Ch.4 Practice Quiz
c
After collecting samples of the material found growing on last month's leftovers at the back of your fridge, you realize that you have discovered a new type of organism. You find that the cells have distinct microscopic subunits within them. Further, several of these subunits seem to be involved in the production and transfer of certain molecules. One molecule appears after a messenger molecule is sent from a subunit to another one. The first molecule then travels to another location, where it is covered in membrane and (eventually) released from the cell. What type of cells do you think these are? a)Prokaryotic b)The cells belong to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic classifications. c)Eukaryotic d)Viruses e)Bacteria
d
Chloroplasts are found in . a)viruses b)animals c)yeast d)plants e)prions
Cilia and flagella have the same basic structure, are made from microtubules, and aid in movement. Cilia are short and numerous and move back and forth. Flagella are longer, often occurring singly, and they undulate.
Compare and contrast cilia and flagella.
both are appendages that aid in movement and that extend from the surface of a cell. Cells with flagella typically have one long flagellum that propels the cell in a whiplike motion; cilia are usually shorter, are more numerous, and beat in a coordinated fashion.
Compare and contrast cilia and flagella.
nucleus, nuclear pores, ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi apparatus
DNA controls the cell by transmitting genetic messages that result in protein production. Place the following organelles in the order that represents the flow of genetic information from the DNA through the cell: nuclear pores, ribosomes, nucleus, rough ER, Golgi apparatus.
d
DNA is located in the ______ , and its message reaches the ribosome via the _______ . a)cytoplasm; microfilaments b)cell membrane; nuclear pores c)nucleus; vesicles d)nucleus; nuclear pores e)cytoplasm; vesicles
c
Different types of microscopes are suited to viewing objects of different sizes. What object would be effectively viewed only with a transmission electron microscope? a)a nucleus b)a muscle cell c)an individual protein d)a frog egg (Even small cellular organelles cannot be easily resolved with a light microscope. Individual molecules would be viewed only with electron microscopes.)
membrane is fluid because its components are not locked into place. A membrane is mosaic because it contains a variety of suspended proteins
Explain how each word in the term fluid mosaic describes the structure of a membrane.
It implies that plant cells do not have mitochondria, when in fact they do.
Explain what is wrong with the following statement: "Plant cells have chloroplasts, and animal cells have mitochondria."
Protein
From which important class of biological molecules are the microtubules of the cytoskeleton made?
plasma membrane, one or more chromosomes, cytosol, and ribosomes
Name four structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall
Name three structures in plant cells that animal cells lack.
both organelles use membranes to organize enzymes and both provide energy to the cell. But chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight during photosynthesis, whereas mitochondria release energy from glucose during cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are only in photosynthetic plants and protists, whereas mitochondria are in almost all eukaryotic cells.
Name two similarities in the structure or function of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Name two differences.
nucleus, ribosome, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane
Place the following cellular structures in the order they would be used in the production and secretion of a protein: Golgi apparatus, nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosome, transport vesicle.
b
Taxol is a drug that can kill rapidly dividing cells. When Taxol is added, cells are unable to complete cell division. Taxol most likely affects the function of __________. a)ribosomes b)microtubules c)lysosomes d)mitochondria e)rough endoplasmic reticulum (Microtubules are cytoskeletal components that influence the sorting of chromosomes during cell division.)
smooth ER; rough ER
The ER has two distinct regions that differ in structure and function. Lipids are synthesized within the _____ , and proteins are synthesized within the ______ .
c
The endomembrane system does all of the following except __________. a)export molecules b)store molecules c)act as the control center of the cell d)synthesize molecules e)divide the cell into compartments
the conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in food molecules
What does photosynthesis accomplish?
a process that converts the chemical energy of sugars and other food molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP
What is cellular respiration?
c
What is the advantage of the extensive infolding of the inner membrane of mitochondria? a)to filter toxins b)to increase the surface area for DNA replication c)to increase the surface area to maximize ATP production d)to absorb more water e)to increase the surface area for photosynthesis
protein synthesis
What is the function of ribosomes?
e
What is the most likely pathway to be taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? a)ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane b)Nucleus → Golgi → ER c)ER → Golgi → nucleus d)Golgi → ER → lysosome e)ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Chromosomes are made of chromatin, which is a combination of DNA and proteins.
What is the relationship between chromosomes, chromatin, and DNA?
The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the ER through vesicles, processes the proteins, and then dispatches them in vesicles.
What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the ER in a protein-secreting cell?
A molecule of mRNA carries the genetic message from a gene (DNA) to ribosomes that translate it into protein.
What is the role of mRNA in making a protein?
b
What is the structural difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and smooth ER? a)Smooth ER has a lipid membrane, but rough ER does not. b)Rough ER has ribosomes, but smooth ER does not. c)Smooth ER is found within the nucleus, and rough ER is in the cytoplasm. d)Smooth ER has DNA, but rough ER does not. e)Rough ER is found within the nucleus, and smooth ER is in the cytoplasm.
ribosomes attached to the membrane
What makes rough ER rough?
Cellulose
What polysaccharide is the primary component of plant cell walls?
d
What structure is unique to animal cells? a)Cell membrane b)Chloroplast c)Mitochondria d)Extracellular matrix
e
What types of eukaryotic cells are flagellated? a)Viruses b)Nuclei c)Eggs d)Motile bacteria e)Sperm
c
Which of the following eukaryotic organelles is specific to plant cells? a)Cell wall b)Endoplasmic reticulum c)Chloroplast d)Lysosomes e)Mitochondria (cell wall is not considered to be an organelle)
a
Which of the following eukaryotic organelles is specific to plant cells? a)Chloroplast b)Lysosomes c)Endoplasmic reticulum d)Mitochondria e)Cell wall
c
Which of the following is a false statement about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? a)Prokaryotic cells evolved prior to eukaryotic cells. b)Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles. c)The cytoplasm is similar in size and function in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. d)Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA while eukaryotic cells have linear chromosomes.
a
Which of the following is a site for lipid synthesis? a)Smooth endoplasmic reticulum b)Rough endoplasmic reticulum c)Nucleus d)Plasma membrane e)Lysosomes
d
Which of the following is a true statement about cilia and flagella? a)Protists will only have flagellated cells. b)Most plants have ciliated and flagellated cells. c)Many animals have ciliated and flagellated cells. d)Bacteria can have flagella but not cilia.
a
Which of the following is characteristic of all prokaryotes? a)Lack of a membrane-bound nucleus b)True nucleus c)Multicellular d)Membrane-bound organelles e)Golgi apparatus
b
Which of the following is common to both plant and animal cells? a)Central vacuole b)Mitochondria c)Chlorophyll d)Plasmodesmata e)Cell wall
b
Which of the following is found in bacteria, plant, and animal cells? a)Chlorophyll b)Cell membrane c)Cell wall d)None of the listed responses is correct.
e
Which of the following is not a eukaryote? a)Tree b)Fungus c)Bird d)Dog e)Bacterium
e
Which of the following is the building site for cellular proteins? a)Smooth endoplasmic reticulum b)Mitochondria c)DNA d)Nucleolus e)Ribosome
b
Which of the following lists the structures involved in protein synthesis and release in the correct order? a)Ribosome, mRNA, and nucleus b)Nucleus, mRNA, and ribosome c)mRNA, ribosome, and nucleus d)Nucleus, ribosome, and mRNA e)mRNA, nucleus, and ribosome
b
Which of the following organelles would be especially abundant in the pancreatic cells that produce digestive enzymes that function in the small intestine? a)smooth endoplasmic reticulum b)rough endoplasmic reticulum c)mitochondria d)microtubules e)lysosomes (The ribosomes of rough ER are the sites of most protein synthesis in the cell.)
b
Which of the following would be found in a eukaryotic animal cell? a)capsule b)mitochondrion c)cell wall d)bacterial ribosome e)nucleoid region
d
Which one of the following is the most likely consequence of a cell lacking functional lysosomes? a)The cell dies because its ATP-synthesizing mechanisms are missing. b)The cell dies from a lack of enzymes to mediate metabolic reactions. c)The cell is unable to grow to a mature size and always remains small. d)The cell becomes crowded with undigested wastes. e)The cell is unable to reproduce. (A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of enzymes that the cell uses to digest macromolecules, in some cases recycling the cell's own organic material.)
b
Which one of the following lists the steps involved in the production of new proteins in the appropriate order and correctly describes each step? a)DNA reads information from mRNA ... mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm ... ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins b)information in DNA is transferred to mRNA ... mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm ... ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins c)mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm ... information in DNA is transferred to mRNA ... ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins d)information in DNA is transferred to mRNA ... mRNA travels from cytoplasm to nucleus ... ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins e)ribosomes translate proteins into mRNA ... mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm ... information in DNA is transferred to mRNA
b
Which one of the following organelles is not surrounded by a membrane? a)chloroplast b)ribosomes c)nucleus d)lysosomes e)mitochondrion (Ribosomes are organelles that may be free-floating in the cytosol or attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum. They are not surrounded by a membrane.)
b
Which organelle is the recycling center of the cell? a)Nucleus b)Lysosome c)Smooth endoplasmic reticulum d)Mitochondrion e)Golgi body
c
Which organelle(s) provide(s) the energy you use to read this sentence? a)Nucleus b)Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) c)Mitochondria d)Central vacuole e)Microtubule
because many bacterial cells have walls, but no human cells do
Why do cell walls make good targets for antibiotic drugs?
The bilayer structure shields the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids from water while exposing the hydrophilic heads to water.
Why do phospholipids spontaneously form into a bilayer when placed in water?
a
Why does the phospholipid bilayer form the way it does? a)Because the phospholid heads are hydrophilic and the tails are composed of lipids which are hydrophobic b)Because the phospholipid heads are composed of lipids and are hydrophobic while the tails are hydrophilic c)Because the phospholipid tails are composed of lipids and are hydrophilic while the heads are hydrophobic d)Because the phospholipid tails are hydrophobic while the heads are hydrophilic and composed of lipids
e
Why should we expect any antibiotic to become less effective over time? a)Antibiotics negatively affect cells of the body and reduce our ability to fight infection. b)Bacteria learn to move away from antibiotics. c)Antibiotics are carried from bacterium to bacterium, so the lower the density of bacteria the less effective are the antibiotics. d)Standards for the production of drugs have become less stringent. e)Natural selection leads to initially rare antibiotic-resistant bacteria becoming abundant.(The frequent and widespread use of antibiotics leads to the evolution of antibiotic resistance.)
b
You look into a microscope and view an unknown cell. What might you see that would tell you whether the cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? a)a rigid cell wall b)a nucleus c)a plasma membrane d)ribosomes
b
You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to __________. a)make a lot of ATP b)secrete a lot of material c)perform photosynthesis d)store large quantities of food e)move actively (The Golgi apparatus intercepts ER vesicles, modifies the contents for export, and repackages the material in a Golgi vesicle that can fuse with the plasma membrane.)
d
______ and _______ can reproduce themselves. They have their own DNA that evolved from________ . a)Ribosomes; mitochondria; prokaryotes b)The Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; prokaryotes c)Chloroplasts; mitochondria; eukaryotes d)Chloroplasts; mitochondria; prokaryotes
Pathways that transform energy and matter: The energy in sunlight is transformed into the chemical energy of sugar molecules.
Sunlight can be used to drive the photosynthesis of sugars.
c
A certain cell has a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region. Based on this information, it could be __________. a)a yeast (fungus) cell b)a grasshopper cell c)a bacterium d)an amoeba e)a cell from a pine tree (A nucleoid region is indicative of a prokaryote such as a bacterium.)
e
A plant cell was grown in a test tube containing radioactive nucleotides, the parts from which DNA is built. Later examination of the cell showed the radioactivity to be concentrated in the __________. a)lysosomes b)smooth endoplasmic reticulum c)central vacuole d)rough endoplasmic reticulum e)nucleus
b
A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein used to build a cell's plasma membrane. The final protein in the plasma membrane was slightly different from the protein made by the ER. The protein was probably altered in the __________. a)mitochondrion b)Golgi apparatus c)smooth endoplasmic reticulum d)chloroplast e)nucleus
If the lysosomes lack an enzyme needed to break down the compound, the cell will accumulate an excess of that compound.
How can defective lysosomes result in excess accumulation of a particular chemical compound in a cell?
b
How do flagella and cilia differ? a)Flagella are possessed only by eukaryotic cells, and cilia are possessed only by prokaryotic cells. b)Cilia are typically more numerous and move in a coordinated fashion. c)Only flagella contain microtubules. d)Flagella are possessed only by sperm cells. e)Flagella function in movement, but cilia only function to increase the surface area of the cell. (Both flagella and cilia aid in movement, but cilia do so in a coordinated back-and-forth motion.)
a
How is it possible that antibiotics can target bacterial cells in your body without harming your own cells? a)Antibiotics target aspects of bacterial cells that human cells lack. b)Antibiotics only target bacterial DNA. c)The human immune system destroys antibiotics before they can harm any human cells. d)The kidneys filter out antibiotics before they can harm any human cells. e)Human cells are able to "fight off" antibiotics. (Antibiotics target structures such as the cell wall, which human cells lack, and bacterial ribosomes, which are different from human cellular ribosomes.)
There is no membrane enclosing the prokaryotic nucleoid region.
How is the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell different from the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
endomembrane system
Identify which of the following structures includes all the others in the list: rough ER, smooth ER, endomembrane system, the Golgi apparatus.
b
If a house is an analogy for a cell, what part of a house corresponds to the cytoskeleton? a)Solar panels b)Walls c)Garbage d)Hallways
e
If phospholipids are dropped into water,_______ . a)structures form with the hydrophobic tails pointing outward and the hydrophilic heads pointing inward b)they immediately form cell membranes c)they dissolve d)they disperse as tiny droplets e)bilipid structures form with the hydrophilic heads pointing outward and the hydrophobic tails pointing inward
a3, b1, c5, d2, e4
Match the following organelles with their functions: a)ribosomes b)microtubules c)mitochondria d)chloroplasts e)lysosomes 1)movement 2)photosynthesis 3)protein synthesis 4)digestion 5)cellular respiration
d
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in that they both __________; they are different in that chloroplasts, but not mitochondria, __________. a)deal with energy transformations ... are found only in eukaryotes b)have an internal arrangement of microtubules ... also have centrioles c)have many internal membranes that increase their internal surface area ... are found in plants d)have an inner membrane and outer membrane ... carry out photosynthesis e)have a double membrane ... contain DNA
b
Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are __________ a)reproducing b)metabolically active c)metabolically inactive d)dead e)undergoing cell division
a
Plant cells do not have which of the following? a)None of the listed responses is correct. b)Mitochondria c)Vacuoles d)Chloroplasts
c
Ribosomes "dock" with rough endoplasmic reticulum to produce______ . a)carbohydrates for cell metabolism and lipids that will maintain the cell membrane's lipid bilayer b)proteins that will remain in the cell's cytoplasm c)proteins that will be exported from the cell d)proteins that will be used within the cell's nucleus
Interactions within biological systems: Only by acting together can organelles such as the nucleus, ER, and ribosomes express a genetic message.
Several different organelles work together to carry out instructions in DNA.
a
Some poisons, such as cyanide and arsenic, bind to molecules involved in the synthesis of ATP. Following application of these poisons to a cell, most of them would be found in the __________. a)mitochondria b)nucleus c)ER d)central vacuole e)Golgi
c
The fluid-mosaic model is ultimately the best depiction of the cell membrane because ________. a)it shows the membrane as having a hydrophilic layer on the outside and a hydrophobic layer on the inside b)it shows the membrane as a sandwich, with lipid on the outside and protein in the middle c)it shows that the phospholipids and proteins within the layers are able to move d)it proposes that a layer of proteins coats the outside of the membrane e)it shows the membrane as being made of mostly carbohydrates, with few lipids and proteins
Information flow: The precise DNA nucleotide sequence of a gene contains the information necessary to build a protein.
The genetic message contained in DNA is used to build proteins.
