitosis

In this diagram of a fern life cycle, match structures to the letters that indicate them.

A Sporangium B Sorus C Archegonium D Antheridium

Which of the following are similarities that evolved independently in at least some species of both lycophytes and other vascular plants?

A treelike growth form The presence of leaves

In this moss life cycle, the male gametophyte generation is indicated by the letter _____________, while the female gametophyte generation is indicated by the letter______________ .

A; B

On this generalized life cycle of a fern plant, the sporophyte is indicated by letter _____and the gametophyte is indicated by letter ______.

B;D

Select all true statements about lycophytes.

Despite resembling true mosses, lycophytes have vascular tissues. In lycophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant.

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes?

Diploid embryos Multicellular gametophytes Multicellular sporophytes

Select all types of leaves found in vascular plants.

Euphylls Lycophylls

Which of the following is true of gamete production in humans and land plants?

Gametes are formed by meiosis in humans. Gametes are formed by mitosis in land plants.

Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water.

Less water availability in a terrestrial environment Higher levels of UV light on land

Based on fossil evidence, which group of tracheophytes likely diverged from other tracheophytes before roots appeared?

Lycophytes

Bryophytes are particularly common in what areas?

Moist areas of the tropics Near stream beds Damp forest floors

Select all ways in which moss leaflike structures differ from true leaves.

Most of their surface is one cell layer thick They lack stomata They lack veins

Select all features of fern sporophytes.

Multicellular Vascular Photosynthetic

Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants?

Multicellular haploid and diploid generations The ability to photosynthesize Diploid embryos

Select all true statements about hornworts.

Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants. Their gametophytes are photosynthetic. Their sporophytes have stomata.

Choose the two types of vascular tissue

Phloem Xylem

Select all functions of roots.

Plant support Transport of water

Select all features of mosses.

Rhizoids do not absorb as well as a vascular plant root. They use rhizoids to anchor themselves.

What structure functions both in support of the plant and transport of water and nutrients in tracheophytes?

Roots

Select the three clades of vascular plants that exist today.

Seed plants Pterophytes Lycophytes

Antheridia and archegonia produce which of the following, respectively?

Sperm and eggs

Select all adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives.

The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces The presence of specialized water transporting tissues The presence of stomata for gas exchange

Select all features of horsetails.

Their stems are hollow. They have jointed stems.

Select all true statements about whisk fern sporophytes.

They are photosynthetic (green). They lack true leaves.

Select all true statements about fern gametophytes.

They contain archegonia and antheridia. Rhizoids anchor them to their substrate.

Why were fungi important in the colonization of land by plants?

They enhanced nutrient uptake from the soil.

Select all features common to whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns.

They form antheridia and archegonia. They require free water for fertilization.

Select all features of liverworts.

They may be leafy or lobed. Gametophytes have rhizoids.

Scientific evidence suggests that leaves evolved at least how many times?

Twice

Choose all that are carried in vascular tissue.

Water Sucrose Minerals Hormones

The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves?

Whisk ferns

A major adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle in land plants is Blank______.

a cuticle on exposed surfaces

In mosses and ferns, the haploid (gametophyte) generation occupies Blank______.

a larger portion of the life cycle than it does in seed plants

In mosses, male gametangia are called _________________ , while female gametangia are called _______________.

antheridia; archegonia

A similarity between fern gametophytes and sporophytes is that they Blank______.

are photosynthetic

Roots likely evolved Blank______.

at least twice

The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required Blank______.

better water loss management

Euphylls likely evolved when Blank______.

branching stems became webbed with photosynthetic tissue

All of the following are examples of vascular plants except Blank______.

bryophytes

The _______________ , also known as nontracheophytes, are the closest living descendants of the first land plants.

bryophytes

The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the Blank______.

bryophytes

Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing .

cyanobacteria

A common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with ________________; for that reason, those plants require free water for ____________________.

flagella;reproduction

One reason bryophytes require water for fertilization is because their sperm are Blank______.

flagellated

The leaves of ferns are called ______________.

fronds

The colonization of land by plants was facilitated by ______________, which helped enhance the uptake of nutrients from the soil.

fungi

In this plant life cycle, the _________________ generation is represented by letter A, while the _______________ generation is represented by letter B.

gametophyte or haploid; sporophyte or diploid

Approximately 1 billion years ago, land plants shared a common ancestor with Blank______.

green algae

A typical land plant has a(n) _____________ life cycle, which includes multicellular haploid and diploid stages.

haplodiplontic

Over the course of plant evolution from bryophytes to seed plants, the general trend has been toward a significant decrease in the size of the ____________ stage in the life cycle.

haploid

(diploid or haploid) In this moss life cycle, the structure indicated by letter A is _______________ and the structure indicated by letter C is ___________________ .

haploid; diploid

Fern gametophytes are typically Blank______.

heart-shaped and cell one layer thick, except in the center

A plant is said to be _____________ if all of its spores are similar in appearance.

homosporous

Plants that produce one spore type are called Blank______.

homosporous

Evidence suggests that leaves evolved more than once; ______________ are small leaves found in the lycophytes and _____________________ are the true leaves of ferns and seed plants.

lycophylls: euphylls

Even though __________________ diverged from all other vascular plants early in their evolutionary history, they are similar in having leaves and a treelike growth form.

lycophytes

In humans, gametes such as sperm and eggs are formed by the cellular process of _______________, whereas land plants produce gametes by the process of ___________________ .

meiosis; mitosis

Over the course of plant evolution, the general trend has been toward ______________.

more embryo protection and a smaller gametophyte

Organisms that exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle have Blank______.

multicellular haploid and diploid stages

The bryophytes are also known as _______________ plants because they lack tracheids.

nontracheophyte

In mosses and ferns, the gametophyte generation is Blank______.

photosynthetic and free-living

Mosses differ from other bryophytes because their gametophytes Blank______.

produce structures that look like leaves and stems

Unlike bryophytes, lycophytes Blank______.

produce vascular tissue

The three clades of vascular plants are the lycophytes, the pterophytes, and the ___________ plants.

seed

Liverworts reproduce through Blank______.

sexual and asexual means

Clusters of sporangia on ferns are called _____________.

sori

Sori are clusters of Blank______.

sporangia in ferns

The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid

spores

An important difference that distinguishes the leaflike structures of moss gametophytes from true leaves is Blank______.

the lack of vascular tissue

Bryophytes are often found in moist areas in tropical and temperate regions because they rely on the presence of _______________ for sexual reproduction.

water

In bryophytes, the sperm are flagellated and have to swim to the archegonia; therefore, the presence of _______________ is necessary for fertilization.

water