Chap 1

Does a higher level of organization contain all the levels beneath it? Explain.

A higher level of organization does contain all of the levels beneath it. Each level of organization is a function of the arrangement of its subsequent subunits, which are in turn a function of the organization of their subunits.

Body Cavities and Membranes Spaces and structures within abdominopelvic cavity:

Abdominal cavity • Superior area • Contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters Pelvic cavity • Inferior area, between hip bones • Contains distal part of large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

Regulation

Ability to adjust internal bodily function to accommodate environment changes

Responsiveness

Ability to sense and react to stimuli

Organization

All organisms exhibit a complex structure and order

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.

Anatomy

Anatomy studies the form and structure of the body

Regional Anatomy Human body is partitioned into two main regions

Axial region (axis) •Head, neck, and trunk •Forms the main VERTICAL axis of the body Appendicular Region •Upper and lower limbs

___physiology examines how the heart, blood vessels, and blood function.

Cardiovascular

Organization from simplest to most complex:

Chemical Level- atoms and molecules. Cellular level: cells, basic unit of life. Tissue Level:similar cells performing common functions. Organ Level:multiple tissues working together Organ system level: related organs work together Organism Level: Organ systems function together.

Microscopic anatomy

Examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye

organ systems of the human body

Integumentary System. Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Urinary System Digestive System Male and Female Reproductive System

Body Cavities and Membranes 1

Internal organs are housed within enclosed spaces or cavities Body cavities are named according to surrounding structures Body cavities are grouped into a • Posterior aspect • Ventral cavity

Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy

Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye Specimens dissected for examination

Catabolism

Large molecules broken down into smaller ones

Ventral cavity

Larger than posterior cavity Anteriorly placed in the body Does not completely encase organs in bone Partitioned into a •Superior thoracic cavity • Inferior abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities and Membranes #6 Spaces and structures within thoracic cavity

Mediastinum-median space in the thoracic cavity • Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart Pericardium— two-layered serous membrane Parietal pericardium • Outer layer, which forms the sac around the heart Visceral pericardium • Forms the heart's external surface • Pericardial cavity Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

Sections and Planes 2

Midsagittal (median) plane •Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves Sagittal Plane • Parallel to midsagittal, but left or right of midsagittal; divides structure into unequal portions Oblique Plane • Passes through structure at an angle

Growth and development

Organisms assimilate materials from environment; grow and develop properties common to all organisms

Characteristics That Describe Living Things

Organizations, metabolism, Growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, reproduction,

Two layers of serous membranes

Parietal layer lines internal surface of body wall Visceral layer covers external surface of organs (viscera) • Serous cavity—space between membranes Serous fluid Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane • Acts as lubricant • Reduces friction caused by movement of organs against body wall

Body Cavities and Membranes

Peritoneum—two-layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity Parietal peritoneum • Outer layer, which lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity Visceral peritoneum • Inner layer, which covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs Peritoneal cavity • Potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

Body Cavities and Membranes #7

Pleura-two-layered serous membrane associated with lungs Parietal pleura • Outer layer lines internal surface of thoracic wall Visceral pleura • Inner layer covers external surface of lungs Pleural cavity • Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

What does it mean if an organism is "responsive," and how does this characteristic relate to the survival of this organism?

Responsiveness is the ability to sense and react to stimuli. The ability to make changes in response to the environment is crucial for survival

Sections and Planes (Slices of the body)

Section-Actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy Plane:Imaginary flat surface passing through body. 3 types of planes: Coronal(or frontal) plane •Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts Transverse( or cross-sectional) Plane • Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

Body Cavities and Membranes #5

Serous membranes arranged like fist in ballon fit represent body organ, ballon represent serous membrane

Body Cavities and Membranes 4

Significant difference between posterior aspect and ventral cavity—subdivisions of ventral cavity are lined with Serous Membranes.

How might knowledge of surface anatomy be important for a health-care worker during a CPR emergency?

So they know where to press when compressing the chest. Knowing the location of the heart is important.

Things examine underneath a microscope

Specimens examined under microscope. Cytology: is the study of body cells and their internal structure Histology is the the study of tissue

Cytology

Study of body cells and their internal structure

Which organ system is responsible for filtering the blood and removing the waste products of the blood in the form of urine?

The UNIARY system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra.

Explain how the studies of form and function are interrelated.

The form of something is its structure or anatomy. the function is WHAT IT DOES. A body part's function depends on its form.

Directional terms are used to describe relative positions presented in pairs.

anterior/posterior; dorsal/ventral; proximal/distal Superior/Inferior

Comparative anatomy

examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species

Cardiovascular physiology

examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood function

Physiology

examines how the body functions form and function are interrelated

Pathologic anatomy

examines macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease

Regional Anatomy

examines the structures in a body region

Respiratory physiology

explores functioning of respiratory organs

Surface anatomy

focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures

Pathophysiology

focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system

Reproductive physiology

investigates functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle

Radiographic anatomy

investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures

Scientific Method

refers to a systematic and rigorous process by which scientists• Examine natural events through observation • Develop a hypothesis for explaining a phenomenon • Experiment and test hypothesis by collecting data • Determine if the data support the hypothesis, or if the hypothesis should be rejected or modified

Anabolism

small molecules joined to form larger ones

Embryology

studies developmental changes from conception to birth

Neurophysiology

studies functioning of nerves and nervous system organs

systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each body system

Histology

study of tissues

Divisions of Gross/Macroscopic anatomy

systemic, regional, surface, comparative, embryology Anatomy

Metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body

Posterior aspect

• Completely encased in bone• Physically and developmentally distinct from ventral cavities. Subdivided into •Cranial cavity (endocranium) is formed by bones of the cranium Houses the brain Vertebral canal is formed by the bones of the vertebral column •Houses the spinal cord

Reproduction

• Produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair • With sex cells (gametes), can develop into new organisms

anatomical position

•Upright stance, •Feet Parallel and Flat on the floor, •Upper limbs at the side of the body •Palms face anteriorly (toward the front) •Head is level •Eyes look forward