Chap 16

Niagara Falls is the most famous set of falls in North America because they ________. A) are the tallest falls in the world B) flow "backwards" from what would be expected C) are the widest falls in the word D) pass an enormous volume of water over them E) date from almost the beginning of Earth history

D) pass an enormous volume of water over them

The greatest amount of material transported by a stream is carried in its ________. A) traction B) dissolved load C) saltation D) suspended load E) bed load

D) suspended load

Which of the following is NOT closely associated with the former position of a river channel? A) cutoff meanders B) oxbow lakes C) meander scars D) yazoo stream E) oxbow swamps

D) yazoo stream

Which of the following is NOT a component of stream load? A) dissolved load B) bedload C) sediments undergoing saltation D) suspended load E) alluvium

E) alluvium

The existence of a stream terrace is sure evidence of ________. A) rejuvenation B) volcanic activity C) knickpoint D) entrenched meanders E) delayed tributary junction

E) delayed tributary junction

As a stream-related measure, competence is expressed as a ________. A) velocity (meters per second) B) time (seconds) C) discharge (cubic meters per second) D) gradient (meters per kilometer) E) diameter (millimeters)

E) diameter (millimeters)

The idealized sequence of slope retreat, according to Davis, would result in ________. A) plate tectonics B) parallel retreat of slopes C) stream piracy D) parallel valleys E) diminishing slope angles

E) diminishing slope angles

The total volume of flow in streams is termed ________. A) overland flow B) turbulence C) the interfluve D) the delta coefficient E) discharge

E) discharge

In arid climates, most small streams are ________. A) without channels B) intermittent C) nonexistent D) perennial E) ephemeral

E) ephemeral

Running water is referred to as a(an) ________ process in terms of being a landform creator. A) aeolian B) localized C) insignificant D) weak E) fluvial

E) fluvial

Streams which flow for only a part of the year are ________. A) superimposed B) consequent C) antecedent D) dry E) intermittent

E) intermittent

________ develops along a streambed containing bedrock of differential resistance. A) scree B) fault C) distributary D) water gap E) knickpoint

E) knickpoint

The point of confluence of a tributary with a higher order stream is a(n) ________. A) knickpoint B) delta C) ultimate base level D) joint E) local base level

E) local base level

Death Valley is below sea level. Therefore, in Death Valley, base level is ________ ultimate base level. A) not related to B) unchanging with respect to C) equal to D) higher than E) lower than

E) lower than

Splash erosion does all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) moves eroded particles downhill B) is sometimes minimal because of vegetation C) moves eroded particles uphill D) blasts fine soil particles upward and outward E) occurring in channelized flow

E) occurring in channelized flow

Fluvial process includes both the stream flow within valleys as well as ________. A) underground solution B) groundwater C) rock glaciers D) hydrolysis E) overland flow

E) overland flow

In terms of erosion, a gulley is a larger example of a feature called a(n) ________. A) interfluve B) radial C) dendritic pattern D) alluvial fan E) rill

E) rill

A "birds foot" pattern is indicative of a ________. A) knickpoint B) downcutting stream C) peneplain D) captured stream E) river delta

E) river delta

Which of the following is NOT associated with streams over time? A) deposition of sediments B) erosion of sediments C) widening of valleys D) lengthening of valleys E) shortening of valleys

E) shortening of valleys

A(n) ________ stream has developed a channel along a zone of structural weakness. A) channelized B) superimposed C) consequent D) antecedent E) subsequent

E) subsequent

Over time, which of the following has happened to Niagara Falls? A) They have migrated several kilometers downstream. B) They have become rapids. C) They have migrated several kilometers upstream. D) They have drained away most of Lake Ontario's water. E) They have evolved into the world's most famous example of stream capture.

C) They have migrated several kilometers upstream.

Which of the following is a feature associated with a yazoo stream? A) a V-shaped valley B) lack of a floodplain C) a flow parallel to a large stream D) mountainous terrain E) an escarpment

C) a flow parallel to a large stream

The eventual result of ________ is to reduce almost all stream-carried debris to very small silt particles. A) sheet erosion B) rill erosion C) abrasion D) splash erosion E) precipitation

C) abrasion

A prime example of the application of equilibrium theory can be seen in any hilly area where ________. A) terraces are found on hillsides B) floodplains dominate the valley bottoms C) tectonic plate boundaries are close by D) peneplains exist E) tectonic uplift and fluvial erosion are simultaneous

E) tectonic uplift and fluvial erosion are simultaneous

The drainage pattern common in ridge and valley landscapes is ________. A) centripetal B) disorganized C) dendritic D) annular E) trellis

E) trellis

The portion of the terrain in which a drainage system is most clearly established is known as a(n) ________. A) interfluve B) valley side C) drainage divide D) valley bottom E) valley

E) valley

Deltas are built as sediments erode from near the mouth of a stream. True/False

False

Friction has little impact on the energy of water moving down a channel. True/False

False

In the "peneplain" stage of the geomorphic cycle, there are no hills on the landscape. True/False

False

It appears that the numbers of large dams will increase into the future. True/False

False

Most of a stream's transported material is classified as bedload. True/False

False

Oxbow lakes are an erosional feature characteristic of all stages of the geomorphic cycle. True/False

False

Perennial streams are closely identified with desert landscapes. True/False

False

Streams flowing into a structural basin form radial drainage patterns. True/False

False

The "signature" of an actively downcutting stream is a V-shaped valley. True/False

False

The Niger River in Africa has built the largest delta in the world. True/False

False

The amount of friction per cubic area in streamflow is maximized in wide, deep, smooth-bottomed rivers. True/False

False

The geographerWilliam M. Davis was the principal researcher who developed what we now know to be equilibrium theory. True/False

False

The lower course of a stream is dominated by landforms created by erosion. True/False

False

The use of hydropower seems to have impacts that are not "green." True/False

False

The world's largest streams are intermittent. True/False

False

Usually 4th order streams are more numerous than 1st order streams. True/False

False

Valley bluffs are remnants of previous knickpoints in a drainage basin. True/False

False

Generally, a relatively small amount of material is transported by saltation as compared to other means of stream transport. True/False

True

In a stream, water erodes more on the outside of bends than on the inside of bends. True/False

True

Knickpoints are irregularities in otherwise graded channel profiles. True/False

True

Many streams have drainage patterns unrelated to the underlying geologic structure. True/False

True

Over long amounts of time, without tectonic activity, all local base levels would be eliminated. True/False

True

Rejuvenation results from the uplift of a regional landscape and creates new slope angles to be weathered. True/False

True

Sea level is the base level, or lower limit, of stream downcutting. True/False

True

Streams carving large valleys do most of their erosional work during flood stage. True/False

True

The drainage basin of a principal river encompasses the smaller drainage basins of all its tributaries. True/False

True

The load carried by overland flow past a point is generally small in comparison to what a stream can transport past a point. True/False

True

The terms "drainage basin" and "watershed" are synonymous True/False

True

Turbulent flow in streams is a main means of dissipating energy into erosion True/False

True

Valleys lengthen at the expense of interfluves becoming smaller. True/False

True

Water is more important than wind in its role as a sculptor of terrain True/False

True

Water is the leading external shaper of landforms because of its ubiquity over the planet. True/False

True

Which of the following DOES NOT describe a stream's capacity? A) It is always closely related to a stream's competence. B) It is the potential load a stream can transport. C) It is defined as a volume of sediment passing a given point during a given time. D) It varies tremendously from time to time. E) It depends mostly on fluctuations in the volume and velocity of flow.

A) It is always closely related to a stream's competence.

First order streams are the ________ of all streams. A) shortest B) deepest C) longest D) widest E) fastest

A) shortest

Which of the following rivers has the largest delta in the world? A) Amazon B) Thames C) Indus D) Mississippi E) Ob

C) Indus

Which of the following DECREASES with increasing stream order number? A) average watershed area B) average stream capacity C) average stream gradient D) average stream length E) average stream discharge

C) average stream gradient

Solution and hydrolysis combine to create ________ in streams. A) abrasion B) saltation C) corrosion D) stream load E) hydraulic head

C) corrosion

A stream's ________ is (are) chemically altered and transported. A) saltation materials B) bedload C) traction materials D) dissolved load E) suspended load

D) dissolved load

When a meandering stream is incised into a gradually rising crust or bedrock, the result is a(n) ________. A) delayed tributary junction B) cut off C) peneplain D) entrenched meander E) stream terrace

D) entrenched meander

The largest river in the world without a delta is the ________ River. A) Hwang Ho B) Nile C) Indus D) Mississippi E) Amazon

E) Amazon

An outstanding example of stream capture on a grand scale can be found along the ________. A) Red River in Oklahoma B) Yukon River in Alaska C) Amazon River in Brazil D) Mississippi River in Arkansas E) Niger River in Africa

E) Niger River in Africa

________ transport(s) materials directly after they are loosened by splash erosion. A) Earthquake slumps B) Stream flow C) Rill erosion D) Gully erosion E) Sheet erosion

E) Sheet erosion

The general term applied to stream-deposited debris is ________. A) bedload B) discharge C) refuse D) capacity E) alluvium

E) alluvium

A braided stream is one which has become adjusted so that its flow is just able to carry its sediment load True/False

False

Aggradation occurs on geologically uplifted parts of Earth's crust. True/False

False

All natural deltas are in a triangular shape True/False

False

Floodplains are caused by floods. True/False

True

________ is the basic characteristic that occurs in overland flow and not in stream flow. A) Sediment transport B) Gravitational influence C) Non-channelized-channelized flow D) Erosion E) Traction

C) Non-channelized-channelized flow

Drainage patterns are most commonly a response to geologic structure. True/False

True

Equilibrium theory is the currently accepted explanation of landform development. True/False

True

In the system of stream orders, the smallest unit in the network is at the ________. A) 1st order B) 2nd order C) 3rd order D) 4th order E) a variable number

A) 1st order

Niagara Falls tumbles over a massive bed of resistant limestone known as the Niagara ________. A) Escarpment B) Fault C) Anticline D) Syncline E) Basin

A) Escarpment

________ does not generally determine the erosive effectiveness of a stream. A) Saltiness B) Volume of flow C) Gradient of the stream bed D) Speed of flow E) Turbulence of flow

A) Saltiness

The elevation limit of a stream downcutting on a land mass is called ________. A) base level B) meandering C) ground zero D) a drainage anomaly E) talus

A) base level

A ________ stream has an interwoven network of small channels separated by much loose debris. A) braided B) meandering C) high-capacity D) thalweg-less E) competent

A) braided

Which of the following is NOT descriptive of hill slope form as found in nature? A) concave B) planar C) irregular D) convex E) steep

A) concave

All but one of the following would cause an increase in the erosive effectiveness of stream flow: ________. A) decrease of turbulence B) increase the flow speed C) decrease the resistance of the bedrock D) increase in channel roughness E) steepen the stream gradient

A) decrease of turbulence

Branching channels that cross a delta are known as ________. A) distributaries B) 3rd order streams C) graded streams D) youthful streams E) tributaries

A) distributaries

The detachment and removal of fragmented rock material is known as ________. A) erosion B) leaching C) sedimentation D) diastrophism E) regolith stripping

A) erosion

The most numerous stream type on the landscape is the ________. A) first-order stream B) second-order stream C) third-order stream D) fourth-order stream E) fifth-order stream

A) first-order stream

Any stream may lengthen its valley by ________ and delta formation. A) headward erosion B) alluvial deposition C) saltation D) siltation E) delta erosion

A) headward erosion

A stream valley lengthens at the expense of the ________. A) interfluve B) peneplain C) levee D) delta E) alluvial fan

A) interfluve

A typical drainage pattern on conic volcanic mountains would be ________. A) radial B) centripetal C) dendritic D) trellis E) antecedent

A) radial

A yazoo stream is a type which ________. A) runs parallel to a larger stream for a long distance B) is named for a county in Croatia C) doesn't have natural levees D) flows quickly E) is usually very straight

A) runs parallel to a larger stream for a long distance

A valley bottom might be differentiated from valley sides in that valley if ________. A) sides commonly have "lips" or "rims" B) sides tend to take more area than valley bottoms C) sides have lesser slopes than valley bottoms D) bottoms are the sites of interfluves E) bottoms tend to be at a higher altitude

A) sides commonly have "lips" or "rims"

Uplift and rejuvenation are indicated by the presence of landforms known as ________. A) stream terraces B) peneplains C) floodplains D) meanders E) V-shaped valleys

A) stream terraces

Equilibrium theory has serious shortcomings in deserts and areas which are ________. A) tectonically stable B) at high altitudes C) at high latitudes D) within drainage basins E) mountainous

A) tectonically stable

The deepest part of a stream channel is known as the ________. A) thalweg B) valley bottom C) rill D) levee E) deepest part of the stream channel

A) thalweg

Downcutting is usually most prominent along the ________ part of a stream valley. A) upper B) widest C) lower D) delta E) interfluve

A) upper

Surface indicators of turbulence in stream flows include eddies and ________. A) whirlpools B) dissolved load C) meandering D) braided streams E) fluvial processes

A) whirlpools

A(n) ________ pattern of drainage usually develops on alternating bands of hard and soft strata. A) dendritic B) trellis C) centripetal D) annular E) radial

B) trellis

A steep walled defile with a V-shaped profile and narrow valley floor would, according to the geomorphic cycle, be in the ________ stage. A) peneplain B) youthful C) old age D) mature E) equilibrium

B) youthful

________ is the counterpart of "scouring." A) Erosion B) Filling C) Turbulence D) Corrosion E) Degradation

B) Filling

Rivers downcutting into a land surface, in the absence of other forces, usually tend to erode a ________-shaped form. A) U B) V C) groove D) flat bottomed E) delta

B) V

Which of the following would be most likely to develop a radial drainage pattern? A) flat-lying, sedimentary rocks B) a cone-shaped volcano C) a delta D) mountain ridges caused by faulting E) folded, ridge-and-valley topography

B) a cone-shaped volcano

Niagara Falls is a large waterfall on a river, so it can be considered as an example of ________. A) stream capture B) a knickpoint C) a rill D) a water gap E) lateral erosion

B) a knickpoint

The final result of the classical theory of the geomorphic cycle concept is ________. A) maturity B) a peneplain C) an initial surface D) old age E) youth

B) a peneplain

When a first-order stream joins a second-order stream, the result is always ________. A) a first-order stream B) a second-order stream C) a third-order stream D) a fourth-order stream E) a variable-order stream

B) a second-order stream

Of the following fluvial terms, which is most closely associated with stream capture? A) braided B) beheaded C) meander D) interfluve E) thalweg

B) beheaded

In the text, West Virginia is offered as a superb example of ________. A) annular and radial patterns B) contrasts between dendritic and trellis drainage C) drainage basins D) antecedent streams E) superimposed streams

B) contrasts between dendritic and trellis drainage

This drainage pattern looks like the veins on the underside of a leaf: A) radial B) dendritic C) centripetal D) annular E) trellis

B) dendritic

Which is the most common type of drainage pattern? A) trellis B) dendritic C) centripetal D) annular E) radial

B) dendritic

Which of the following is the major concept which all the others are part of? A) drainage divide B) drainage basin C) valley bottom D) valley side E) interfluve

B) drainage basin

A(n) ________ forms when a stream has been beheaded by stream capture. 82) A) waterfall B) elbow C) floodplain D) trellis drainage pattern E) knickpoint

B) elbow

If a stream carries water only during and immediately after a rain, it is classified as ________. A) dendritic B) ephemeral C) perennial D) intermittent E) exotic

B) ephemeral

The land separating adjoining valleys is known as a(n) ________. A) rill B) interfluve C) gulley D) levee E) valley side

B) interfluve

Which of the following is LEAST affected by the action of channelized water? A) valley bottoms B) interfluves C) valley sides D) stream channels E) floodplains

B) interfluves

A flat alluvium-floored valley with fairly steep walls and a stream beginning to meander would be in the ________ stage of the erosion cycle. A) old age B) mature C) bajada D) peneplain E) youth

B) mature

Flow in a stream usually is fastest ________. A) near the mouth B) near the center and slightly below the surface C) near the sides D) during low-flow conditions E) near the bottom

B) near the center and slightly below the surface

On a meandering stream, maximum erosion takes place along the ________. A) inner edge of the meanders B) outer edge of the meanders C) bottom D) places with the slowest flow E) islands

B) outer edge of the meanders

An oxbow lake was formerly a ________. A) knickpoint B) river meander C) natural levee D) marsh E) stream terrace

B) river meander

The process in which small particles are moved along by streamflow or wind in a series of jumps or bounces is ________. A) traction B) saltation C) base level D) meandering E) turbulence

B) saltation

The direct collision of a raindrop with the ground, laterally shifting fine particles a few millimeters, is ________. A) valley cutting B) splash erosion C) plucking D) rill formation E) peds pushing

B) splash erosion

Niagara Falls were formed ________. A) during Precambrian time approximately a billion years ago B) after a series of spectacular earthquakes which are still helping the falls evolve C) after the retreat of the Pleistocene ice sheets a few thousand years ago D) by humans as a result of the damming of the St. Lawrence River E) so long ago that the river's knickpoint is now gone

C) after the retreat of the Pleistocene ice sheets a few thousand years ago

A(n) ________ stream flows over a landscape that has been lifted so slowly so that the stream is able to maintain its course (even through mountains). A) consequent B) subsequent C) antecedent D) channelized E) superimposed

C) antecedent

The chemical erosion of stream channels is known as ________. A) turbulence B) erosion C) corrosion D) competence E) abrasion

C) corrosion

The most prominent of all depositional landscapes is the ________. A) oxbow lake B) backswamps C) floodplain D) cut-off E) meander scar

C) floodplain

Which type of erosion involves the most sediment per square meter in the places where it occurs? A) splash erosion B) sheet erosion C) gully erosion D) erosion by raindrops E) rill erosion

C) gully erosion

Where is one unlikely find much alluvium deposited in a stream valley? A) at the bottom of the thalweg B) in overflow areas C) in places where velocity increases D) in the center of the stream E) along the stream sides

C) in places where velocity increases

A peneplain is the ________ of the classical geomorphic cycle of erosion. A) youthful stage B) end product C) old age stage D) beginning E) mature stage

C) old age stage

Which stream channels tend to be most turbulent? A) ones with smooth channel bottoms B) wide ones C) ones with high speeds of flow D) deep ones E) the ones having the slowest flow

C) ones with high speeds of flow

Which of the following is uncommon along streams? A) alluvium B) floodplains C) straight channels D) natural levees E) thalwegs

C) straight channels

The degree of turbulence in stream flow is determined by the velocity and the ________. A) tidal bore B) solar incidence C) stream channel roughness D) bedrock chemistry E) water density

C) stream channel roughness

________ is an expression of the total load a stream can transport. A) Competence B) Corrosion C) Volume D) Capacity E) Bedload

D) Capacity

________ is a measure of the particle size a stream can transport. A) Capacity B) Gradient C) Force D) Competence E) Equilibrium

D) Competence

100) Which of the following scientists is closely associated with the theory of crustal change and development? A) Wegener B) Richter C) Davis D) Penck E) Bacon

D) Penck

During low water cycles, any channel bottom change is likely to undergo ________. A) nivation B) degradation C) saltation D) aggradation E) privation

D) aggradation

An imaginary surface extending beneath the continents which limits how deep streams may cut is ________. A) a knickpoint B) a trellis C) grade D) base level E) traction

D) base level

An interfluve can be found ________. A) in valley bottoms B) on valley sides C) in a delta D) between valleys E) in valleys

D) between valleys

Marking the outer edge of floodplains are landforms called ________. A) mesas B) meanders C) levees D) bluffs E) ox bow lakes

D) bluffs

Which of the following drainage patterns results when streams from all directions converge into a basin? A) trellis B) dendritic C) radial D) centripetal E) annular

D) centripetal

Davis's theory is usually referred to as the ________. A) stream development theorem B) rejuvenation theory C) equilibrium theory D) geomorphic cycle E) idea of concave slopes

D) geomorphic cycle

The cycle of erosion is also know as ________. A) theory of crustal change and slope development B) floodplain theory C) equilibrium theory D) geomorphic cycle E) isostasy

D) geomorphic cycle

If a stream's velocity is doubled, its competence ________. A) doubles B) increases by half C) remains the same D) increases sixty-four times E) drops by half

D) increases sixty-four times

Erosion is increased with increases in a stream's turbulent flow. True/False

True

Floodplains can grow by lateral erosion. True/False

True

A centripetal drainage pattern is essentially the opposite of a radial pattern. True/False

True

A consequence of vegetation removal is accelerated stream erosion. True/False

True

A drop in sea level causes stream rejuvenation on land. True/False

True

A monadnock is an erosional remnant on a peneplain surface. True/False

True

A remnant of a previous valley floor is called a stream terrace. True/False

True

A stream may occupy all of its valley bottom. True/False

True

A yazoo stream is a tributary which is prevented by a natural levee from entering the main stream and runs for a considerable distance parallel to the main stream before finding an entrance. True/False

True

Considerable energy of a stream's action is used up by frictional retardation. True/False

True