Ch.4

Deception is most likely to be detected by attending to which channel of communication?

Voice pitch

Which of the following is NOT a type of information included in the covariation model of attribution?

additive

A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior is known as

attribution theory.

Estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on the ease with which one can recall previous instances of this event reflect the

availability heuristic.

Even though stomach cancer kills more people than plane crashes do, most people tend to assume the plane crashes cause more deaths. This misconception seems to arise from the _________________________ since plane crash fatalities tend to be widely publicized and are therefore relatively easy for people to bring to mind.

availabily heuristic

Even though Beth knew that only 2% of the students in class received an A, she was confident that she would earn an A. This is an example of _______________.

base rate fallacy

The tendency for people to hold on to their beliefs—even when their beliefs are discredited by compelling evidence—is known as

belief perseverance.

Most high school students have an "attitude" at one time or another. Mr. Smith, one of the teachers, is a very prejudiced individual. He usually notices when the African-American students in school have "attitude" and rarely notices when the Caucasian students show "attitude." Consequently, he continues to believe that African-American students are disrespectful to authority. His tendency to focus on social information in a biased way that supports his prejudiced beliefs illustrates the

confirmation bias

The tendency to focus more on evidence that confirms rather than refutes one's expectations is called _____________________.

confirmation bias

According to the covariation model, when observers consider the extent to which different people respond in the same way toward a given stimulus, they are using _____ information

consensus

According to covariation model,_____ information addresses the extent to which an actor behaves in a similar way in response to a stimulus across time and circumstances.

consistency

"If only I had decided to take a different route home... I wouldn't have gotten into this accident! Aargh!" This thought is an example of _______________________.

counterfactual thinking

When Jana was chiding herself for losing her favorite necklace and reciting a list of all the things she could have done to prevent the loss, her grandmother said, "Now, Jana. Don't cry over spilled milk." In essence, Jana's grandmother was advising her to

counterfactual thinking

You stay up all night cramming for your algebra exam and you didn't do as well as you had hoped. "If only I had started studying sooner and gotten a good night's rest, I'd have done much better," you think to yourself. You have just engaged in _____________________.

counterfactual thinking

According to the covariation model, _____ information addresses the extent to which the same person responds similarly to different stimuli.

distinctiveness

All of the following are considered "primary" emotions except

embarrasment

According to the _______________, most people overestimate the degree to which others share their attitudes and opinions.

false consensus effect

Bill can't believe the "nonsense" from the people trying to legalize marijuana. After all, "everyone knows" how dangerous marijuana is and that it leads to more dangerous drug use. He believes that, like him, most people do not endorse the legalization of marijuana. What cognitive error is this?

false consensus effect

When people make the ____________________, they tend to underestimate the situational constraints on people's behavior.

fundamental attribution error

A network of assumptions that people make about the relationships among traits and behaviors is called

implicit personality theory.

The process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression is called

impression formation.

The desire to reduce cognitive uncertainty, which heightens the importance of first impressions, is called

need for closure.

The trait negativity bias refers to the tendency for

negative trait information to have a greater impact on impressions.

Behavior that communicates a person's feelings without words is called

nonverbal behavior.

In the ______________, a perceiver has a(n) expectation that affects the behavior of the target of perception.

self fulfulling prophecy

Jorge watches his friend Nina interacting with others and makes a situational attribution for her behavior. Jorge believes that

.......

_____ theory provides a description of how people explain the causes of their own and others' behaviors.

.......

When we decide that there is something about the situation that is causing a behavior, we are making a(n)

........

The tendency to infer that people's behavior corresponds to or matches their underlying personality disposition is known as the

..........