Ch.7 Developmental Psychology 2410

In the Smarties false-belief task the experimenter shows kids a box of candy called Smarties and asks children what is inside. All children will answer, "Smarties." Next, she will show them that the box actually contains pencils. Finally, she will ask them what a friend who has not seen the contents of the box would say was inside. Three-year-olds will answer _____, and 5-year-olds will answer _____. "pencils"; "pencils" "Smarties"; "pencils" "Smarties"; "Smarties" "pencils"; "Smarties"

"pencils"; "Smarties"

Understanding that people's desires guide their actions develops at approximately _____ months of age. 6 3 18 12

12

Eli is just beginning to engage in pretend play. MOST likely, Eli is which age? 1 year 2 years 18 months 6 months

18 months

Research has found that children as young as _____ months of age are able to form categories. 6 9 3 18

3

A developing understanding that even astonishing events must have causes allows _____ but not _____ to become fascinated by magic tricks. 5-year-olds; 3- to 4-year-olds adults; children 3- to 4-year-olds; 1-year-olds adolescents; middle-schoolers

5-year-olds; 3- to 4-year-olds

Research shows that, on average, infants begin perceiving casual connections among some physical events by _____ months. 18 15 6 12

6

At what age have infants been shown to have a sense of numerical equality that allows them to distinguish between sets with a 2-to-1 ratio? 6 months 3 months 9 months 12 months

6 months

Which statement is NOT true regarding Krascum and Andrews (1998) "wugs" and "gillies" study? The preschoolers who were provided only physical descriptions of the imaginary creatures did not do well at classifying the pictures into appropriate categories. Cause-effect reasoning helped children learn and remember new categories. The preschoolers who were provided with a simple causal story in addition to physical descriptions of the imaginary creatures did well at classifying the pictures into appropriate categories, even when tested the next day. A simple list of physical descriptions was enough to help children learn and remember new categories when tested the next day.

A simple list of physical descriptions was enough to help children learn and remember new categories when tested the next day.

Which statement is NOT true regarding children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)? Children with ASD show less concern when other people appear distressed. Children with ASD have difficulty solving false-belief problems. Those with serious forms of ASD engage in solitary, repetitive behaviors such as continually rocking back and forth. Children with ASD typically have language skills equivalent to their typically developing peers.

Children with ASD typically have language skills equivalent to their typically developing peers.

Which characteristic is NOT typical of children who have imaginary friends? Children with imaginary friends are depressed. Children with imaginary friends watch relatively little TV. Children with imaginary friends are typically firstborn children. Children with imaginary friends have an advanced theory of mind.

Children with imaginary friends are depressed.

Which statement does NOT support a nativist view on how children acquire biological knowledge? Around the world, children organize information about biological processes in similar ways. During early evolutionary history, it was crucial to learn about plants and animals at a young age. Children throughout the world are fascinated by plants and animals. Children's biological views reflect the understandings of their culture.

Children's biological views reflect the understandings of their culture.

Which statement does NOT describe one of the three main arguments nativists use to support the idea that people are born with a "biology" module? Children throughout the world are fascinated by plants and animals and learn about them quickly and easily. Children throughout the world organize information about plants and animals in very similar ways. During earlier periods of our evolution, it was crucial for human survival that children quickly learn about animals and plants. Children's understanding of biology comes from personal observations, teachers, and the general culture.

Children's understanding of biology comes from personal observations, teachers, and the general culture.

Which reason is one that 4- and 5-year-olds in China can count higher than can their U.S. peers? Chinese words for numbers in the teens follow a consistent, easily learned pattern. Chinese children have higher IQs than do U.S. children. Chinese children are better at counting than are their U.S. peers at age 3 and just continue to be better as they get older. Chinese children learn to count at age 2, whereas U.S. children don't learn to count until age 4.

Chinese words for numbers in the teens follow a consistent, easily learned pattern.

Which statement does NOT support the idea that infants possess a naïve psychology? Infants enjoy watching people move. Infants form emotional bonds. Infants prefer to look at people's faces rather than at other objects. Infants try to imitate inanimate objects.

Infants try to imitate inanimate objects

_____ think that children are born with a causal module or core theory that allows them to extract causal relations from the events they observe. _____ think that infants' causal understanding arises from their observations of innumerable events in the environment. Psychologists; Medical doctors Adolescents; Adults Nativists; Empiricists Empiricists; Nativists

Nativists; Empiricists

In Chen and Siegler's (2000) study on toddlers' causal reasoning and problem solving, which statement does NOT describe a reason older toddlers succeeded more often than did younger toddlers in obtaining an out-of-reach toy? Older toddlers have a more advanced theory of mind. Older toddlers more often generalized what they learned on the first problem to new problems. Older toddlers were better at choosing the optimal tool. Older toddlers were more likely to use a tool to reach the toy than to try to reach with their own hands or get their mother's help.

Older toddlers have a more advanced theory of mind.

Which statement demonstrates the theory that the degree to which people develop spatial skills is strongly influenced by the importance of such skills in their culture? Rural children and urban children tend to develop spatial skills at the same rate. At 22 months, but not 16 months, the presence of a landmark improves children's ability to locate an object that is not hidden adjacent to the landmark. Seminomadic aboriginal children growing up in the Australian desert were superior to their city-dwelling peers in memory for spatial location. Three-month-olds can use sounds emitted by nearby objects to identify the objects' spatial locations.

Seminomadic aboriginal children growing up in the Australian desert were superior to their city-dwelling peers in memory for spatial location.

Which statement regarding false-belief problems is TRUE? Children with autism spectrum disorders are exceptionally gifted at passing false-belief tests. Children do not reliably pass false-belief tests until they are 8- to 9-years-old. Most 2-year-olds can pass false-belief problems such as the Smarties task. Studying children's responses to false-belief problems demonstrates whether they understand that other people's actions are determined by the contents of their own minds rather than by the objective truth of a situation.

Studying children's responses to false-belief problems demonstrates whether they understand that other people's actions are determined by the contents of their own minds rather than by the objective truth of a situation.

Which example illustrates a category hierarchy that moves from the superordinate to the basic to the subordinate level? author, books, Stephen King Britney Spears, famous people, singers animal, dog, husky flower, red, rose

animal,dog,husky

Nine-month-old Janie has started to crawl, but 8-month-old Sally has not. We would expect Janie to remember locations of objects _____ on an object permanence task. better than does Sally the same as does Sally worse than does Sally the same as do 1-month-olds

better than does sally

A child's taking apart a toy to see how it works is best seen as an investigation of: locomotion. causality. space. temporal order.

causality

People who were born blind but whose vision was corrected at about 4 months of age, on average: never developed the ability to represent faces, as indicated on facial recognition tests they took 9 to 21 years later. never developed the ability to complete puzzles when tested 9 to 21 years later. could not use visual information to represent faces as well as did typically developing peers when tested 9 to 21 years later. used their subsequent visual experience to represent faces as well as did typically developing peers when tested 9 to 21 years later.

could not use visual information to represent faces as well as did typically developing peers when tested 9 to 21 years later.

Piaget believed that infants could only form _____, which is the coding of spatial locations relative to one's own body. self-locomotion egocentric spatial representations false beliefs abstract concepts of space

egocentric spatial representation

The belief that nature endows infants with only general learning mechanisms, such as the ability to perceive, associate, generalize, and remember, is a basic component of the perspective held by: empiricists. nativists. nurturists. perceptual developmentalists.

empiricists

What is a likely influence on the increased understanding of future time that is seen between the ages of 5 and 6 years old? experience seeing magic tricks theory of mind experience in the kindergarten classroom self-locomotion

experience in the kindergarten classroom

Preschoolers realize that growth, like inheritance, is a product of: theory of mind. internal processes. category hierarchies. nurture.

internal processes

Infants younger than 18 months rely heavily on the presence of _____ to categorize objects as animals and they rely heavily on the presence of _____ to categorize objects as vehicles. legs; wheels fur; headlights fur; wheels legs; headlights

legs;wheels

In front of Jane, there are three balls, three teddy bears, three pencils, and three apples. Jane studies the groups and realizes that each one shares the property of "threeness." She is demonstrating what concept? number recognition numerical equality cognitive arithmetic relationship numerical conservation

numerical equality

Recent research on the relations among understanding of space, time, and number indicates that infants possess: both a general concept of magnitude and specific concepts of time, space, and number. only specific concepts of time, space, and number but not a general concept of magnitude. neither a general concept of magnitude nor specific concepts of time, space, and number. only a general concept of magnitude but not specific concepts of time, space, and number.

only a general concept of magnitude but not specific concepts of time, space, and number.

What developmental skill will help infants learn about the spatial layout of the house in which they live? joint attention language self-locomotion personification

self-locomotion

Tommy, age 4 months, is habituated to seeing three objects falling in a constant sequence. Later, he is surprised by and looks longer at the objects falling in a different order. This example demonstrates that Tommy has knowledge of: theory of mind. numerical equality. temporal order. spatial skills.

temporal order

Which factor has NOT been shown to support spatial development? walking theory of mind crawling completing puzzles

theory of mind

Which example BEST illustrates a superordinate level concept? Levi's screwdrivers tools golf balls

tools

In one study, 6- to 10-month-olds were repeatedly shown a video in which a moving object repeatedly collided with a stationary object and the stationary object moved in the way one would expect. Next, infants were shown a clip in which the stationary object moved before being struck, and infants looked at this event for a longer time than they had at preceding clips. This occurrence indicates that infants: have a naïve psychology. understand that inanimate objects do not move on their own. do not understand that inanimate objects do not move on their own. understand magic tricks.

understand that inanimate objects do not move on their own.