ch5 mastering biology

-Activity: Active Transport -Part A Which of these statements is TRUE with regard to this animation?

Sodium and potassium ions are transported against their concentration gradients.

Part A: In this reaction _____. a) entropy has decreased b) the products have been rearranged to form reactants c) the products have less potential energy than the reactants d) CD is a producte) AC is a reactant

c) the products have less potential energy than the reactants

Part E Part complete The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of

endocytosis. -In endocytosis, the plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell.

Part B Part complete A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of

facilitated diffusion.

Part D In cellular respiration, most energy is released and transferred to ATP when _____.

high-energy electrons "fall" to lower energy levels

Part BThis cell is in a(n) _____ solution.

hypertonic -There is a greater concentration of solute outside the cell.

Part D You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because it _____.

hypertonic solution ... lost water -A cell will lose water when placed in a hypertonic solution.

Part C You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because the cell _____.

hypotonic ... swelled -A cell will gain water when placed in a hypotonic solution.

Basic Energy Concepts Part A Energy is conserved. This means that in any system, _____.

total energy input equals total energy output

Part B The reporter is participating in a study within a room that is heated. Why is he also on a treadmill?

Exercising causes a faster increase in his core temperature.

Why does the reporter have a tube up his nose?

To accurately measure core temperature.

The following reactionA --> B + C + heatis a(n) _____ reaction.a)exergonicb) dehydration synthesisc) endergonicd) exchangee) anabolic

a) exergonic; energy has been released

n enzyme _____.- is an organic catalyst- is a inorganic catalyst- can bind to nearly any molecule- is a source of energy for endergonic reactions- increases the activation energy of a reaction

is an organic catalyst

When molecules move down their concentration gradient, they move from where they are -----------------to where they are ------------------ Diffusion across a biological membrane is called---------------

more concentrated ,less concentrated., passive transport.

Part C A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.

phagocytosis -Phagocytosis occurs when a cell engulfs a large particle

Most enzymes are _____.- carbohydrates- lipids- nucleic acids- proteins- minerals

proteins

Kinetic energy is energy in motion. Potential energy is _____ energy.

stored

What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?- substrate- products- reactors- active sites

substrate

Part C Which of the following is highest in chemical energy?

one molecule of glucose

Part B You can recognize the process of pinocytosis when ____

the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid -Pinocytosis is "cell drinking."

Part C Water crosses the plasma membrane

through facilitated diffusion or diffusion. -Water can cross the plasma membrane through the process of facilitated diffusion. However, water molecules can also cross the lipid bilayer directly.

Part B How are combustion and cellular respiration different?

Cellular respiration breaks down sugar, and combustion breaks down octane.

Why does an enzyme cease to function when it has become denatured?

Denaturation changed the three-dimensional shape of the active site of the enzyme, preventing it from binding to the substrate.

Facilitated Diffusion -Part A Part complete Facilitated diffusion is a type of _____.

-passive transport -During facilitated diffusion, the cell is not expending energy to move the particles across the membrane; therefore, facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport.

Certain molecules use diffusion to cross the plasma membrane. To review the process of diffusion, watch this BioFlix animation:Diffusion.

a-a. side with higher concentration of molecules b. plasma membrane c. side with lower concentration of molecules d. diffusion causes a net movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

Some large molecules move into or out of cells by exocytosis or endocytosis.Drag the correct label under each diagram.

a. exocytosisb. endocytosis

Part D Part complete If you ate one cheeseburger and wish to burn off all the calories, which of the listed activities would accomplish that the fastest?

jumping rope

membrane transport -Part A In active transport,

molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient. -Molecules move against their concentration gradient in active transport.

Connecting the Concepts: Energy -Can you complete this concept map that reviews the basic concepts of energy? Part A Part complete Drag the terms to the appropriate locations on the concept map.

A. Kinetic B. Potential C. Motion D. Chemical Energy E. Entropy F. Heat g.first law of thermodynamics h-second law of thermodynamics

Imagine you eat an extra serving of fries every day for a week but don't increase your activity level. Knowing that an extra 3,500 Calories results in a weight gain of one pound, how would this additional food affect your weight?

Each serving of fries contains 500 Calories. Consuming an extra serving for 7 days = 500 ×× 7 = 3,500 Calories = 1 extra pound.

Which statement is true about enzymes in the human body?

Enzymes in the human body usually work best at normal body temperature.

Part C Part complete What is the function of ATP?

It provides energy for cellular work. -The potential energy in ATP can be used in a variety of ways, such as powering movement, synthesis of molecules, and transport of materials.

Visualizing the Data: Consuming and Burning Calories -Calories are a standard unit of energy. They describe both how much energy is contained in food, and how much energy is burned by bodily activities. Explore the interactive figure to compare different foods and different activities to see how many calories each contains or burns. Then answer the questions. -Part A Of the listed foods, which one has the fewest calories?

Of the foods listed in this figure, an orange contains the fewest calories.

Membrane Transport -- Facilitated Diffusion -Part A - Facilitated diffusion Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram.

a. plasma membraneb. side with higher b-concentration of molecules c. side with lower concentration of molecules d. facilitated diffusion causes a net movement of molecules down their concentration gradient e. transport protein

Part D Part complete The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of

active transport. -The sodium-potassium pump moves ions across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradients. This requires energy and is an example of active transport.

Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings?a) ATP --> ADP + Pb) hydrolysisc) exergonicd) endergonice) catabolic

d) endergonic; The products of endergonic reactions have more potential energy than the reactants.

Select the INCORRECT association.a) exergonic ... spontaneousb) potential energy ... positional energyc) kinetic energy ... motiond) exergonic ... uphille) enzyme ... protein

d) exergonic...uphill; exergonic reactions release energy.

A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously.a) chemicalb) endergonicc) anabolicd) exergonice) kinetic

d) exergonic; In exergonic reactions the products have less potential energy than the reactants.

What is energy coupling?a) the use of an enzyme to reduce EAb) a barrier to the initiation of a reactionc) a description of the energetic relationship between the reactants and products in an exergonic reactiond) the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pe) the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

e) the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Activity: Exocytosis and Endocytosis Part A Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.

into ... membranous vesicles -The prefix "endo-" means "inward."

As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____.- loses energy- loses a phosphate group- permanently alters its shape.- is unchanged- is used up

is unchangedEnzymes are not changed as a result of their participation in a reaction.

Activity: Osmosis and Water Balance in CellsPart AWhat name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?

osmosis -Osmosis is the passive transport of water.

Structure A in the figure is a(n) _____.

transport protein -The protein is allowing solute molecules to enter the cell.

In this reaction _____. In this reaction _____. *disorder has decreased *the chemical energy of the products is greater than that of the reactants *entropy has decreased *the kinetic energy of the reactants is less than that of the products *heat has been released to the environment

*heat has been released to the environment

What is the correct label for "A"? substrate energy ATP energy of activation enzyme energy uphill

- The energy of activation must be overcome in order for a reaction to proceed.

Part E Part complete Which of the following foods is correctly matched with an activity that would burn all the calories it contains? Select all that apply.

1 cheeseburger and 66 minutes of playing baseball 3 slices of pepperoni pizza and 75 minutes of running 1 slice of pepperoni pizza and 75 minutes of running2 oranges and 16 minutes of walking

Water Balance in Cells 8 of 13 Review Can you match these three tonicity terms with their descriptions? Part A Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks to complete the sentences. Terms can be used more than once. ---1. The ideal osmotic environment for an animal cell is a(n) ----------environment. 2. An animal cell placed in a(n)-----------solution will gain water, swell, and possibly burst. 3. There is a net diffusion of water out of an animal cell when it is placed in a(n)------------ solution. 4. The ideal osmotic environment for a plant cell is a(n)------------- environment. 5. A plant cell placed in a(n) --------------solution will lose water and plasmolyze. 6. A plant cell surrounded by a(n)----------------- solution will be flaccid (limp).

1-isotonic 2-hypotonic 3- hypertonic 4- hypotonic 5-hypertonic 6- isotonic

1.Because all cells have a plasma membrane, it is logical to infer that membranes first developed in the earliest forms of life on Earth 2.The region of an enzyme called the active site has the shape and chemistry that fits one specific substrate molecule. 3. there is more oxygen gas in the air of our lungs than in the blood. Therefore, oxygen moves by passive transport from the air into the bloodstream. 4.ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring phosphate groups to those molecules.

1.Evolution 2Relationship of structure to function 3.Interactions within biological systems 4.Pathways that transform energy and matter

This graph illustrates a(n) _____ reaction.1) exergonic2) spontaneous3) catabolic4) hydrolysis5) endergonic

5) endergonic; The products contain more potential energy than the reactants.

Part B Part complete If you ate two slices of pepperoni pizza and wish to burn off all the calories, how long would you have to ride your bike to achieve that?

56 minutes

Use the graph and your knowledge of enzymes to identify the three true statements about enzymes.

By binding to reactant molecules, enzymes make it easier for the bonds in the molecules to break apart.Enzymes lower the overall energy input needed for a reaction to occur.Reactants cannot convert to products without an initial input of energy to start the reaction.

ust as heat can denature enzymes, so can a change in the pH. Enzymes that normally work in an acidic environment in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too alkaline. Enzymes that normally work in alkaline environments in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too acidic. Taking an antacid to reduce the acidity (and increase the pH) of the stomach and to relieve heartburn can make a person more comfortable. What would be the major drawback to taking too many antacids?

Taking too many antacids could denature the enzyme that break down food in the stomach.

part C Structure B is a _____

The transport protein facilitates the movement of solute across the plasma membrane..

Energy Transformations in a Car and in a Cell Part A -The figure shows how cellular respiration is similar to combustion in a car. Can you identify the inputs, outputs, and processes? -Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the figure. Blue labels represent processes, and pink labels represent inputs and outputs. Pink labels may be used more than once.

a pxygen b glucose c oxygen d heat energy e compustion f heat energy g cellular restpration h atp i carbon dioxide j water k carbon dioxide l water

Membrane Transport -- Active Transport 10 of 13 Review Certain molecules cross the plasma membrane through the process of active transport. Active transport requires an input of energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient. To review the process of active transport, watch this BioFlix animation: Active transport. Part A - Active transport Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram.

a) Side with a lower concentration of square molecules b) Transport protein c) Energy input from the cell d) Plasma Membrane e) Side with a higher concentration of square molecules

Membrane Transport -- Vocabulary Review -Can you match the processes involved in membrane transport to their descriptions? Part A - Vocabulary review Drag the labels onto the chart to match each process with its description. a-A vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell. b-A form of passive transport. Molecules move across the plasma membrane using a transport protein. c-The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell d-A form of passive transport. Molecules move across the plasma membrane by crossing the lipid bilayer. e-Requires energy from the cell. Molecules move against their concentration gradient.

a-exocytosis b-facilitated diffusion c-endocytosis d-diffusion e-active transport

What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP?a) It is acquired by a reactant in an exergonic reaction.b) It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.c) It is used to convert an ATP into an AQP.d) It is broken down into one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms.e) It is acquired by a reactant in a spontaneous reaction.

b) It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.; By acquiring the phosphate group the reactant acquires energy.

The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction.a) chemicalb) endergonicc) spontaneousd) hydrolysise) exergonic

b) endergonic; Energy has been acquired from the surroundings

In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction?a) glucoseb) as spontaneous reactions, endergonic reactions do not need an addition of energyc) ATPd) ADPe) sugar

c) ATP (adenosine triphosphate); The hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy needed for an endergonic reaction.

Interpreting Data: Enzymes and Chemical Reactions Which curve shows the course of the reaction in the presence of an enzyme--the black curve or the red curve? Which line represents the activation energy for that reaction--a, b, or c?

red curve; line b

Enzymes work by _____.- reducing activation energy- adding energy to a reaction- adding a phosphate group to a reactant- increasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product- decreasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product

reducing activation energyEnzymes work by reducing the energy of activation.

Part B Part complete Structure A is a

solute -A solute is crossing the plasma membrane.

Having a low-grade fever of 100° to 102°(F) is a common side effect of a bacterial infection. Which of the following statements provides the most reasonable explanation for why this could be beneficial?

An increase in body temperature could denature enzymes in heat-sensitive bacteria without denaturing the enzymes of the person with the infection.

Which of the following is generally true within the human body?

When a person is warm, blood flow near the skin and in the extremities increases.

Which of these is hydrophobic like the interior of the plasma membrane?

a-Lipid soluble molecules are hydrophobic.

The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction.a) glucose + glucose --> maltoseb) exergonicc) synthesisd) ADP + P --> ATPe) anabolic

b) exergonic; The energy released by an exergonic reaction can be used to drive an endergonic reaction.