Ch.9 Personality

13. Review the key components of psychoanalytic therapy. What is the goal of psychoanalytic therapy, and why? What techniques are used in psychoanalytic therapy?

- First aim of psychoanalysis is to identify unconscious thoughts and feelings. - Once a patient is aware of this material, the second aim is to enable the person to deal with it realistically and maturely. - Techniques • Free association: 1st thing to come to mind. • Dream analysis- manifest/ latent content (unconscious expresses itself in your dreams). • Projective techniques- person projects personality onto ambiguous stimuli.

12. Review Freud's five-stage theory of psychosexual development. Discuss the key challenges and conflicts that occur at each stage.

1. Oral stage- birth to eight months. Mouths, hungry. Babies put everything in mouths. 2. Anal stage- 18 months to 3 years. Likes to hold in poop. Anal retentive (if fixed, can turn compulsive) gets frustrated when things are out of place (OCD). 3. Phallic stage- 3-5 years old. Sexual satisfaction moves to genitals (boys realized they have a penis and girls don't) boys become sexually attracted to their mother, but believe they can get them because of their father, grow to resent their father crastration anxiety. Girls want a penis. Penis envy. 4. Latency stage- 6- puberty. Sexual urges die down. Boys are gross. 5. Genital stage- puberty to adult life. How do I develop healthy relationships?

9. Review the role of anxiety in psychoanalytic theory. Discuss the three types of anxiety identified by Freud.

Anxiety Anxiety is an unpleasant state that signals that things are not right and something must be done. • Types of anxiety • Objective anxiety occurs in response to real, external threat to a person • Neurotic anxiety occurs when there is a direct conflict between the id and the ego • Moral anxiety is caused by a conflict between the ego and the superego

7. Review Freud's contention that nothing happens by chance, or what has been referred to as the basic assumption of "psychic determinism."

Freud argued that nothing happens by accident a. There is a reason behind every act, thought, and feeling Everything we do, think, say, and feel is an expression of our mind whether conscious, preconscious, or unconscious

16. Review the key criticisms of psychoanalysis as a theory of human personality.

Freud did not believe in the value of experimentation or hypothesis testing in establishing the validity of psychoanalysis. Relied on case studies of a select group of wealthy women to generate his theory of human nature. Some personality psychologists take issue with Freud's negative view of human nature.

1. Discuss Freud's analogy that the human mind is like a "hydraulic" system operating by internal pressure.

Freud is stating that our psychic energy is what drives us. Energy comes from our instincts/ urges.

11. Discuss empirical work on repression. What can be concluded from this research, and how does this research inform Freud's original presentation of repression?

Freud originally used the term repression to refer to the process of preventing unacceptable thought, feelings or urges from reaching conscious awareness. Repression was the forerunner of all other forms of defense mechanisms.(defensive because a person avoids the anxiety that would arise if the unacceptable material were made conscious) Eventually Freud articulated several more kinds of defense mechanisms.

8. Discuss each of the three components of human personality, as presented by Freud: Id, ego, and superego. Include a review of the development and function of each of these parts of personality.

ID • Most primitive part of the mind • Source of all drives and urges • Operates according to the pleasure principle, which is the desire for immediate gratification • Functions according to primary process thinking, which is thinking without logical rules of conscious thought or an anchor in reality • Wish fulfillment: Something unavailable is conjured up, and the image of it is temporarily satisfying Ego • Constrains id to reality • Develops within the first two or three years of life • Operates according to the reality principle • Ego understands that urges of id are often in conflict with social and physical reality • Secondary process thinking: Development of strategies for solving problems and obtaining satisfaction Super-ego • Internalizes ideals, values, and morals of society • What some refer to as the "conscience" • Main tool of the superego in enforcing right and wrong is the emotion of guilt Like id, superego is not bound by reality.

2. Discuss Freud's conception of instinct and the role instincts play in human nature and human personality. Review the basic instincts of sex and aggression.

Instincts- Strong innate forces that provide all the energy in the psychic system. • In later formulations, Freud collapsed self-preservation and sexual instincts into one and named it life instinct (libido)

6. Distinguish between the unconscious and the motivated unconscious.

Motivated unconscious- the psychoanalytic idea that info that is unconscious can actually motivate or influence subsequent behavior. Unconscious- the actual part of the mind about which the influence it has on behavior is automatic.

10. Discuss the role of defense mechanisms. According to psychoanalytic theory, what are they designed to do? How do they operate? Become familiar with the following defense mechanisms: repression, denial, displacement, rationalization, reaction formation, projection, and sublimation.

Protects the ego and minimizes anxiety and stress. Repression- forgetting out of conscious awareness; repressing a memory. Denial- deny what happened, even though they know it happened. Displacement- expressing emotions onto something random because they can't express it on the real problem. Rationalization- justifying Reaction formation- acting in the opposite way that they feel.

14. Review the key components of the process of psychoanalytic therapy, including interpretation, resistance, transference, and repetition compulsion.

Psychoanalyst offers interpretations of psychodynamic causes of problems. Through many interpretations, the patient gains "insight"- an understanding of the unconscious source of problems. Patient resistance: getting close to the root of the problem, then sabotaging sessions/progress Patient transference: Patients transferring feeling the have about the conflict onto you Repetition compulsion: The idea that people recreate or repeat the interpersonal problems over and over with different people in their lives

15. Discuss the impact of psychoanalysis on psychology in general and, more specifically, its impact on personality and clinical psychology.

Theory is primarily of historical value and does not directly inform much current personality research Freud's theory of human nature emphasizes how the psyche is compartmentalized into conscious and unconscious portions Psychoanalysis aims to make a patients unconscious mind conscious The value of psychoanalysis is debated

5. Identify and discuss each of the three parts of the human mind, as presented by Freud. Include a review of the functions and operations of each of these three parts of the mind.

a. Conscious i. Contains thoughts, feelings, and images that one is presently aware of b. Preconscious i. Contains information one is not currently thinking about but can be easily retrieved and made conscious c. Unconscious i. Largest part of the human mind ii. Part of the mind that holds thoughts and memories that a person is unaware about iii. Includes unacceptable sexual and aggressive urges, thoughts, and feelings

3. Discuss how Freud's conceptualization of the basic instincts changed from a focus on sexual and aggressive instincts to the instincts of libido and thanatos.

a. Developed the idea of death instinct (thanatos) Although Freud initially believed life and death instincts oppose each other, he later argued that they could combine (e.g., in eating)

4. Discuss Freud's ideas about unconscious motivation and the key idea that we don't always know why we do what we do.

• Unconscious • Largest part of the human mind • Part of the mind that holds thoughts and memories that a person is unaware about • Includes unacceptable sexual and aggressive urges, thoughts, and feelings